{"id":85436,"date":"2017-12-21T16:46:25","date_gmt":"2017-12-21T15:46:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=85436"},"modified":"2017-12-21T16:49:24","modified_gmt":"2017-12-21T15:49:24","slug":"sumavsky-cas-vanocni-betlemy-vystrihujeme-a-stavime-pro-radost-sobe-i-druhym-snad-i-vas-pohladi-po-dusi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=85436","title":{"rendered":"\u010cAS V\u00c1NO\u010cN\u00cd: Betl\u00e9my vyst\u0159ihujeme a stav\u00edme pro radost sob\u011b i druh\u00fdm. Snad i v\u00e1s tak\u00e9 pohlad\u00ed po du\u0161i"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Mal\u00ed\u0159 Josef Lada tak\u0159ka p\u0159ed sto lety namaloval \u010desk\u00fd lidov\u00fd Betl\u00e9m a Lad\u016fv Betl\u00e9m je jedn\u00edm z nejkr\u00e1sn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch adventn\u00edch d\u00e1rk\u016f.<\/h6>\n

V\u00e1noce, nejkr\u00e1sn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sv\u00e1tky v roce, jsou spojeny v symbolice k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 v\u00edry se stav\u011bn\u00edm jesli\u010dek, chv\u00edl\u00ed radosti, kter\u00e1 podle biblick\u00fdch prorok\u016f prov\u00e1zela p\u0159\u00edchod Spasitele na sv\u011bt. Betl\u00e9my vyst\u0159ihujeme a stav\u00edme pro radost sob\u011b i druh\u00fdm. Snad i v\u00e1s pohlad\u00ed po du\u0161i.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1sluhy na stav\u011bn\u00ed betl\u00e9m\u016f v \u010cech\u00e1ch pat\u0159\u00ed jezuitsk\u00e9mu \u0159\u00e1du, kter\u00fd se sna\u017eil p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017eit v\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00edm okolnosti Kristova narozen\u00ed. K popularizaci vyst\u0159ihovac\u00edch arch\u016f s figurkami p\u0159isp\u011bl v roce 1782 i z\u00e1kaz stav\u011bn\u00ed betl\u00e9m\u016f v kostelech. Lid\u00e9 se ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b t\u011b\u0161ili na tuto pod\u00edvanou a po z\u00e1kazu jim nezbylo, ne\u017e si postavit sv\u016fj betl\u00e9m doma. Ne v\u0161ichni byli zru\u010dn\u00fdmi \u0159ezb\u00e1\u0159i a po\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed hotov\u00e9ho betl\u00e9mu bylo velmi n\u00e1kladn\u00e9. Po ruce byl ale pap\u00edr a barvy.<\/p>\n

Krom\u011b origin\u00e1ln\u011b ru\u010dn\u011b vyr\u00e1b\u011bn\u00fdch pap\u00edrov\u00fdch betl\u00e9m\u016f tu vznikla dal\u0161\u00ed mo\u017enost \u2013 ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed arch\u016f s figurkami, kter\u00e9 se musely vyst\u0159ihnout, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b vybarvit. Z poti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9ho listu za p\u00e1r krejcar\u016f si betl\u00e9m dok\u00e1zal postavit doslova ka\u017ed\u00fd. Nejd\u0159\u00edve \u0161lo o \u010dernob\u00edl\u00e9 ru\u010dn\u011b kolorovan\u00e9 tisky. S roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00edm litografick\u00e9 techniky se objevuj\u00ed i betl\u00e9my plnobarevn\u00e9. Ale kdo by o\u010dek\u00e1val bohat\u00e9 barevn\u00e9 um\u011bleck\u00e9 d\u00edlo, asi by byl zklam\u00e1n. Prvn\u00ed vyst\u0159ihov\u00e1nky byly pouze \u010dern\u00e9 obrysov\u00e9 linky kolorovan\u00e9 \u010derven\u011b, zelen\u011b, mod\u0159e a \u017elut\u011b.<\/p>\n

