{"id":84464,"date":"2017-01-13T15:46:52","date_gmt":"2017-01-13T14:46:52","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=84464"},"modified":"2017-01-15T12:30:27","modified_gmt":"2017-01-15T11:30:27","slug":"stara-sumava-zimni-obdobi-bylo-take-dobou-klidnych-veceru-predevsim-k-domacim-pracem","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=84464","title":{"rendered":"STAR\u00c1 \u0160UMAVA: Zimn\u00ed obdob\u00ed bylo tak\u00e9 dobou klidn\u00fdch ve\u010der\u016f p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm k r\u016fzn\u00fdm dom\u00e1c\u00edm pracem"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"stara-sumavaVe\u010dern\u00ed p\u0159\u00e1stky<\/em><\/strong>
\n Je teplo doma a lou\u010d pl\u00e1,<\/em>
\n a\u0165 kolovr\u00e1tek p\u0159ede!<\/em>
\n K p\u00edsni\u010dce na citeru hr\u00e1t<\/em>
\n i klou\u010de u n\u00e1s svede.<\/em><\/p>\n

Zp\u00edv\u00e1 o mrtv\u00e9 ze ml\u00fdna,<\/em>
\n o princi, jen\u017e ji zradil,<\/em>
\n o pas\u00ed\u0159\u00edch na planin\u00e1ch<\/em>
\n a o korunce had\u00ed.<\/em><\/p>\n

Je n\u00e1m v kraj poh\u00e1dek se br\u00e1t,<\/em>
\n jak v\u0159et\u00e1nko se vrt\u00ed<\/em>
\n a p\u0159ede, p\u0159ede v\u00edl\u00ed \u0161at<\/em>
\n d\u00edvk\u00e1m, co sn\u00ed a\u017e k smrti.<\/em><\/p>\n

Citera drnk\u00e1, p\u00edse\u0148 zn\u00ed<\/em>
\n a c\u00edtit je v n\u00ed n\u011bhu,<\/em>
\n venku v\u0161ak bou\u0159\u00ed, severn\u00ed<\/em>
\nles \u0161um\u00ed, pln\u00fd sn\u011bhu………..<\/em><\/p>\n

(Emerenz Meierov\u00e1, Jan Mare\u0161)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Za d\u00e1vn\u00fdch dob byly na\u0161emu Kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed \u010desk\u00e9mu p\u0159irozenou a mocnou hradbou hlubok\u00e9 lesy, je\u017e od h\u0159eben\u016f hrani\u010dn\u00edch hor na mnoho mil do vnitra zem\u011b se rozkl\u00e1daly. Vesnice se za zimy st\u00e1valy opu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdmi ostrovy, zapadan\u00e9 cesty skute\u010dn\u011b vedly odnikud nikam, a p\u0159\u00e1stky, dra\u010dky, za nekone\u010dn\u00fdch ve\u010der\u016f byly to jedin\u00e9, \u010d\u00edm se lid\u00e9 mohli pobavit, ale kde si navz\u00e1jem tak\u00e9 vym\u011b\u0148ovali sv\u00e9 zku\u0161enosti a mnoh\u00e9mu se u\u010dili.<\/p>\n

Pr\u00e1v\u011b pro tu dlouhou a \u017eivou \u00fastn\u00ed tradici si vyprav\u011b\u010d poh\u00e1dek d\u00e1v\u00e1 tolik z\u00e1le\u017eet, aby si hned na po\u010d\u00e1tku poslucha\u010de p\u0159ipoutal, a nakonec si je \u010dasto zavazuje pro p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00ed sch\u016fzku. A s\u00e1m n\u011bkdy vstupuje do d\u011bje s takovou vervou, \u017ee se bezm\u00e1la st\u00e1v\u00e1 jednou z postav l\u00ed\u010den\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh\u016f. Zima p\u0159i\u0161la s nekone\u010dn\u011b dlouh\u00fdmi, smutn\u00fdmi ve\u010dery. Na pol\u00edch, po n\u00e1vsi plno sn\u011bhu\u2026<\/p>\n

