{"id":95893,"date":"2018-05-20T17:22:59","date_gmt":"2018-05-20T16:22:59","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=95893"},"modified":"2018-05-20T17:22:59","modified_gmt":"2018-05-20T16:22:59","slug":"stara-sumava-hudba-a-hudebnici","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=95893","title":{"rendered":"STAR\u00c1 \u0160UMAVA: Hudba a hudebn\u00edci"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

“Severn\u00ed strana \u010desko-bavorsk\u00e9ho pomez\u00ed on\u011bm\u011bla, star\u00fd domov tolika \u0161umavsk\u00fdch muzikant\u016f osi\u0159el a zmlkl. Ti lid\u00e9 odtud v\u0161ak \u017eij\u00ed mezi n\u00e1mi a zp\u00edvaj\u00ed a hraj\u00ed v na\u0161ich my\u0161lenk\u00e1ch. K\u00e9\u017e tomu lesn\u00edmu n\u00e1rodu z\u016fstane uchov\u00e1no to jeho pot\u011b\u0161en\u00ed z hudby!”<\/h6>\n

Jen ti nejstar\u0161\u00ed mezi n\u00e1mi se je\u0161t\u011b dok\u00e1\u017e\u00ed rozpomenout na ty zp\u011bv\u00e1ck\u00e9 skupiny, kter\u00e9 na sv\u00e9 cest\u011b do n\u011bmeck\u00fdch zem\u00ed na ja\u0159e m\u00edjely i na\u0161e \u0161umavsk\u00e9 kouty. U\u017e p\u0159ed prvou sv\u011btovou v\u00e1lkou se projevoval \u00fastup t\u011bchto harfenist\u016f a zp\u011bv\u00e1k\u016f, jejich\u017e vym\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed zapo\u010dalo. Politick\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti p\u0159ed tou druhou ze sv\u011btov\u00fdch v\u00e1lek a vyhn\u00e1n\u00ed \u0161umavsk\u00fdch N\u011bmc\u016f v letech po n\u00ed smazaly i posledn\u00ed stopy po t\u011bchto zp\u011bv\u00e1ck\u00fdch rodin\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

V\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st \u00fazem\u00ed zauj\u00edmala v \u0161umavsk\u00e9m regionu oblast n\u011bmeck\u00e1. N\u011bmeck\u00e1 \u0161umavsk\u00e1 lidov\u00e1 hudba a p\u00edse\u0148 se podob\u00e1 hudb\u011b st\u0159edn\u00edho Bavorska, je v n\u00ed ov\u0161em tak\u00e9 patrn\u00fd vliv Rakouska, zejm\u00e9na region\u016f Horn\u00ed Rakousy, Tyrolska \u010di Korutan. Charakteristick\u00e1 je pro ni melodika zalo\u017een\u00e1 na akordick\u00fdch stupn\u00edch, dosahuj\u00edc\u00ed \u010dasto falzetov\u00e9ho rejst\u0159\u00edku.<\/p>\n

V p\u00edsn\u00edch p\u0159eva\u017euje milostn\u00e1 t\u00e9matika \u010di op\u011bvov\u00e1n\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch prac\u00ed. Nejstar\u0161\u00edm zachovan\u00fdm typem t\u00e9to hudby jsou ji\u017e v\u00fd\u0161e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 l\u00e4ndlery, kter\u00e9 se na \u0160umav\u011b udr\u017eely navzdory vlivu romantick\u00fdch p\u00edsn\u00ed vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch kruh\u016f v 18. stolet\u00ed. Mezi jednotliv\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti l\u00e4ndleru vkl\u00e1dali tane\u010dn\u00edci \u010dasto improvizovan\u00e9 pop\u011bvky zvan\u00e9 Vierzeiler \u010dili \u201e\u010dty\u0159\u0159\u00e1dky\u201c. Melodika t\u011bchto \u010dty\u0159ver\u0161\u00ed se otiskla i v n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u00edsn\u00edch \u010desk\u00e9ho folkl\u00f3ru. Postupem \u010dasu se v lidov\u00e9 hudb\u011b za\u010dal odr\u00e1\u017eet vliv vojensk\u00e9 p\u00edsn\u011b, v\u00edde\u0148sk\u00e9ho val\u010d\u00edku a m\u011bstsk\u00e9 produkce.<\/p>\n

