{"id":49107,"date":"2016-03-01T15:13:07","date_gmt":"2016-03-01T14:13:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=49107"},"modified":"2016-03-02T10:46:44","modified_gmt":"2016-03-02T09:46:44","slug":"uvodem-horska-smrcina-na-sumave-uz-dala-jasnou-odpoved-zda-se-obnovi-sama-nebo-jen-s-pomoci-cloveka","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=49107","title":{"rendered":"\u0160UMAVA: Horsk\u00e1 smr\u010dina u\u017e dala jasnou odpov\u011b\u010f, zda se obnov\u00ed sama nebo jen s pomoc\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bka"},"content":{"rendered":"

Obnov\u00ed se les s\u00e1m nebo mu mus\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bk pomoci? To je jedna z\u00a0ot\u00e1zek, na kterou n\u00e1m horsk\u00e1 smr\u010dina na \u0160umav\u011b u\u017e dala jasnou odpov\u011b\u010f. D\u00edky tomu, \u017ee byl p\u0159ed 25 lety zalo\u017een N\u00e1rodn\u00ed park \u0160umava a my m\u016f\u017eeme na \u010d\u00e1sti jeho \u00fazem\u00ed sledovat p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed procesy, poda\u0159ilo se uv\u00e9st na pravou m\u00edru \u0159adu za\u017eit\u00fdch polopravd a m\u00fdt\u016f.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Horskou smr\u010dinou jsou naz\u00fdv\u00e1ny lesy, vyskytuj\u00edc\u00ed se na \u0160umav\u011b nad 1200 metr\u016f nad mo\u0159em. Kv\u016fli drsn\u00fdm \u017eivotn\u00edm podm\u00ednk\u00e1m se v\u00a0t\u011bchto nadmo\u0159sk\u00fdch v\u00fd\u0161k\u00e1ch objevuj\u00ed p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b dv\u011b d\u0159eviny, dominantn\u00ed smrk ztepil\u00fd dopln\u011bn\u00fd je\u0159\u00e1bem pta\u010d\u00edm. Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm \u00fazem\u00edm horsk\u00fdch smr\u010din, kter\u00e9 se ponechaly p\u0159irozen\u00e9mu v\u00fdvoji po k\u016frovcov\u00e9m \u017e\u00edru, jsou oblasti Modravsk\u00fdch slat\u00ed, Velk\u00e1 a Mal\u00e1 Mokr\u016fvka a kar Ple\u0161n\u00e9ho jezera. Tyto plochy byly napadeny l\u00fdko\u017eroutem smrkov\u00fdm (k\u016frovcem) v\u00a0polovin\u011b devades\u00e1t\u00fdch let.<\/p>\n

\u201eRozhodnout o bezz\u00e1sahovosti bylo tehdy velmi t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9. Rozho\u0159ely se v\u00e1\u0161n\u011b, kter\u00e9 neutichly dodnes a spoustu v\u011bc\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se v\u00a0rozpadaj\u00edc\u00edm lese d\u011bj\u00ed, jsme pouze tu\u0161ili. Dnes u\u017e ale mnoh\u00e9 d\u011bje, o kter\u00fdch se diskutovalo, nap\u0159\u00edklad to, jestli se les s\u00e1m dok\u00e1\u017ee obnovit a jak bude vypadat, nebo jakou \u00falohu maj\u00ed pion\u00fdrsk\u00e9 d\u0159eviny, m\u016f\u017eeme s\u00a0ur\u010ditost\u00ed popsat a hlavn\u011b je m\u016f\u017eeme sledovat na vlastn\u00ed o\u010di,\u201c<\/strong> tvrd\u00ed \u0159editel N\u00e1rodn\u00edho parku \u0160umava Pavel Huben\u00fd, kter\u00fd v\u00a0polovin\u011b 90 let prosazoval bezz\u00e1sahovost a p\u0159irozen\u00fd v\u00fdvoj horsk\u00e9 smr\u010diny na Modravsku.<\/p>\n

