{"id":378640,"date":"2026-06-23T12:46:56","date_gmt":"2026-06-23T11:46:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=378640"},"modified":"2026-06-23T12:47:08","modified_gmt":"2026-06-23T11:47:08","slug":"david-martinek-krize-v-ceskoslovensku-1929-1934","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=378640","title":{"rendered":"DAVID MARTINEK: Krize v \u010ceskoslovensku 1929 – 1934"},"content":{"rendered":"
B\u00edda prvn\u00ed republiky.
\nAneb co v\u0161echno se pokazilo, ne\u017e p\u0159i\u0161el Henlein a Hitler.<\/h6>\n

\"\"Tu dobu si dnes dok\u00e1\u017ee p\u0159edstavit u\u017e jen m\u00e1lokdo. Kdy\u017e na p\u0159elomu let 1932 a 1933 dos\u00e1hla hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 krize v \u010ceskoslovensku vrcholu, na dla\u017eb\u011b se postupn\u011b ocitlo p\u0159es milion lid\u00ed. Byl to \u0161ok. \u010ceskoslovensko m\u011blo za sebou obdob\u00ed relativn\u00ed prosperity. St\u00e1t se b\u011bhem \u0160vehlov\u00fdch vl\u00e1d ut\u011b\u0161en\u011b rozv\u00edjel. Spole\u010densk\u00fd \u00e9tos spojoval lidi ve v\u00ed\u0159e, \u017ee zem\u011b je na dobr\u00e9 cest\u011b. Na rozd\u00edl od sousedn\u00edho Rakouska nebo N\u011bmecka, zm\u00edtan\u00fdch hlubok\u00fdmi krizemi a inflac\u00ed bylo \u010ceskoslovensko modern\u00edm demokratick\u00fdm st\u00e1tem.<\/p>\n

Hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 krize ot\u0159\u00e1sla republikou v z\u00e1kladech. Postupn\u011b se uk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee zem\u011b m\u00e1 hlubok\u00e9 vnit\u0159n\u00ed probl\u00e9my. Krize n\u00e1hle znamenala, \u017ee nenajdete pr\u00e1ci. Nem\u00e1te z \u010deho u\u017eivit sebe ani sv\u00e9 d\u011bti. V pen\u011b\u017eence lidem zbylo p\u00e1r korun. Tov\u00e1rny zav\u00edraly jedna za druhou nebo omezovaly sm\u011bny na nejnutn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed provoz. Lid\u00e9 dost\u00e1vali hromadn\u011b v\u00fdpov\u011bdi. Banky \u010delily masivn\u00edm run\u016fm vyd\u011b\u0161en\u00fdch st\u0159adatel\u016f a krachovaly. Existen\u010dn\u00ed propad zas\u00e1hl bez rozd\u00edlu n\u00e1rodnosti pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 severo\u010desk\u00e9 a z\u00e1pado\u010desk\u00e9 pohrani\u010d\u00ed stejn\u011b jako \u010desk\u00e9 vnitrozem\u00ed a Ostravsko.<\/p>\n

Milion lid\u00ed se ocitl v situaci, kterou si rozhodn\u011b nep\u0159\u00e1li za\u017e\u00edt.
\nR\u00e1na za\u010d\u00ednala stejn\u011b. Pocitem hladu a pohledem na vymeten\u00fd st\u016fl. Soused\u00e9, p\u0159\u00e1tel\u00e9 i \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed rodina na tom byli podobn\u011b. Nebylo koho po\u017e\u00e1dat o pomoc. Solidarita se smr\u0161tila na sd\u00edlen\u00ed spole\u010dn\u00e9 b\u00eddy.
\nDenn\u00ed re\u017eim statis\u00edc\u016f otc\u016f rodin se m\u011bnil v ka\u017edodenn\u00ed z\u00e1pas. Mu\u017ei v obno\u0161en\u00fdch \u0161atech vyr\u00e1\u017eeli za sv\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed na kilometry dlouh\u00e9 pochody od jedn\u00e9 tov\u00e1rn\u00ed br\u00e1ny ke druh\u00e9. Odpov\u011b\u010f byla v\u0161ude stejn\u00e1: \u201eNep\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1me.\u201c M\u011bs\u00edc za m\u011bs\u00edcem se tato marnost za\u017e\u00edrala pod k\u016f\u017ei.<\/p>\n