Velk\u00e9 obliby \u010dasem dos\u00e1hly p\u00edsn\u011b s vlasteneckou t\u00e9matikou, tzv. Heimatlieder. Byly to p\u00edsn\u011b um\u011bl\u00e9, komponovan\u00e9 \u0161kolen\u00fdmi hudebn\u00edky a u\u010diteli, kter\u00e9 op\u011bvovaly rodnou vlast, \u0159e\u010d, krajinu a podobn\u011b. N\u011bkter\u00e9 z nich se staly tak popul\u00e1rn\u00ed, \u017ee je do sv\u00e9ho reperto\u00e1ru napevno \u0159adili lidov\u00ed muzikanti a dnes jsou \u0159azeny do sborn\u00edk\u016f lidov\u00fdch p\u00edsn\u00ed. To souvis\u00ed s n\u011bmeck\u00fdm pojet\u00edm lidov\u00e9 p\u00edsn\u011b, co mezi lidem zdom\u00e1cn\u011blo a d\u00e1le se \u0161\u00ed\u0159ilo. Pestr\u00e1 je \u0161k\u00e1la hudebn\u00edch n\u00e1stroj\u016f pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch v n\u011bmeck\u00e9 lidov\u00e9 hudb\u011b.<\/p>\n

Za nejstar\u0161\u00ed typ lze pou\u017e\u00edvat n\u00e1stroje samozvu\u010dn\u00e9, zejm\u00e9na r\u016fzn\u00e9 druhy past\u00fd\u0159sk\u00fdch zvonc\u016f \u010di r\u016fzn\u00e9 typy \u0159ehta\u010dek. Obl\u00edben\u00fd byl tzv. Maultrommel (\u010desky grumle \u010di brumle). Tento zaj\u00edmav\u00fd p\u0159edch\u016fdce foukac\u00ed harmoniky byl obl\u00edben\u00fdm doprovodem k tanci po cel\u00fdch Sudetech. M\u00e1 tvar kovov\u00e9ho p\u00edsmene \u03a9, uprost\u0159ed n\u011bho\u017e je pohybliv\u00fd kovov\u00fd jaz\u00fd\u010dek. Hr\u00e1\u010d si tiskne brumli k pootev\u0159en\u00fdm rt\u016fm a prstem brnk\u00e1 na jaz\u00fd\u010dek, \u010d\u00edm\u017e vyluzuje charakteristick\u00fd t\u00f3n, zat\u00edmco \u00fastn\u00ed dutina funguje jako zesilova\u010d. Jin\u00fdm specifick\u00fdm n\u00e1strojem, u\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdm zejm\u00e9na p\u0159i koled\u00e1ch, byl p\u016fvodem chodsk\u00fd fanfrnoch \u010dili buk\u00e1\u010d.<\/p>\n

Z hlin\u011bn\u00e9 n\u00e1doby pota\u017een\u00e9 blanou je provle\u010den svazek \u017e\u00edn\u00ed, za kter\u00fd se navlh\u010den\u00fdma rukama tah\u00e1. V Bavorsku tento n\u00e1stroj pod n\u00e1zvem Brummtopf (\u201ebru\u010div\u00fd hrnec\u201c) p\u0159etrval dodnes, jen \u017e\u00edn\u011b byly nahrazeny d\u0159ev\u011bnou ty\u010d\u00ed. Ov\u0161em z\u00e1kladem jak\u00e9koli lidov\u00e9 hudby jsou bezesporu n\u00e1stroje strunn\u00e9 a dechov\u00e9. Nejobl\u00edben\u011bj\u0161\u00edm n\u00e1strojem na n\u011bmeck\u00e9 \u0160umav\u011b byla citera. Po\u010det strun a jejich nalad\u011bn\u00ed pro\u0161ly dlouh\u00fdm v\u00fdvojem a ust\u00e1lily se na p\u011bti strun\u00e1ch melodick\u00fdch a cca \u010dty\u0159iceti doprovodn\u00fdch. Nej\u010dast\u011bji se pou\u017e\u00edvala jako doprovod ke zp\u011bvu a n\u011bkdy byla dopln\u011bna \u0161estistrunnou kytarou.<\/p>\n

Roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e1 byla tak\u00e9 tzv. h\u00e1\u010dkov\u00e1 harfa, kter\u00e1 za\u017eila sv\u016fj vrchol b\u011bhem 19. stolet\u00ed. Byla dom\u00e9nou potuln\u00fdch harfenist\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed \u0161\u00ed\u0159ili \u0161umavsk\u00fd p\u00eds\u0148ov\u00fd reperto\u00e1r i do Rakouska a Bavorska. Specifick\u00fdmi n\u00e1stroji byly p\u0159edch\u016fdce klav\u00edru hackbrett (dnes zn\u00e1m\u00fd jako cimb\u00e1l) a tak\u00e9 nin\u011bra, chyb\u011bt samoz\u0159ejm\u011b nesm\u011bly housle a kontrabas, zde naz\u00fdvan\u00fd Bassgeige (basov\u00e9 housle). Z dechov\u00fdch n\u00e1stroj\u016f se hojn\u011b vyskytovala p\u00ed\u0161\u0165ala typu Panovy fl\u00e9tny, kter\u00e1 se podle materi\u00e1lu naz\u00fdvala Rohrpfeife (z r\u00e1kosu) \u010di Sauorgel (kovov\u00e1). V \u010cech\u00e1ch ji nalezneme pod malebn\u00fdm n\u00e1zvem mold\u00e1nky. Pou\u017e\u00edvala se jako doprovod k tanci, ov\u0161em u\u017e ve 40. letech 19. stolet\u00ed ji vytla\u010dila foukac\u00ed harmonika.<\/p>\n