Zimn\u00ed obdob\u00ed nebylo jen dobou slavnost\u00ed a prost\u0159en\u00fdch stol\u016f, ale tak\u00e9 dobou klidn\u00fdch ve\u010der\u016f, p\u0159i nich\u017e se v hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00edch prov\u00e1d\u011bly p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm dom\u00e1c\u00ed pr\u00e1ce. Nebylo poln\u00ed pr\u00e1ce, jen dom\u00e1c\u00ed na sv\u00fdch chalup\u00e1ch, sn\u011bhem zachumelen\u00fdch, a d\u011blali mu\u017ei pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 v\u011bci do hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed. \u017deny zase ledacos pod\u011blkovaly, upravovaly; p\u0159edly po chvilk\u00e1ch len, v l\u00e9t\u011b skl\u00edzen\u00fd. Aby jim bylo p\u0159i kolovratu a p\u0159eslici veselo, jednak aby u\u0161et\u0159ily sv\u011btla a paliva, sch\u00e1zely se za zimn\u00edch ve\u010der\u016f do n\u011bkter\u00e9 chalupy. P\u0159i praskaj\u00edc\u00ed lou\u010di p\u0159edly.<\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00e1stky byly tak\u0159ka pokladnic\u00ed, v n\u00ed\u017e se skr\u00fdval a \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b i zachoval drahocenn\u00fd poklad. U roztopen\u00fdch kamen byla zachov\u00e1na p\u0159es v\u0161ecky pohromy mluva, p\u00edsn\u011b, poh\u00e1dky, pov\u011bsti, h\u00e1danky a pod\u00e1n\u00ed lidov\u00e1 v\u016fbec. Mnoho zaj\u00edmav\u00e9ho p\u00ed\u0161e tento historik tak\u00e9 z d\u011bjin p\u0159\u00e1stek. Dokladem prastarosti t\u00e9to zru\u010dnosti a dovednosti \u017een jsou n\u00e1lezy hlin\u011bn\u00fdch, sklen\u011bn\u00fdch, kovov\u00fdch nebo kamenn\u00fdch p\u0159eslen\u016f, \u010dasto zdoben\u00fdch, kter\u00e9 dokazuj\u00ed, \u017ee p\u0159eden\u00ed v\u0159eteny je zp\u016fsob velmi star\u00fd.<\/p>\n

P\u0159edouc\u00ed \u017eeny jsou vyobrazeny nap\u0159\u00edklad ji\u017e ve Veleslav\u00ednsk\u00e9 bibli ze 13. stolet\u00ed. P\u0159\u00e1stky byly sice kol\u00e9bkou i pramenem vesnick\u00fdch klevet a ne\u0161\u0165astn\u00fdch mrzutost\u00ed, je\u017e letopisy nezaznamenaly, ale bez nich bychom neznali na sta na\u0161ich poh\u00e1dek, vtip\u016f, hloubav\u00fdch h\u00e1danek, r\u016fzn\u00fdch p\u00edsn\u00ed, kter\u00e9 piln\u00ed sb\u011bratel\u00e9 zaznamen\u00e1vali. To b\u00fdvala prvn\u00ed \u0161kola chlapc\u016f i d\u011bv\u010dat. Nebo\u0165 poh\u00e1dky m\u011bly \u00fa\u010del v\u00fdchovn\u00fd a nahrazovaly \u0161kolu.<\/p>\n

Na p\u0159\u00e1stk\u00e1ch sd\u011blovaly se n\u00e1rodn\u00ed tradice z pokolen\u00ed na pokolen\u00ed, mlad\u0161\u00ed od star\u0161\u00edch d\u011bdili p\u00edsn\u011b, ob\u0159ady, zvyky a zkazky. Na zimn\u00edch sch\u016fzk\u00e1ch p\u0159edly hlavn\u011b \u017eeny a d\u00edvky, ale ano mu\u017ei p\u0159i nich nezah\u00e1leli. Zachovalo se o tom zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 sv\u011bdectv\u00ed. Roku 1620 byl vyd\u00e1n let\u00e1k s vyobrazen\u00edm, jak mu\u017ei \u2013 jezuit\u00e9 sed\u00ed na stoli\u010dk\u00e1ch, p\u0159edou a rozpr\u00e1v\u011bj\u00ed. \u017de tak\u00e9 ostatn\u00ed mu\u017ei chodili na p\u0159\u00e1stky a p\u0159edli, potvrzuj\u00ed mnoh\u00e1 vyobrazen\u00ed p\u0159\u00e1stevn\u00edk\u016f.<\/p>\n