\u00da\u0159edn\u00ed dny na ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch zprost\u0159edkovateln\u00e1ch pr\u00e1ce znamenaly hodiny st\u00e1n\u00ed v nekone\u010dn\u00fdch, ml\u010denliv\u00fdch z\u00e1stupech pro pouh\u00e9 potvrzen\u00ed o nezam\u011bstnanosti. Teprve s t\u00edmto pap\u00edrem v ruce pak otcov\u00e9 rodin museli podstoupit dal\u0161\u00ed kole\u010dko na obecn\u00edch \u00fa\u0159adech, kde \u010dekali na potupn\u00e9 \u201a\u017eebra\u010denky\u2018, stravovac\u00ed l\u00edstky st\u00e1tn\u00ed akce v hodnot\u011b deseti korun na t\u00fdden pro svobodn\u00e9ho a dvaceti pro \u017eenat\u00e9ho. Tyto pap\u00edrky s n\u00e1pisem \u201ePouk\u00e1zka na odb\u011br potravin v hodnot\u011b K\u010d 10\u201c nebo \u201eP\u0159\u00edd\u011bl chleba pro nezam\u011bstnan\u00e9\u201c byly pro mnoh\u00e9 jedinou v\u011bc\u00ed, kter\u00e1 jejich rodiny dr\u017eela nad propast\u00ed hladem.<\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e selhala i tato pomoc, posledn\u00ed z\u00e1chrannou s\u00ed\u0165 na ulic\u00edch byly charitativn\u00ed kuchyn\u011b \u010ceskoslovensk\u00e9ho \u010cerven\u00e9ho k\u0159\u00ed\u017ee a nouzov\u00e9 stravovac\u00ed stanice Arm\u00e1dy sp\u00e1sy. Dobov\u00e9 fotografie mraziv\u00fdch m\u011bstsk\u00fdch ulic zachycuj\u00ed nekone\u010dn\u00e9 \u0159ady lid\u00ed s e\u0161usy v rukou, kte\u0159\u00ed odevzdan\u011b \u010dekaj\u00ed na nab\u011bra\u010dku hust\u00e9 tepl\u00e9 pol\u00e9vky a kus star\u00e9ho chleba od dobrovolnic v b\u00edl\u00fdch z\u00e1st\u011br\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

Bylo t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 vst\u00e1vat do nov\u00e9ho dne, kdy\u017e v\u00edte, \u017ee d\u011bti, ztichl\u00e9 a unaven\u00e9 sed\u00ed ti\u0161e v kuchyni a \u010dekaj\u00ed, jestli se na stole objev\u00ed alespo\u0148 ka\u0161e, nebo vodov\u00e1 pol\u00e9vka. Kdy\u017e se s\u00e1m pot\u0159ebujete po\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b naj\u00edst, abyste vydr\u017eel \u0161ichtu, kdy\u017e v\u00e1s dozorce u tov\u00e1rn\u00edch vrat spolu s p\u00e1r \u0161\u0165astlivci vybere k dlouh\u00e9 a \u00fanavn\u00e9 d\u0159in\u011b. Pot\u00e9 pracujete do \u00famoru, s hladov\u00fdm b\u0159ichem a bu\u0161\u00edc\u00edm srdcem a dom\u016f se vrac\u00edte kilometry p\u011b\u0161ky.<\/p>\n

\ud835\udde3\ud835\uddee\u0301\ud835\uddf1 \ud835\uddd6\ud835\uddff\ud835\uddf2\ud835\uddf1\ud835\uddf6\ud835\ude01\ud835\uddee\ud835\uddfb\ud835\ude00\ud835\ude01\ud835\uddee\ud835\uddf9\ud835\ude01\ud835\ude02 \ud835\uddee \ud835\uddfc\ud835\ude01\ud835\uddff\u030c\ud835\uddf2\ud835\ude00 \ud835\uddf6\ud835\uddfa\ud835\uddfd\ud835\uddf2\u0301\ud835\uddff\ud835\uddf6\ud835\uddee \ud835\udde5\ud835\uddfc\ud835\ude01\ud835\uddf5\ud835\ude00\ud835\uddf0\ud835\uddf5\ud835\uddf6\ud835\uddf9\ud835\uddf1\ud835\ude02\u030a<\/h6>\n

Po\u010d\u00e1tek krize si lid\u00e9 ani neuv\u011bdomovali. Amerika procitla z iluze o nekone\u010dn\u00e9m r\u016fstu kapitalismu \u0161okem v roce 1929, po krachu burzy na Wall Street. \u0158et\u011bzov\u00fdm p\u00e1dem bank, kolapsem t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9ho pr\u016fmyslu i bankroty rodinn\u00fdch farem. \u00dapln\u00fdm zastaven\u00edm stavebnictv\u00ed. Zkrachoval\u00e9 obchody na luxusn\u00edch bulv\u00e1rech byly v\u00fdmluvn\u00fdm symbolem. Lid\u00e9 \u010detli o krizi, ale zdej\u0161\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed odol\u00e1valo.<\/p>\n