Harmonika tahac\u00ed se vyskytovala prakticky v ka\u017ed\u00e9 vsi a s oblibou ji p\u0159i muzice dopl\u0148oval vozembouch. Nejroz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed byl ov\u0161em klarinet, kter\u00fd se vyskytoval v\u0161ude, a\u0165 u\u017e u potuln\u00fdch muzikant\u016f, nebo v dechov\u00fdch kapel\u00e1ch. Jejich rozmach v 2. polovin\u011b 19. stolet\u00ed souvis\u00ed s rozvojem r\u016fzn\u00fdch n\u011bmeck\u00fdch spolk\u016f a organizac\u00ed, hlavn\u011b hasi\u010dsk\u00fdch a po roce 1918 tak\u00e9 v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdch veter\u00e1n\u016f. \u010cesk\u00e9 jazykov\u00e9 oblasti \u0160umavy jsou na rozd\u00edl od n\u011bmeck\u00fdch typick\u00e9 v\u00fdskytem p\u00edsn\u00ed kole\u010dkov\u00e9ho typu.<\/p>\n

\u010cesk\u00fd lidov\u00fd tanec \u201edo kole\u010dka\u201c je jedn\u00edm z v\u016fbec nejstar\u0161\u00edch dochovan\u00fdch lidov\u00fdch tanc\u016f, kter\u00fd se vyskytuje v obm\u011bn\u011bn\u00e9 form\u011b i v chodsk\u00e9m regionu. Tento p\u016fvodn\u011b t\u0159\u00edtaktov\u00fd tanec se tan\u010dil v kruhu i v p\u00e1rech a jeho n\u00e1p\u011bvy \u010dasto koresponduj\u00ed i s lokalitami mimo \u0160umavu, nap\u0159. \u010ceskobud\u011bjovicko \u010di Doudlebsko. V\u011bt\u0161inou se jednalo o ob\u0159adn\u00ed p\u00edsn\u011b, nap\u0159. do\u017e\u00ednkov\u00e9, svatebn\u00ed, posv\u00edcensk\u00e9 \u010di z lidov\u00e9 veselice konopick\u00e1. Spole\u010dn\u00e9 jsou pro ob\u011b etnika n\u011bkter\u00e9 l\u00e4ndlerov\u00e9 melodie a zp\u00edvan\u00e1 \u010dty\u0159ver\u0161\u00ed. Z\u00e1sadn\u011b se neli\u0161\u00ed ani v\u00fdskyt r\u016fzn\u00fdch hudebn\u00edch n\u00e1stroj\u016f. Zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 ov\u0161em je v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed sepjet\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00fdch n\u00e1stroj\u016f s ur\u010dit\u00fdmi pracemi \u010di ob\u0159ady.<\/p>\n

Dochovaly se trouby vyroben\u00e9 z velik\u00fdch mo\u0159sk\u00fdch lastur, kter\u00fdmi se zah\u00e1n\u011bly bou\u0159kov\u00e9 mraky a krupobit\u00ed, nebo r\u016fzn\u00e9 druhy d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00fdch a k\u016frov\u00fdch trub u\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch past\u00fd\u0159i. Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm rozd\u00edlem je ov\u0161em na \u010desk\u00e9 stran\u011b v\u00fdskyt dud jako\u017eto s\u00f3lov\u00e9ho n\u00e1stroje i v r\u00e1mci kapel. Tyto mal\u00e9 selsk\u00e9 muziky kombinovaly dudy s houslemi a Es klarinetem, pozd\u011bji se roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ily o druh\u00fd klarinet, housle, kontrabas a nin\u011bru. Jinou obl\u00edbenou sestavou byly dudy, housle a cimb\u00e1l, zejm\u00e9na na Su\u0161icku.<\/p>\n

Zdroj: And\u011bra, M., Zav\u0159el, P.: \u0160umava: p\u0159\u00edroda, historie, \u017eivot. \u0158ivn\u00e1\u010d\u016fv pr\u016fvodce po \u0160umav\u011b. Liter\u00e1rn\u00ed archiv Pam\u00e1tn\u00edku n\u00e1rodn\u00edho p\u00edsemnictv\u00ed, Praha<\/strong><\/p>\n

P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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