Na na\u0161ich vs\u00edch se p\u0159\u00e1stky udr\u017eely a\u017e do prvn\u00edch desetilet\u00ed minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed. P\u0159eslen b\u00fdval nutn\u00fdm z\u00e1va\u017e\u00edm v\u0159etena, pom\u00e1hal mu svou vahou k st\u00e1l\u00e9 poloze, d\u011blal z n\u011bho jak\u00e9hosi u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9ho vlka (jako je d\u011btsk\u00e1 hra\u010dka), kter\u00e9ho p\u0159adlena zav\u00e1zala na ho\u0159ej\u0161\u00ed po\u010d\u00e1tek p\u0159\u00edze, rozto\u010dila v rukou a pak po sv\u011btnici nech\u00e1vala ho b\u011bhat a zase znova rozt\u00e1\u010dej\u00edc; tak p\u0159edla. Proto bylo t\u0159eba, aby byl p\u0159eslen t\u011b\u017ek\u00fd a hezky stejnom\u011brn\u011b vykrou\u017een\u00fd. Nejv\u00edce byly obl\u00edbeny p\u0159esleny z tvrd\u00e9ho d\u0159eva, zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b \u010derven\u00e9ho, \u0161vestkov\u00e9ho. Aby byly t\u011b\u017e\u0161\u00ed a nepukaly, obl\u00e9vali je c\u00ednem.<\/p>\n

Takov\u00e9 p\u0159esleny b\u00fdvaly \u010dasto d\u00e1rky zamilovan\u00fdch hoch\u016f d\u011bv\u010dat\u016fm na p\u0159\u00e1stk\u00e1ch. B\u00fdvaly mnohdy um\u011bleck\u00fdm d\u00edlem jejich prost\u00fdch, necvi\u010den\u00fdch rukou, veden\u00fdch milostnou touhou a hou\u017eevnatou vytrvalost\u00ed. Mus\u00edme se obdivovat jemn\u00fdm okras\u00e1m a vzor\u016fm, je\u017e \u010dlov\u011bk, neznaj\u00edce t\u0159ebas ani \u010d\u00edst ani ps\u00e1t, vydlabal do tvrd\u00e9ho d\u0159eva kudlou a \u0161\u00eddlem (jin\u00fdch n\u00e1stroj\u016f nem\u011bl) a obl\u00e9val c\u00ednem taven\u00fdm v krbu na star\u00e9 l\u017e\u00edci. Je\u0161t\u011b \u00fapravn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a bohat\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdzdobu nal\u00e9z\u00e1me na p\u0159eslic\u00edch. Ty jsou \u010dasto prokl\u00e1d\u00e1ny skl\u00ed\u010dky a kam\u00e9nky, v\u0161elijak\u00fdmi kor\u00e1lky, ba i prav\u00fdmi gran\u00e1ty. Sezn\u00e1mili jsme se se starod\u00e1vn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem p\u0159eden\u00ed na p\u0159\u00e1stk\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