\u010ceskoslovensko zas\u00e1hla hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 krize se zpo\u017ed\u011bn\u00edm, ale zato s drtivou intenzitou. Rozbu\u0161kou se stal kv\u011bten 1931. Rakousk\u00fd bankovn\u00ed gigant Creditanstalt \u0161okoval finan\u010dn\u00ed sv\u011bt p\u0159izn\u00e1n\u00edm ztr\u00e1ty z nedobytn\u00fdch \u00fav\u011br\u016f ve v\u00fd\u0161i 140 milion\u016f \u0161ilink\u016f. Ne\u0161lo o n\u00e1hl\u00e9 selh\u00e1n\u00ed z \u010dist\u00e9ho nebe. Rakousk\u00e9 banky se nikdy pln\u011b nevzpamatovaly z hyperinflace, kter\u00e1 zemi postihla v letech 1923\u20131924. P\u0159i t\u00e9to inflaci banky p\u0159i\u0161ly o v\u011bt\u0161inu vlastn\u00edch finan\u010dn\u00edch rezerv. Aby mohly d\u00e1l fungovat a p\u016fj\u010dovat pen\u00edze tov\u00e1rn\u00e1m a podnik\u016fm, musely si samy masivn\u011b p\u016fj\u010dovat v zahrani\u010d\u00ed, hlavn\u011b v Brit\u00e1nii a Americe. Fungovaly tak v podstat\u011b na ob\u0159\u00ed dluh. Dokud americk\u00e9 a britsk\u00e9 banky poskytovaly finance, syst\u00e9m b\u011b\u017eel. Jakmile ale p\u0159i\u0161la krize a z\u00e1padn\u00ed banky po\u017eadovaly sv\u00e9 pen\u00edze zp\u011bt, cel\u00fd tento dome\u010dek z karet se zhroutil.<\/p>\n

Kolaps urychlila i vl\u00e1dou vynucen\u00e1 f\u00faze z roku 1929, kdy Creditanstalt musela p\u0159evz\u00edt krachuj\u00edc\u00ed Allgemeine Boden-Credit-Anstalt, kter\u00e1 do t\u00e9 doby absorbovala \u0159adu ztr\u00e1tov\u00fdch men\u0161\u00edch \u00fastav\u016f a nesla nahromad\u011bn\u00e9 dluhy rakousk\u00e9ho pr\u016fmyslu.
\nVznikla tak obrovsk\u00e1 instituce, jej\u00ed\u017e rozvaha odpov\u00eddala celkov\u00fdm v\u00fddaj\u016fm rakousk\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu a kapit\u00e1lov\u011b ovl\u00e1dala 70 % tamn\u00edch korporac\u00ed. P\u0159edstava, \u017ee padne tento kolos, za\u0161t\u00edt\u011bn\u00fd jm\u00e9nem Rothschild\u016f, rodiny, kter\u00e1 v o\u010d\u00edch Evropan\u016f zosob\u0148ovala samotn\u00fd vrchol nedotknuteln\u00e9ho finan\u010dn\u00edho bohatstv\u00ed a moci, byla ve sv\u00e9 dob\u011b nep\u0159edstaviteln\u00e1. Ale stalo se.
\nZpr\u00e1vy o probl\u00e9mech Creditanstalt vyvolaly obrovskou paniku a okam\u017eitou \u0159et\u011bzovou reakci: run na banky, masivn\u00ed odliv zahrani\u010dn\u00edho kapit\u00e1lu a p\u00e1d v\u00edde\u0148sk\u00e9 burzy.<\/p>\n

To v\u0161ak byl pouze za\u010d\u00e1tek.
\nNe\u0159\u00edzen\u00e1 \u0159et\u011bzov\u00e1 reakce, runy na banky a nutnost sanovat krachuj\u00edc\u00ed rakousk\u00fd pr\u016fmysl nafoukly kone\u010dn\u00fd \u00fa\u010det za kolaps instituce na astronomick\u00fdch 1 070 milion\u016f \u0161ilink\u016f, co\u017e p\u0159edstavovalo t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 60 % ro\u010dn\u00edho rozpo\u010dtu cel\u00e9ho Rakouska.
\nPanika se roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ila i do dal\u0161\u00edch st\u0159edoevropsk\u00fdch bank, zejm\u00e9na v N\u011bmecku, kde n\u00e1sledoval kolaps Danatbank, co\u017e vedlo k finan\u010dn\u00ed nestabilit\u011b a definitivn\u011b zmrazilo mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed \u00fav\u011brov\u00e9 trhy. Krize donutila rakouskou vl\u00e1du po\u017e\u00e1dat u mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pomoc u Banky pro mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed platby a Bank of England.<\/p>\n

P\u00e1d rakousk\u00e9 banky znamenal i osudov\u00fd zlom pro mocensk\u00e9 postaven\u00ed v\u00edde\u0148sk\u00e9 v\u011btve rodiny Rothschild\u016f, kter\u00e1 instituci po generace ovl\u00e1dala. Jej\u00ed prezident Louis Nathaniel von Rothschild nedok\u00e1zal zabr\u00e1nit katastrof\u011b ani dobrovoln\u00fdm p\u0159eveden\u00edm vlastn\u00edch aktiv a vlastn\u00edho majetku v hodnot\u011b p\u0159es 30 milion\u016f \u0161ilink\u016f na rakousk\u00fd st\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