\u201eOdborn\u00edci se tehdy domn\u00edvali, \u017ee obnova prob\u011bhne podle velk\u00e9ho v\u00fdvojov\u00e9ho cyklu lesa, tedy \u017ee po odum\u0159en\u00ed horn\u00edho stromov\u00e9ho patra na plochu nal\u00e9tnou nejd\u0159\u00edve pion\u00fdrsk\u00e9 d\u0159eviny, jako b\u0159\u00edza, osika, je\u0159\u00e1b a dal\u0161\u00ed. Tyto d\u0159eviny postupem \u010dasu p\u0159iprav\u00ed plochu pro v\u00fdvoj n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch druh\u016f, jako je smrk, kter\u00fd se do porostu navr\u00e1t\u00ed po del\u0161\u00ed dob\u011b. Te\u010f u\u017e ale v\u00edme, \u017ee smrk si dok\u00e1\u017ee vytv\u00e1\u0159et tak zvanou banku zmlazen\u00ed, kter\u00e1 roste v\u00a0podrostu dosp\u011bl\u00e9ho lesa. Les je tak neust\u00e1le p\u0159ipraven\u00fd na disturbance, tedy na rozpad horn\u00edho stromov\u00e9ho patra. Odum\u0159en\u00ed dosp\u011bl\u00fdch strom\u016f umo\u017en\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup sv\u011btla do podrostu a mal\u00e9 stromky, kter\u00e9 doposud \u010dekali v\u00a0z\u00e1stinu na svoji \u0161anci, ji pro sv\u016fj r\u016fst dostanou. D\u00edky prosv\u011btlen\u00ed lesa se v\u00a0t\u011bchto porostech tak\u00e9 zv\u00fd\u0161\u00ed zastoupen\u00ed je\u0159\u00e1bu pta\u010d\u00edho,\u201c<\/strong> vysv\u011btluje ekolog lesa Spr\u00e1vy N\u00e1rodn\u00edho parku \u0160umava Jaroslav \u010cervenka.<\/p>\n

Je\u0159\u00e1b, jako jedna z\u00a0pion\u00fdrsk\u00fdch d\u0159evin se ve v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch po\u010dtech vyskytuje v porostech jen n\u011bkolik let po disturbanci, pak jej p\u0159erostou smrky. V\u00a0dosp\u011bl\u00e9m porostu jich z\u016fstane jen velice m\u00e1lo. Potvrdilo se tak\u00e9 to, \u017ee struktura \u201enov\u00e9ho\u201c lesa prakticky kop\u00edruje strukturu toho p\u016fvodn\u00edho. Nov\u00e9 smrky se toti\u017e uchyt\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161inou na p\u0159\u00edhodn\u00fdch stanovi\u0161t\u00edch pro jejich r\u016fst. Nejv\u00edce semen\u00e1\u010dk\u016f roste na le\u017e\u00edc\u00edch, rozkl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00edch se kmenech b\u00fdval\u00fdch generac\u00ed smrk\u016f nebo bl\u00edzko stoj\u00edc\u00edch strom\u016f \u010di sou\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\u201eNa m\u00edstech po kalamit\u011b z\u016fstalo pom\u011brn\u011b velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed smrk\u016f s\u00a0tlou\u0161\u0165kou kmene 7 cm a\u017e 30 cm, t\u011bch je tu dnes zhruba 190 kus\u016f na hektar, d\u00e1le pr\u016fm\u011brn\u011b 5 smrk\u016f na hektar o pr\u016fm\u011bru kmene v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm ne\u017e 30 cm. Tyto stromy jsou kostrou budouc\u00edho lesa a jsou i z\u00e1rukou jeho bohat\u00e9 v\u011bkov\u00e9 struktury,\u201c<\/strong> potvrzuje Pavel Huben\u00fd.<\/p>\n

\u201eRozpo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1me-li tuto hustotu podle pod\u00edlu smrk\u016f r\u016fzn\u00e9ho st\u00e1\u0159\u00ed v\u00a0tlou\u0161\u0165kov\u00fdch stupn\u00edch, zjist\u00edme, \u017ee se tu r\u00fdsuje bohat\u011b strukturovan\u00fd p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed les. M\u016f\u017eeme odhadovat, \u017ee po k\u016frovcov\u00e9m \u017e\u00edru p\u0159e\u017eilo na Modravsk\u00fdch slat\u00edch 22 smrk\u016f na hektar star\u0161\u00edch 100 let a cca 1 smrk star\u0161\u00ed 200 let na 10 hektar\u016f. Ve zmlazen\u00ed je pak cca 245 smrk\u016f na hektar ve st\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 40-60 let a p\u0159es 3000 smrk\u016f na hektar ve v\u011bku do 40 let. P\u0159itom zhruba na p\u011btin\u011b \u00fazem\u00ed ponechan\u00e9ho bez t\u011b\u017eeb z\u016fstaly dosud zachov\u00e1ny skupiny star\u00fdch smrkov\u00fdch porost\u016f, kter\u00e9 zat\u00edm odolaly \u00fatok\u016fm k\u016frovce,\u201c <\/strong>dopl\u0148uje.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Smr\u010dky, kter\u00e9 doslova \u017eivo\u0159\u00ed pod vzrostl\u00fdmi stromy, p\u0159itom dok\u00e1\u017eou velmi dob\u0159e klamat t\u011blem. Zaznamenali jsme nap\u0159\u00edklad smrk, kter\u00fd ve sv\u00fdch 350 letech m\u011bl pr\u016fm\u011br kmene pouze okolo 18 centimetr\u016f. Nav\u00edc po\u010dty stromk\u016f na hektaru tak\u00e9 nejsou zanedbateln\u00e9. V\u00a0pr\u016fm\u011bru se vyskytuje v\u00a0horsk\u00fdch smr\u010din\u00e1ch \u0161est tis\u00edc stromk\u016f na hektar. Ale jedn\u00e1 se o pr\u016fm\u011br.<\/p>\n