Bohu\u017eel \u00farove\u0148 ztv\u00e1rn\u011bn\u00ed sp\u00ed\u0161e klesala, ne\u017e aby naopak se zdokonalovala. Nap\u0159\u00edklad u\u017e koncem 18. stolet\u00ed tiskl v Praze jesli\u010dkov\u00e9 archy Josef Jan Rudl, kter\u00fd m\u011bl tisk\u00e1rnu na \u201esvat\u00e9 obr\u00e1zky\u201c. Z tohoto obdob\u00ed zn\u00e1me vyst\u0159ihovac\u00ed betl\u00e9my tak\u00e9 z n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho Magdeburgu, Neuruppinu a Innsbrucku.<\/p>\n

Roku 1919 byl vyd\u00e1n jeden z nejslavn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch a um\u011blecky nejhodnotn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch pap\u00edrov\u00fdch betl\u00e9m\u016f. Jeho autorem je Josef Lada. Nav\u00e1zal tak na Mikol\u00e1\u0161e Al\u0161e, jeho\u017e betl\u00e9m poch\u00e1z\u00ed z let 1902-1904, a Josefa Weniga, kter\u00fd sv\u00e9 Pra\u017esk\u00e9 jesli\u010dky vydal v roce 1916. V\u0161echny tyto t\u0159i betl\u00e9my vy\u0161ly v mnoha vyd\u00e1n\u00edch. Al\u0161\u016fv betl\u00e9m a Wenigovy jesli\u010dky byly ti\u0161t\u011bny po v\u00e1lce pro vdovy a sirotky po padl\u00fdch legion\u00e1\u0159\u00edch jako jedna z forem od\u0161kodn\u011bn\u00ed. M\u00edsto pen\u011bz obdr\u017eeli ur\u010dit\u00fd po\u010det betl\u00e9m\u016f, kter\u00e9 pak prod\u00e1vali, aby z\u00edskali pen\u00edze na \u017eivobyt\u00ed.<\/p>\n

T\u0159ic\u00e1t\u00e1 l\u00e9ta jsou ve znamen\u00ed reklamn\u00edch vyst\u0159ihov\u00e1nek. Zat\u00edm co ty vz\u00e1cn\u00e9 betl\u00e9my byly, soud\u011b podle mnoh\u00fdch vzpom\u00ednek pam\u011btn\u00edku, v p\u00e9\u010di rodi\u010d\u016f, v\u011bt\u0161inou otce, a d\u011bti jen se zatajen\u00fdm dechem p\u0159ihl\u00ed\u017eely. Vyst\u0159ihovac\u00ed archy pro svoji dostupnost dovolovaly, aby se na p\u0159\u00edprav\u011b a stavb\u011b pod\u00edlely samy d\u011bti. T\u00e9to skute\u010dnosti za\u010dali vyu\u017e\u00edvat mnoz\u00ed v\u00fdrobci zbo\u017e\u00ed, jeho\u017e prodej byl v pr\u016fb\u011bhu roku podporov\u00e1n reklamou nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho druhu. \u0160lo p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm o v\u00fdrobky pr\u016fmyslu prac\u00edch prost\u0159edk\u016f, k\u00e1vovin a cukrovinek. Vznikly ve 30. letech 20. stolet\u00ed jako zcela nov\u00fd jev v historii betl\u00e9m\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed. Firmy vych\u00e1zely z tradice stav\u011bn\u00ed jesli\u010dek pod v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00edm strome\u010dkem a z \u00favahy, \u017ee pokud ti p\u0159ej\u00edc\u00ed lidi\u010dkov\u00e9 maj\u00ed Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161kovi n\u011bco n\u00e9st, tak je to pr\u00e1v\u011b jejich v\u00fdrobek.<\/p>\n