\ud835\udde2\ud835\uddf1 \ud835\ude07\ud835\uddee\ud835\uddfa\ud835\uddff\ud835\ude07\ud835\uddf9\ud835\ude06\u0301\ud835\uddf0\ud835\uddf5 \ud835\ude02\u0301\ud835\ude03\ud835\uddf2\u030c\ud835\uddff\ud835\ude02\u030a \ud835\uddf8 \ud835\uddfd\ud835\uddff\ud835\uddee\u0301\ud835\ude07\ud835\uddf1\ud835\uddfb\ud835\ude06\u0301\ud835\uddfa \ud835\uddfc\ud835\uddef\ud835\uddf0\ud835\uddf5\ud835\uddfc\ud835\uddf1\ud835\ude02\u030a\ud835\uddfa<\/h6>\n

P\u00e1d Creditanstalt v kv\u011btnu 1931 nespustil pouze vzd\u00e1len\u00fd krach, ale okam\u017eit\u011b propojil bankovn\u00ed sv\u011bt s b\u011b\u017en\u00fdm \u017eivotem v \u010ceskoslovensku. Investo\u0159i za\u010dali masivn\u011b stahovat sv\u016fj kapit\u00e1l i z \u010ceskoslovenska, co\u017e vys\u00e1lo likviditu z tuzemsk\u00fdch bank. \u010cesk\u00e9 bankovn\u00ed domy tak \u010delily odlivu vklad\u016f a z\u00e1rove\u0148 i nar\u016fstaj\u00edc\u00ed vnit\u0159n\u00ed krizi. Kdy\u017e se toti\u017e zpr\u00e1va o p\u00e1du rothschildovsk\u00e9ho kolosu roznesla, propukla mezi \u010desk\u00fdmi st\u0159adateli panika. Lid\u00e9 vzali \u00fatokem p\u0159ep\u00e1\u017eky m\u00edstn\u00edch bank i okresn\u00edch z\u00e1lo\u017een a masivn\u011b vyb\u00edrali vklady. Dom\u00e1c\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00ed \u00fastavy, od\u0159\u00edznut\u00e9 od ciz\u00edho kapit\u00e1lu a decimovan\u00e9 runy vyd\u011b\u0161en\u00fdch lid\u00ed, propadly strachu o vlastn\u00ed p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed. Okam\u017eit\u011b p\u0159estaly p\u016fj\u010dovat a ud\u011blaly krok, kter\u00fd dom\u00e1c\u00ed pr\u016fmysl paralyzoval.<\/p>\n

Za\u010daly s okam\u017eitou platnost\u00ed vym\u00e1hat zp\u011bt d\u0159\u00edve poskytnut\u00e9 provozn\u00ed \u00fav\u011bry. V\u011bt\u0161ina tehdej\u0161\u00edch firem p\u0159itom nefungovala z hotovosti, ale z b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch p\u016fj\u010dek na n\u00e1kup materi\u00e1lu a v\u00fdplaty. Kdy\u017e banky tyto pen\u011b\u017en\u00ed kohoutky ze dne na den ut\u00e1hly a za\u010daly dluhy tvrd\u011b vym\u00e1hat, dostaly se podniky, st\u0159edn\u00ed i mal\u00e9 firmy do bezv\u00fdchodn\u00e9 situace. Nem\u011bli si kde p\u016fj\u010dit na ka\u017edodenn\u00ed chod. Co\u017e vedlo k masov\u00e9mu omezov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdroby, hromadn\u00e9mu propou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a vln\u011b bankrot\u016f.<\/p>\n

Tento kolaps firem okam\u017eit\u011b podv\u00e1zal i b\u011b\u017en\u00fd maloobchod a dom\u00e1c\u00ed spot\u0159ebu. \u017divnostn\u00edci a prodejci ve m\u011bstech ztratili mo\u017enost nakupovat zbo\u017e\u00ed do sv\u00fdch obchod\u016f na \u00fav\u011br, jak bylo do t\u00e9 doby b\u011b\u017en\u00e9. Soub\u011b\u017en\u011b s t\u00edm rostla nezam\u011bstnanost, kter\u00e1 v \u010ceskoslovensku brzy vyhnala po\u010det nezam\u011bstnan\u00fdch nad hranici 1.000.000 lid\u00ed. Dom\u00e1cnosti mezit\u00edm rychle p\u0159ich\u00e1zely o p\u0159\u00edjmy, v reakci dramaticky omezily n\u00e1kupy a utr\u00e1cely v\u00fdhradn\u011b za nejz\u00e1kladn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed potraviny. \u0158et\u011bzec navazuj\u00edc\u00edch probl\u00e9m\u016f zp\u016fsobil strm\u00fd p\u00e1d odbytu ve\u0161ker\u00e9ho b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho zbo\u017e\u00ed. Maloobchodn\u00edci, kte\u0159\u00ed nem\u011bli komu prod\u00e1vat a sami \u010delili tlaku bank na splacen\u00ed dluh\u016f, byli nuceni sv\u00e9 \u017eivnosti a kr\u00e1my hromadn\u011b zav\u00edrat.<\/p>\n

