{"id":93103,"date":"2018-04-21T09:39:27","date_gmt":"2018-04-21T08:39:27","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=93103"},"modified":"2018-04-21T09:39:27","modified_gmt":"2018-04-21T08:39:27","slug":"stara-sumava-vcely-a-vcelarstvi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=93103","title":{"rendered":"STAR\u00c1 \u0160UMAVA: V\u010dely a v\u010dela\u0159stv\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

Divok\u00e9 v\u010dely, Karel Klostermann…<\/strong>
\nPamatuji se najm\u011b na roje divok\u00fdch v\u010deli\u010dek, jich\u017e bzukot o\u017eivoval hluch\u00e9 lesy. Ve star\u00fdch, dut\u00fdch stromech, polozetlel\u00fdch lesn\u00edch velik\u00e1nech s\u00eddlily; div byl, jak\u00fdch z\u00e1sob medu tam nasn\u00e1\u0161ely za kr\u00e1tce vym\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 letn\u00ed doby…V\u011bd\u011bli jsme o leckter\u00fdch takov\u00fdch divok\u00fdch \u00falech a jednou dokonce se n\u00e1m poda\u0159ilo, mn\u011b a pas\u00e1\u010dk\u016fm, m\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdm, vybrati z kter\u00e9hos z nich bohat\u00e9 z\u00e1soby medu. Med m\u011bl jinou chu\u0165 ne\u017e oby\u010dejn\u00fd med v\u010del krotk\u00fdch, byl drsn\u00fd, zaho\u0159kl\u00fd a ost\u0159e, a\u010d nikoli nep\u0159\u00edjemn\u011b zap\u00e1chal prysky\u0159ic\u00ed. Otec, vyslechnuv m\u00e9 pov\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed o lesn\u00edch v\u010del\u00e1ch, neoby\u010dejn\u011b zv\u00e1\u017en\u011bl. “Slib mi,” pravil ke mn\u011b, “\u017ee a\u017e p\u0159ijde\u0161 zase nahoru, nikdy v\u00edce nebude\u0161 vyb\u00edrati tohoto medu, ani ho poj\u00eddati. Nen\u00ed vylou\u010deno, \u017ee med ten b\u00fdv\u00e1 jedovat\u00fd…<\/em><\/p>\n

Ohledn\u011b v\u010dela\u0159stv\u00ed m\u011blo velk\u00fd v\u00fdznam zakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed kl\u00e1\u0161ter\u016f, kdy v zakl\u00e1dac\u00edch listin\u00e1ch je v\u017edy zm\u00ednka o v\u010del\u00e1ch. Nejen proto, \u017ee med je vhodn\u00e9 postn\u00ed j\u00eddlo, ale tak\u00e9 proto, \u017ee si nikdo necht\u011bl nechat uj\u00edt v\u00fdrobu medoviny a zejm\u00e9na kv\u016fli vosku na v\u00fdrobu sv\u00edc\u00ed. A \u017ee za Slovan\u016f jsme um\u011bli dob\u0159e v\u010dela\u0159it, sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed i Rafelstettsk\u00fd celn\u00ed tarif z po\u010d. 10. stol., kter\u00fd uv\u00e1d\u00ed vosk jako d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd v\u00fdvozn\u00ed artikl z \u010cech. Nap\u0159. ve 13. stol. se uv\u00e1d\u00ed \u010desk\u00fd vosk na trhu v Brugg\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

Brtnictv\u00ed. Tato epocha m\u00e1 sv\u016fj po\u010d\u00e1tek ji\u017e v mlad\u0161\u00ed dob\u011b kamenn\u00e9. Tehdy byl ji\u017e lid usedl\u00fd, zab\u00fdval se zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00edm, p\u011bstoval rostliny a choval zv\u00ed\u0159ata. M\u011bl sv\u00e1 st\u00e1l\u00e1 s\u00eddla. P\u0159i loveck\u00e9m v\u010dela\u0159en\u00ed znamenalo ka\u017ed\u00e9 vy\u0159ez\u00e1n\u00ed pl\u00e1st\u016f z v\u010del\u00edho hn\u00edzda \u00fapln\u00e9 zahuben\u00ed cel\u00e9ho v\u010delstva. Neust\u00e1l\u00e9 vyhled\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed nov\u00fdch v\u010delstev bylo \u010dasov\u011b n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9, a proto se lid\u00e9 nau\u010dili vyb\u00edrat med tak, \u017ee vy\u0159ezali pouze \u010d\u00e1st d\u00edla. Z v\u010del\u00edch produkt\u016f nebyl vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n pouze med, ale tak\u00e9 vosk.<\/p>\n

Vlastn\u00ed rozvoj lesn\u00edho v\u010dela\u0159en\u00ed je spojen a\u017e s dobou bronzovou, kdy za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 popt\u00e1vka po vosku pro vznikaj\u00edc\u00ed kovoliteck\u00e9 d\u00edlny. Kl\u00e1ty neboli \u0161palky byly \u010d\u00e1sti kmen\u016f s dutinami pro v\u010dely, kter\u00e9 byly vy\u0159\u00edznuty a p\u0159ineseny k lidsk\u00e9mu obydl\u00ed. Takov\u00fd st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fd v\u010dela\u0159 u\u017e m\u011bl pohodl\u00ed\u010dko a z\u00e1rove\u0148 mohl i v\u010dely l\u00e9pe ochr\u00e1nit, kdy\u017e ud\u011blal na kl\u00e1t st\u0159\u00ed\u0161ku a z\u00e1rove\u0148 v\u010del\u00ed obydl\u00ed vyzdobil a vy\u0159ezal oby\u010dejn\u011b do podoby lidsk\u00e9 postavy \u010di obli\u010deje. Takov\u00e1 um\u011bleck\u00e1 d\u00edla jsou dnes ozdobou mnoha muze\u00ed.<\/p>\n