K s\u00e9ri\u00edm poh\u00e1dek \u010di vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00edch obr\u00e1zk\u016f tak p\u0159ibyly o V\u00e1noc\u00edch i jesli\u010dkov\u00e9 archy. Vych\u00e1zely v\u011bt\u0161inou v jednom listu (Hradeck\u00e1 cikorka), ale n\u011bkdy byl soubor rozd\u011blen tak, aby teprve p\u0159i z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed dal\u0161\u00edho archu bylo mo\u017eno betl\u00e9m sestavit (Otto Rakovn\u00edk: \u201eTento Betl\u00e9m je vyd\u00e1n ve dvou ar\u0161\u00edch. Druh\u00fd arch bude p\u0159ilo\u017een p\u0159i dal\u0161\u00ed objedn\u00e1vce\u201c). Roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159eny byly i ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 firemn\u00ed betl\u00e9my Brand\u00fdsk\u00e9 Cikorie z 30. let 20. stol. Pro zadavatele bylo nepodstatn\u00e9, kdo betl\u00e9m vytvo\u0159\u00ed. D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 bylo, aby byly dostate\u010dn\u011b v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 v\u00fdrobky, kter\u00e9 firma propagovala. Na archu tedy nenajdeme podpis v\u00fdtvarn\u00edka, zato darovn\u00edci jsou \u010dasto m\u00fddlem \u010di cikorkou p\u0159\u00edmo obt\u011b\u017ek\u00e1ni. K tomuto \u00fakolu se dob\u0159e hodili i velbloudi nebo sloni.<\/p>\n

Dr. Vacl\u00edk ve sv\u00e9 knize “Co nev\u00edte o betl\u00e9mech” vydan\u00e9 v roce 2003, na stran\u011b 30 hovo\u0159\u00ed o dal\u0161\u00edch reklamn\u00edch betl\u00e9mech Plzensk\u00e9ho Prazdroje, od\u011bvn\u00edho konfek\u010dn\u00edho z\u00e1vodu Nehera, mydl\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 firmy Piln\u00e1\u010dek v Hradci Kr\u00e1lov\u00e9 \u010di n\u011bmeck\u00e9 firmy Schicht v \u00dast\u00ed nad Labem.Tov\u00e1rny na prac\u00ed prost\u0159edky, m\u00fddla, cigaretov\u00e9 v\u00fdrobky a potraviny se p\u0159edh\u00e1n\u011bly v tom, jak z\u00edskat nov\u00e9 a udr\u017eet st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed z\u00e1kazn\u00edky.<\/p>\n

Dnes u\u017e n\u00e1m jm\u00e9na firem jako Otta Rakovn\u00edk, Sochor, Schicht nebo Radion mo\u017en\u00e1 nic ne\u0159eknou. K prac\u00edm pr\u00e1\u0161k\u016fm, m\u00fddl\u016fm a k\u00e1v\u011b se p\u0159ikl\u00e1daly nap\u0159. pap\u00edrov\u00e9 ar\u0161\u00edky s poh\u00e1dkov\u00fdmi postavi\u010dkami. Sv\u011bt zv\u00ed\u0159at Abadie, co\u017e byl v\u00fdrobce cigaretov\u00fdch dutinek a pap\u00edrk\u016f, \u010d\u00edtal n\u011bkolik des\u00edtek figurek zv\u00ed\u0159at z cel\u00e9ho sv\u011bta.<\/p>\n