\ud835\uddde\ud835\uddee\ud835\ude01\ud835\uddee\ud835\ude00\ud835\ude01\ud835\uddff\ud835\uddfc\ud835\uddf3\ud835\uddee \ud835\uddf9\ud835\uddf2\ud835\uddf5\ud835\uddf8\ud835\uddf2\u0301\ud835\uddf5\ud835\uddfc \ud835\uddfd\ud835\uddff\ud835\ude02\u030a\ud835\uddfa\ud835\ude06\ud835\ude00\ud835\uddf9\ud835\ude02 \ud835\ude03 \ud835\udde6\ud835\ude02\ud835\uddf1\ud835\uddf2\ud835\ude01\ud835\uddf2\ud835\uddf0\ud835\uddf5<\/h6>\n

Tento ni\u010div\u00fd \u0159et\u011bzec ud\u00e1lost\u00ed zas\u00e1hl s mimo\u0159\u00e1dnou intenzitou pohrani\u010dn\u00ed oblasti \u010ceskoslovenska. Nebylo to v\u0161ak d\u016fsledkem nacion\u00e1ln\u00edho spiknut\u00ed pra\u017esk\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy, ale krutou logikou glob\u00e1ln\u00edho trhu. Na rozd\u00edl od vnitrozem\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se sice tak\u00e9 topilo v hlubok\u00e9 krizi, kde \u010desk\u00e9 zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed decimovala katastrof\u00e1ln\u00ed agr\u00e1rn\u00ed krize a t\u011b\u017ek\u00fd pr\u016fmysl na Ostravsku tehdy pro\u017e\u00edval brut\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fatlum a masov\u00e9 propou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed \u010desk\u00fdch d\u011bln\u00edk\u016f, pohrani\u010d\u00ed doplatilo na sv\u00e9 jednostrann\u00e9 zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed na export.<\/p>\n

Zdej\u0161\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e1 centra skl\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed, v\u00fdroby porcel\u00e1nu, textilu \u010di \u0161pi\u010dkov\u00e9 jabloneck\u00e9 bi\u017euterie byla \u017eivotn\u011b z\u00e1visl\u00e1 na v\u00fdvozu. V situaci, kdy se z\u00e1padn\u00ed trhy uzav\u0159ely za hradby ochran\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch cel a kv\u00f3t, se export tohoto p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b luxusn\u00edho zbo\u017e\u00ed prakticky zastavil. Tuto past nemohla zvr\u00e1tit ani dom\u00e1c\u00ed popt\u00e1vka. V moment\u011b, kdy rodiny v \u010desk\u00e9m vnitrozem\u00ed i v pohrani\u010d\u00ed musely zastavovat vlastn\u00ed n\u00e1bytek, aby m\u011bly na chleba, bylo luxusn\u00ed sklo \u010di jemn\u00fd porcel\u00e1n naprostou zbyte\u010dnost\u00ed. Sudeton\u011bmeck\u00fd lehk\u00fd pr\u016fmysl se ocitl v bezv\u00fdchodn\u00e9 situaci. \u017d\u00e1dn\u00e1 vl\u00e1da na sv\u011bt\u011b nem\u011bla prost\u0159edky na to, aby sanovala v\u00fdpadek glob\u00e1ln\u00edho sv\u011btov\u00e9ho obchodu a dotovala pr\u016fmyslov\u00e1 odv\u011btv\u00ed, jejich\u017e zahrani\u010dn\u00ed odbyti\u0161t\u011b p\u0159es noc zmizela.<\/p>\n

Tento krach lehk\u00e9ho pr\u016fmyslu prom\u011bnil pohrani\u010d\u00ed v regiony absolutn\u00ed chudoby a hladov\u00fdch bou\u0159\u00ed. Vytvo\u0159il tak ide\u00e1ln\u00ed podhoub\u00ed pro to, aby zklaman\u00e9 a s b\u00eddou z\u00e1pas\u00edc\u00ed n\u011bmeck\u00e9 d\u011blnictvo masov\u011b opustilo tradi\u010dn\u00ed soci\u00e1ln\u011bdemokratick\u00e9 strany, kter\u00e9 byly loaj\u00e1ln\u00ed k \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9mu st\u00e1tu. A vlo\u017eilo svou zoufalou nad\u011bji do radik\u00e1ln\u00edch sil \u2013 na jedn\u00e9 stran\u011b do komunist\u016f slibuj\u00edc\u00edch z\u00fa\u010dtov\u00e1n\u00ed s kapitalismem a na stran\u011b druh\u00e9 do Henleinovy Sudeton\u011bmeck\u00e9 strany (SdP), kter\u00e1 nasm\u011brovala hn\u011bv ulice proti pra\u017esk\u00e9 vl\u00e1d\u011b.<\/p>\n