St\u00e1le si ale mus\u00edme uv\u011bdomit, \u017ee jak v brt\u00edch tak v kl\u00e1tech byly v\u010del\u00ed pl\u00e1sty stav\u011bny pouze tak, jak to bylo v\u010del\u00e1m p\u0159irozen\u00e9, stav\u011bly tzv. divo\u010dinu, kter\u00e1 b\u00fdv\u00e1 na rozd\u00edl od “rozb\u011brn\u00e9ho d\u00edla” na\u0161ikmo k vletov\u00e9mu otvoru a p\u0159ipevn\u011bna i na boc\u00edch. Med se z\u00edsk\u00e1val tzv. pod\u0159ezem, kter\u00fd se prov\u00e1d\u011bl na ja\u0159e a spo\u010d\u00edval ve st\u0159\u00eddav\u00e9m vy\u0159\u00edznut\u00ed poloviny d\u00edla. Takto z\u00edskan\u00e1 hmota se vylisovala i s plodem a tak byl z\u00edsk\u00e1n st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fd med.<\/p>\n

V\u010dela\u0159en\u00ed (dom\u00e1c\u00ed\u2013rolnick\u00e9). Lid\u00e9 pozorovali, \u017ee v\u010dely nach\u00e1zej\u00ed ob\u017eivu na rostlin\u00e1ch v jejich pol\u00edch, a proto se pokusili o p\u0159est\u011bhov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u010delstev bl\u00ed\u017ee ke sv\u00fdm vesnic\u00edm. Nejprve za\u010dali p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161et v\u010delstva v kusu le\u017e\u00edc\u00edho kmene, v jeho\u017e dutin\u011b se sama usadila. Pozd\u011bji se nau\u010dili chytat roje a usazovat je do nov\u00fdch kmen\u016f, kter\u00e9 p\u0159edt\u00edm upravili na zp\u016fsob p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed brt\u011b. Na na\u0161em \u00fazem\u00ed se p\u016fvodn\u011b v\u010dela\u0159ilo pouze v d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00fdch \u00falech, kde\u017eto v n\u011bkter\u00fdch oblastech Slovenska a N\u011bmecka v ko\u0161nic\u00edch, co\u017e jsou \u00faly ze sl\u00e1my.<\/p>\n

Po\u010d\u00e1tky racion\u00e1ln\u00edho v\u010dela\u0159en\u00ed u n\u00e1s spadaj\u00ed ji\u017e do 16. stolet\u00ed, kdy za\u010dal b\u00fdt pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n \u00fal vyroben\u00fd z prken, kter\u00fd umo\u017enil snadn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1hled do \u00falu. T\u011b\u017ekou r\u00e1nu zasadila v\u010dela\u0159stv\u00ed t\u0159icetilet\u00e1 v\u00e1lka. \u00dabytek venkovsk\u00e9ho obyvatelstva, rozvr\u00e1cen\u00e9 hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed a zejm\u00e9na c\u00edrkevn\u00ed reformace nahlodaly v\u00fdznam v\u010dela\u0159stv\u00ed a postupn\u00e9 nahrazov\u00e1n\u00ed medoviny pivem, jin\u00fdmi levn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi sladidly byl nahrazov\u00e1n med a kdy\u017e i ty kosteln\u00ed sv\u00ed\u010dky byly \u0161izeny lojem, tak v\u00fdznam v\u010dela\u0159stv\u00ed upadl docela.<\/p>\n

Po roce 1792 ji\u017e nejsou pr\u00e1va meda\u0159sk\u00e1 ani lamfojti nikde jmenov\u00e1na. V 18. stol. zanikl brtnick\u00fd zp\u016fsob v\u010dela\u0159en\u00ed. V\u00fdraznou prom\u011bnou proch\u00e1z\u00ed \u00fal, kter\u00fd ji\u017e umo\u017e\u0148uje podrobn\u00e9 zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed \u017eivota v\u010del\u00edho spole\u010denstv\u00ed. Marie Terezie prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm tzv. v\u010dela\u0159sk\u00fdch patent\u016f z roku 1775 osvobodila v\u010dela\u0159e od ve\u0161ker\u00fdch d\u00e1vek z chovu v\u010del. V\u010delstva mohla b\u00fdt chov\u00e1na v jak\u00e9mkoliv mno\u017estv\u00ed a libovoln\u011b p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017eena za pastvou. S voskem i medem se mohlo voln\u011b obchodovat. Druhou polovinu 18. stolet\u00ed lze ozna\u010dit jako dobu vyn\u00e1lez\u016f a objev\u016f. Byl zhotoven \u00fal, v n\u011bm\u017e se nach\u00e1zelo v\u010del\u00ed d\u00edlo na tr\u00e1me\u010dc\u00edch, kter\u00e9 \u0161lo z \u00falu vyjmout a zp\u011bt zase zav\u011bsit. V 19. stolet\u00ed byly objevov\u00e1ny a zdokonalov\u00e1ny p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm technick\u00e9 novinky.<\/p>\n

P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Divok\u00e9 v\u010dely, <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":128540,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"gallery","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[111],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/21\/r\u00e1me\u010dek-v\u010dely.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/93103"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=93103"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/93103\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":128539,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/93103\/revisions\/128539"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/128540"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=93103"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=93103"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=93103"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}