Od po\u010d\u00e1tku 20. let 20. stolet\u00ed se prod\u00e1valy v pap\u00edrnictv\u00edch rozkl\u00e1dac\u00ed betl\u00e9my tla\u010den\u00e9 do n\u00edzk\u00e9ho reli\u00e9fu. Zab\u00edraly m\u00e1lo m\u00edsta a snadno se stav\u011bly a stejn\u011b rychle ukl\u00edzely. Betl\u00e9msk\u00e1 ch\u00fd\u0161e obklopen\u00e1 palmami, v n\u00ed Svat\u00e1 rodina, j\u00ed se klan\u00edc\u00ed T\u0159i kr\u00e1lov\u00e9 a past\u00fd\u0159i s ove\u010dkami v r\u016fzn\u00e9m po\u010dtu podle velikosti jesli\u010dek. To v\u0161e je sestaveno tak, aby se po vyta\u017een\u00ed do prostoru postavilo na sv\u00e9 m\u00edsto. Jinou variantou jsou rozkl\u00e1dac\u00ed betl\u00e9my nereli\u00e9fn\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Tento typ jesli\u010dek je u n\u00e1s pom\u011brn\u011b vz\u00e1cn\u00fd a\u017e do druh\u00e9 poloviny 40. let 20. stolet\u00ed, kdy jej svou tvorbou o\u017eivil architekt Vojt\u011bch Kuba\u0161ta. Vytv\u00e1\u0159el jednak tyto rozkl\u00e1dac\u00ed betl\u00e9my, jednak betl\u00e9my kombinovan\u00e9, kdy se \u010d\u00e1st rozlo\u017eila a \u010d\u00e1st figur byla voln\u00e1 a p\u0159edstavila se p\u0159ed betl\u00e9msk\u00fd z\u00e1klad. V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b tyto betl\u00e9my pro zna\u010dnou finan\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1kladnost p\u0159i realizaci t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 vymizely.<\/p>\n

Spojnic\u00ed mezi rozkl\u00e1dac\u00edmi a stav\u011bc\u00edmi betl\u00e9my jsou ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 betl\u00e9my, kter\u00e9 je t\u0159eba vyst\u0159ihnout a pak sestavit do pevn\u00e9ho prostorov\u00e9ho celku, nebo reli\u00e9fn\u00ed tisk ji\u017e tov\u00e1rn\u011b vyra\u017een\u00fd, kter\u00fd sta\u010d\u00ed sestavit. Krom\u011b v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00edch betl\u00e9m\u016f existuj\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b varianty: T\u0159\u00edkr\u00e1lov\u00fd betl\u00e9m (Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161 u\u017e tam je odrostlej\u0161\u00ed, nejsou tam past\u00fd\u0159i ani chl\u00e9v, jen mudrci), Hromni\u010dn\u00ed betl\u00e9m (v chr\u00e1mu, Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161 v n\u00e1ru\u010d\u00ed Anny a Simeona) a pak Velikono\u010dn\u00ed betl\u00e9my. Ty ale nezobrazuj\u00ed Kristovo narozen\u00ed, ale sc\u00e9ny kolem jeho uk\u0159i\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed, smrti a vzk\u0159\u00ed\u0161en\u00ed. Velikono\u010dn\u00ed betl\u00e9my jsou u n\u00e1s m\u00e1lo zn\u00e1m\u00e9. Mnohem v\u00edce jsou roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9 v sousedn\u00edm Rakousku (z pap\u00edrov\u00fdch je nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed asi betl\u00e9m Phila Schumachera).<\/p>\n

Pr\u00e1v\u011b ve v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00edm \u010dase by m\u011bl ka\u017ed\u00fd z n\u00e1s naj\u00edt v sob\u011b osobn\u00ed vztah k tomuto d\u00e1vn\u00e9mu d\u011btsk\u00e9mu poetismu, kter\u00fd je i nyn\u00ed nutn\u00fd pro du\u0161evn\u00ed osvobozen\u00ed. Pod\u00edvan\u00e1 na takov\u00fd soubor roztomilost\u00ed v nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm proveden\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee v chaotick\u00e9m ka\u017edodenn\u00edm shonu uvolnit ty p\u0159epjat\u00e9 struny a nechat jim zazn\u00edt voln\u011bji a poeti\u010dt\u011bji. Ty mal\u00e9 kousky lidov\u00e9ho kum\u0161tu, ty sv\u011bty a \u017eivoty betl\u00e9m\u016f a jejich o\u017eivovatel\u016f stoj\u00ed za nakouknut\u00ed do sv\u011bta d\u011btskosti, pokory a t\u0159eba i naivity. Srdce opravdu pook\u0159eje, du\u0161e trochu zjihne a duch se vyrovn\u00e1. Ty mal\u00e9 pap\u00edrov\u00e9 betl\u00e9my opravdu stoj\u00ed za zamy\u0161len\u00ed.<\/p>\n

P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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