\ud835\udde3\ud835\uddee\u0301\ud835\uddf1\ud835\ude06, \ud835\uddef\ud835\uddee\ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddf8\ud835\uddff\ud835\uddfc\ud835\ude01\ud835\ude06 \ud835\uddee \ud835\uddf5\ud835\uddff\ud835\uddfc\ud835\ude02\ud835\ude01\ud835\uddf6\u0301\ud835\uddf0\ud835\uddf6\u0301 \ud835\ude00\ud835\uddf2 \ud835\ude07\ud835\uddee\u0301\ud835\uddf9\ud835\uddfc\ud835\ude07\u030c\ud835\uddfb\ud835\ude06<\/h6>\n

Ne\u00faprosn\u00e1 data tehdej\u0161\u00edho St\u00e1tn\u00edho \u00fa\u0159adu statistick\u00e9ho dokl\u00e1daj\u00ed, jak krize s ni\u010divou silou rychle rozkl\u00e1dala ekonomick\u00fd syst\u00e9m. Zat\u00edmco v roce 1929 byl finan\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9m relativn\u011b stabiln\u00ed, u\u017e o t\u0159i roky pozd\u011bji, na vrcholu hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho kolapsu v roce 1932, dos\u00e1hl po\u010det soudn\u00edch konkurz\u016f a vyrovn\u00e1n\u00ed rekordu 7 852 zkrachoval\u00fdch firem a \u017eivnost\u00ed za jedin\u00fd rok. Celkem b\u011bhem let 1930\u20131933 v zemi zbankrotovalo nebo muselo s v\u011b\u0159iteli vyrovnat neudr\u017eiteln\u00e9 dluhy p\u0159es 26 000 podnik\u016f a obchod\u016f.<\/p>\n

V \u010ceskoslovensku sice nedo\u0161lo k tot\u00e1ln\u00edmu kolapsu bankovn\u00edho sektoru jako v USA, proto\u017ee \u017divnostensk\u00e1 banka a st\u00e1tem podporovan\u00e9 interven\u010dn\u00ed fondy v\u010das zas\u00e1hly, ale ot\u0159esy v pen\u011b\u017enictv\u00ed byly obrovsk\u00e9. Padaly p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm men\u0161\u00ed region\u00e1ln\u00ed banky, okresn\u00ed z\u00e1lo\u017eny a nacion\u00e1ln\u011b orientovan\u00e9 \u00fastavy. V letech 1931\u20131933 finan\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1kaza smetla v\u00edce ne\u017e stovku bankovn\u00edch dom\u016f a spo\u0159itelen.<\/p>\n

P\u0159edstava, \u017ee finan\u010dn\u00ed krize ni\u010dila pouze n\u011bmeck\u00fd kapit\u00e1l v pohrani\u010d\u00ed, spolehliv\u011b vyvrac\u00ed realita ve vnitrozem\u00ed. V samotn\u00e9m srdci \u010desk\u00e9ho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed ot\u0159\u00e1sl ve\u0159ejnost\u00ed krach \u010cesk\u00e9 komer\u010dn\u00ed banky v roce 1931 a n\u00e1sledn\u00e1 hlubok\u00e1 finan\u010dn\u00ed hav\u00e1rie Pra\u017esk\u00e9 \u00fav\u011brn\u00ed banky (p\u016fvodn\u011b \u00dav\u011brn\u00ed banky v Kol\u00edn\u011b).<\/p>\n

Tyto p\u00e1dy a nucen\u00e9 odpisy kapit\u00e1lu st\u00e1ly \u010desk\u00e9 st\u0159adatele miliony korun a uvrhly stovky ryze \u010desk\u00fdch stroj\u00edrensk\u00fdch a potravin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch podnik\u016f do platebn\u00ed neschopnosti. \u010cesk\u00fd d\u011bln\u00edk ve st\u0159edn\u00edch \u010cech\u00e1ch tak \u010delil stejn\u00e9 ztr\u00e1t\u011b jistot jako n\u011bmeck\u00fd d\u011bln\u00edk v Sudetech.<\/p>\n

Zdaleka nejtvrd\u0161\u00ed politick\u00fd dopad v\u0161ak m\u011bly krachy v pohrani\u010d\u00ed. Deutsche Centralbank se s\u00eddlem v Liberci, kter\u00e1 byla kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdm finan\u010dn\u00edm pil\u00ed\u0159em n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho kapit\u00e1lu v \u010cSR, musela na podzim roku 1931 zcela zastavit platby. Tento p\u00e1d nebyl zp\u016fsoben tlakem z Prahy. Libereck\u00fd \u00fastav dr\u017eel sv\u00e9 kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 pozice a likviditu ve V\u00eddni a Berl\u00edn\u011b. Kdy\u017e padla tamn\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00ed centra, st\u00e1hla libereckou banku nezvratn\u00e1 dominov\u00e1 vlna.<\/p>\n