\u201eV\u00a0pr\u016fb\u011bhu let prob\u011bhne mezi nejmlad\u0161\u00edmi stromky ur\u010dit\u00e1 selekce, kdy p\u0159e\u017eij\u00ed pouze ty nejsiln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a jak je vid\u011bt nap\u0159\u00edklad na Trojmezn\u00e9, na hektaru m\u016f\u017ee z\u016fstat jen okolo 300 dosp\u011bl\u00fdch strom\u016f. I to je ale dostate\u010dn\u00e9, nav\u00edc stromy s\u00a0v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm prostorem k r\u016fstu maj\u00ed lep\u0161\u00ed ko\u0159enov\u00fd syst\u00e9m, n\u00ed\u017ee polo\u017eenou korunu a d\u00edky tomu mohou l\u00e9pe odol\u00e1vat jak v\u011btr\u016fm, tak i k\u016frovci,\u201c<\/strong> \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Jaroslav \u010cervenka.<\/p>\n

P\u0159irozen\u00e1 obnova horsk\u00e9 smr\u010diny po ork\u00e1nu Kyrill, prob\u00edh\u00e1 tak\u00e9 nap\u0159\u00edklad v\u00a0okol\u00ed rozhledny Poledn\u00edk.\u00a0\u201eCh\u00e1pu, \u017ee pro mnoh\u00e9 n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edky to je hrozn\u00fd z\u00e1\u017eitek. Na prvn\u00ed pohled se toti\u017e m\u016f\u017ee zd\u00e1t, \u017ee tady \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 p\u0159irozen\u00e9 zmlazen\u00ed nen\u00ed, v\u0161e je hn\u011bd\u00e9, ponur\u00e9, mrtv\u00e9. Je ale t\u0159eba se pod\u00edvat podrobn\u011bji. Mnoh\u00e9 stromky je\u0161t\u011b nejsou vid\u011bt, v\u017edy\u0165 od Kyrilla ub\u011bhlo pouh\u00fdch dev\u011bt let a od k\u016frovcov\u00e9ho \u017e\u00edru teprve \u0161est, maxim\u00e1ln\u011b sedm let. Za takov\u00fdch deset let, co\u017e v\u00a0\u017eivot\u011b lesa nen\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 doba, to ale pr\u00e1v\u011b tady bude vypadat \u00fapln\u011b jinak, o dost zelen\u011bji, podobn\u011b, jako t\u0159eba na Velk\u00e9 a Mal\u00e9 Mokr\u016fvce,\u201c<\/strong> je p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00fd \u0159editel Pavel Huben\u00fd.<\/p>\n

N\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edci se o obnov\u011b horsk\u00e9 smr\u010diny mohou na vlastn\u00ed o\u010di p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010dit nap\u0159\u00edklad v\u00a0okol\u00ed cesty z\u00a0Modravy na B\u0159ezn\u00edk nebo na nau\u010dn\u00e9 stezce s\u00a0n\u00e1zvem Horsk\u00e1 smr\u010dina, kter\u00e1 vede kolem Ple\u0161n\u00e9ho jezera.<\/p>\n

(jd)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ilustra\u010dn\u00ed foto: archiv Spr\u00e1vy NP \u0160umava<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Obnov\u00ed se <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":49835,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/01\/sumava-horska-smrcina.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/49107"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=49107"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/49107\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":49840,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/49107\/revisions\/49840"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/49835"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=49107"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=49107"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=49107"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}