Zav\u00edt\u00e1me nyn\u00ed do jizeb, kde se po\u0159\u00e1daly p\u0159\u00e1stky. Prvn\u00edmi, bezd\u011b\u010dn\u00fdmi a \u010dasto a\u017e zbyte\u010dn\u011b rozmrzel\u00fdmi a bru\u010div\u00fdmi pr\u016fvodci jsou n\u00e1m mravok\u00e1rci. T\u011bm se p\u0159\u00e1stky nel\u00edbily. Podez\u0159\u00edvali je a han\u011bli. \u0160t\u011bst\u00ed v\u0161ak p\u0159i tom, kdyby stesk\u016f t\u011bch nebylo, nev\u011bd\u011bli bychom o p\u0159\u00e1stk\u00e1ch ni\u010deho. U\u010den\u00ed historikov\u00e9, letopisci, kronik\u00e1\u0159i zaznamen\u00e1vali kdejakou bitvu, smrti panovn\u00edk\u016f a jejich \u010diny, podivn\u00e9 zjevy na nebi i na zemi, ale k zm\u00ednk\u00e1m o p\u0159\u00e1stk\u00e1ch prost\u00e9ho lidu se nikdy nedostali. Ty byly p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 n\u00edzko pro jejich vzne\u0161enost. A tak, a\u0165 si jen mravok\u00e1rci hartus\u00ed, l\u00e1te\u0159\u00ed, so\u010d\u00ed proti p\u0159\u00e1stevn\u00edk\u016fm.<\/p>\n

Vav\u0159inec Leander Rva\u010dovsk\u00fd b\u011bduje ve druh\u00e9 polovin\u011b 16. stolet\u00ed na no\u010dn\u00ed toulky, kde lid obecn\u00fd sejde se na p\u0159\u00e1stky, za \u010d\u00edm\u017e jde p\u0159ik\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed Bo\u017esk\u00fdch p\u0159estupov\u00e1n\u00ed, v\u0161\u00ed pobo\u017enosti zleh\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed. Tomuto stesku a v\u0161em podobn\u00fdm t\u0159eba rozum\u011bt tak, \u017ee sch\u00e1zela se ml\u00e1de\u017e oboj\u00edho pohlav\u00ed a t\u00edm d\u00e1vala p\u0159\u00e1stka p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost k umluven\u00fdm sch\u016fzk\u00e1m, z\u00e1bav\u00e1m, hr\u00e1m, tanc\u016fm a podobn\u00fdm jev\u016fm z vesel\u00e9ho, mlad\u00e9ho \u017eivota, na n\u011b\u017e mravok\u00e1rci neust\u00e1le \u017ealovali. K\u00e1rali p\u0159\u00e1stevn\u00edky, vy\u010d\u00edtali jim neplechy, p\u00e1chan\u00e9 pr\u00fd na p\u0159\u00e1stk\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

\u010cen\u011bk Z\u00edbrt uv\u00e1d\u00ed, jak si p\u0159\u00e1stevn\u00edch zlo\u0159\u00e1d\u016f v\u0161\u00edmala sv\u011btsk\u00e1 spravedlnost. Na sn\u011bmu na hrad\u011b pra\u017esk\u00e9m 7. ledna 1545 vydali p\u00e1ni poddan\u00e9mu lidu z\u00e1kaz p\u0159\u00e1stek, jeliko\u017e i p\u0159\u00e1stky a hry, na kter\u00e9\u017e se sch\u00e1zej\u00ed a p\u0159i nich h\u0159\u00edchy p\u00e1chaj\u00ed, aby ka\u017ed\u00fd p\u00e1n, ryt\u00ed\u0159sk\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk, Pra\u017ean\u00e9 a jin\u00e1 m\u011bsta na gruntech sv\u00fdch opat\u0159ili a je zastavili pod trest\u00e1n\u00edm. Teprve textiln\u00ed pr\u016fmyslov\u00e1 v\u00fdroba a rozvoj obchodu vedl k podstatn\u00fdm zm\u011bn\u00e1m a k z\u00e1niku t\u011bchto prastar\u00fdch tradic. Posledn\u00edm projevem zimn\u00edch podom\u00e1ck\u00fdch v\u00fdpomoc\u00ed a spole\u010dn\u00fdch prac\u00ed \u017een bylo dran\u00ed pe\u0159\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se ojedin\u011ble i dnes n\u011bkde kon\u00e1. Ale pokud jde o p\u0159\u00e1stky, p\u0159\u00edstky nebo p\u0159idky, tak nen\u00e1vratn\u011b zmizela jedna vz\u00e1cn\u00e1 tradice.<\/p>\n

Zdroj: Folklorista a etnograf \u010cen\u011bk Z\u00edbrt – Kalend\u00e1\u0159 pro zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed a venkov<\/strong><\/p>\n

P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n