Jej\u00ed faktick\u00e1 likvidace a nucen\u00e1 spr\u00e1va sice odvr\u00e1tily okam\u017eitou pouli\u010dn\u00ed anarchii, ale situace zanechala sudeton\u011bmeck\u00e9 podnikatele bez provozn\u00edho kapit\u00e1lu a zlikvidovala celo\u017eivotn\u00ed \u00faspory tis\u00edc\u016f tamn\u00edch rodin. Tento moment pozd\u011bji henleinovsk\u00e1 propaganda bezosty\u0161n\u011b p\u0159ekroutila. Objektivn\u00ed krach n\u011bmeck\u00e9 bankovn\u00ed strategie vyd\u00e1vala za z\u00e1m\u011brn\u00fd ekonomick\u00fd \u00fatok \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9ho demokratick\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu proti n\u011bmeck\u00e9 men\u0161in\u011b.<\/p>\n

\ud835\udde8\ud835\uddf5\ud835\uddf9\ud835\uddf6\u0301 \ud835\uddf7\ud835\uddee\ud835\uddf8\ud835\uddfc \ud835\uddfd\ud835\uddfc\ud835\ude00\ud835\uddf9\ud835\uddf2\ud835\uddf1\ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddf6\u0301 \ud835\uddfd\ud835\uddf2\ud835\ude03\ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddfc\ud835\ude00\ud835\ude01 \ud835\udde5\ud835\uddfc\ud835\ude01\ud835\uddf5\ud835\ude00\ud835\uddf0\ud835\uddf5\ud835\uddf6\ud835\uddf9\ud835\uddf1\ud835\ude02\u030a<\/h6>\n

Zat\u00edmco v Rakousku zbylo po dobrovoln\u00e9m odevzd\u00e1n\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161iny aktiv Rotschild\u016f rakousk\u00e9mu st\u00e1tu z rothschildovsk\u00e9ho imp\u00e9ria pouh\u00e9 torzo, kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdm zdrojem p\u0159\u00edjm\u016f v\u00edde\u0148sk\u00e9 v\u011btve se stala pr\u016fmyslov\u00e1 aktiva v \u010ceskoslovensku. Rothschildov\u00e9 zde v alianci s bank\u00e9\u0159skou rodinou Gutmann\u016f ovl\u00e1dali dva pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 giganty: V\u00edtkovick\u00e9 horn\u00ed a hutn\u00ed t\u011b\u017e\u00ed\u0159stvo (VHHT) a uheln\u00fd kolos Severn\u00ed dr\u00e1ha c\u00edsa\u0159e Ferdinanda (KFNB).<\/p>\n

Tento komplex kontroloval V\u00edtkovick\u00e9 \u017eelez\u00e1rny, sv\u011btov\u011b proslul\u00e9 \u0161pi\u010dkovou strojn\u00ed a pr\u016fmyslovou v\u00fdrobou. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 Rothschildov\u00e9 a Gutmannov\u00e9 ovl\u00e1dali nejv\u00fdnosn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a nejmodern\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u010dernouheln\u00e9 doly v Ostrav\u011b a Orlov\u00e9. Tyto doly se po roce 1926 nadechovaly k prosperit\u011b. Po st\u00e1vk\u00e1ch britsk\u00fdch horn\u00edk\u016f a v\u00fdpadku britsk\u00e9ho exportu z\u00edskaly velk\u00e9 a lukrativn\u00ed kontrakty v It\u00e1lii, Rakousku, Ma\u010farsku a na Balk\u00e1n\u011b. Podniky vykazovaly stabiln\u00ed zisky a uheln\u00e1 sekce vstoupila do obdob\u00ed velk\u00e9 hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 krize s masivn\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00ed rezervou, d\u00edky \u010demu\u017e t\u011b\u017eba \u010dern\u00e9ho uhl\u00ed krizi dlouho \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b vzdorovala. Na samotn\u00e9 V\u00edtkovick\u00e9 \u017eelez\u00e1rny a stroj\u00edrensk\u00e9 provozy v\u0161ak krize dolehla velmi t\u011b\u017ece. V\u00fdroba surov\u00e9ho \u017eeleza a oceli se v letech 1932\u20131933 propadla na historick\u00e9 minimum a tis\u00edce ostravsk\u00fdch d\u011bln\u00edk\u016f se bez ohledu na n\u00e1rodnost ocitly na dla\u017eb\u011b.<\/p>\n

\ud835\uddd9\ud835\uddf6\ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddee\ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddf0\u030c\ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddf6\u0301 \ud835\uddf5\ud835\uddee\ud835\ude07\ud835\uddee\ud835\uddff\ud835\uddf1 \ud835\ude02\ud835\uddf5\ud835\uddf2\ud835\uddf9\ud835\uddfb\ud835\ude06\u0301\ud835\uddf0\ud835\uddf5 \ud835\uddef\ud835\uddee\ud835\uddff\ud835\uddfc\ud835\uddfb\ud835\ude02\u030a \ud835\uddee \ud835\ude01\ud835\uddff\ud835\uddf6\ud835\ude02\ud835\uddfa\ud835\uddf3 \ud835\udded\u030c\ud835\uddf6\ud835\ude03\ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddfc\ud835\ude00\ud835\ude01\ud835\uddf2\ud835\uddfb\ud835\ude00\ud835\uddf8\ud835\uddf2\u0301 \ud835\uddef\ud835\uddee\ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddf8\ud835\ude06<\/h6>\n

Dominance Rotschildovsk\u00e9ho a Guttmannovsk\u00e9ho kapit\u00e1lu na Ostravsku a Karvinsku po l\u00e9ta nar\u00e1\u017eela na skryt\u00fd odpor \u010deskoslovensk\u00fdch elit, bank\u00e9\u0159\u016f i pr\u016fmysln\u00edk\u016f. Dr\u017eba kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch a strategick\u00fdch hut\u00ed, stroj\u00edren \u010di dol\u016f n\u011bmeck\u00fdm kapit\u00e1lem ovl\u00e1dan\u00fdch z V\u00eddn\u011b byla pro \u010desk\u00fd podnikatelsk\u00fd sektor v\u017edy nesmi\u0159itelnou v\u00fdzvou. Hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 krize poskytla p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost pro \u017divnostenskou banku vedenou Jaroslavem Preissem. Ten ji uchopil s nekompromisn\u00ed tvrdost\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Kl\u00ed\u010dem k eliminaci v\u00edde\u0148sk\u00e9ho vlivu se staly \u00fav\u011bry, kter\u00e9 \u017divnobanka poskytla t\u011b\u017ea\u0159sk\u00e9 rodin\u011b Gutmann\u016f. P\u00e1d tohoto uheln\u00e9ho klanu je u\u010debnicov\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem toho, jak riskantn\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00ed spekulace dok\u00e1\u017eou zlikvidovat prosperuj\u00edc\u00ed pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 imp\u00e9rium a \u017ee krize neni\u010dila jen mal\u00e9 \u017eivnostn\u00edky \u010di pohrani\u010dn\u00ed textilky.<\/p>\n

Gutmannov\u00e9 sv\u00e9 astronomick\u00e9 zisky, kter\u00e9 jim vyn\u00e1\u0161ely V\u00edtkovice a doly v Orlov\u00e9 a Doubrav\u011b po britsk\u00e9 st\u00e1vce v roce 1926 neulo\u017eili do rezerv, ale utopili je v riskantn\u00edch obchodech na v\u00edde\u0148sk\u00e9 burze. Masivn\u011b investovali do akci\u00ed krachuj\u00edc\u00ed Creditanstalt a spekulovali na komoditn\u00edch trz\u00edch s textilem a bavlnou. Kdy\u017e v roce 1929 propukla krize v USA a ceny komodit za\u017eily strm\u00fd p\u00e1d, Gutmannov\u00e9 na burze doslova \u201eprod\u011blali kalhoty\u201c. Aby tyto ob\u0159\u00ed ztr\u00e1ty kryli, za\u010dali si br\u00e1t kr\u00e1tkodob\u00e9, extr\u00e9mn\u011b drah\u00e9 \u00fav\u011bry, kter\u00e9 zastavovali t\u00edm nejcenn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm, co m\u011bli \u2013 sv\u00fdmi pod\u00edly (tzv. kuksy) ve V\u00edtkovick\u00e9m t\u011b\u017e\u00ed\u0159stvu a ostravsk\u00fdch dolech.<\/p>\n

V moment\u011b, kdy po krachu Creditanstaltu zamrzly i \u00fav\u011brov\u00e9 trhy, za\u010daly v\u011b\u0159itelsk\u00e9 banky po Gutmannech tyto dluhy okam\u017eit\u011b a nekompromisn\u011b vym\u00e1hat. Slabost Guttmann\u016f vyu\u017eil vrchn\u00ed \u0159editel \u017divnostensk\u00e9 banky Jaroslav Preiss. \u017divnobanka za\u010dala systematicky skupovat sm\u011bnky a pohled\u00e1vky nav\u00e1zan\u00e9 na majetek Gutmann\u016f. Pot\u00e9 je vystavila ultim\u00e1tu. Bu\u010f okam\u017eit\u00e9 splacen\u00ed stovek milion\u016f korun, nebo propadnut\u00ed akci\u00ed.
\nSituaci nav\u00edc paralyzovaly p\u0159\u00edsn\u00e9, plo\u0161n\u011b zav\u00e1d\u011bn\u00e9 devizov\u00e9 regulace N\u00e1rodn\u00ed banky \u010ceskoslovensk\u00e9. Ty byly sice ur\u010deny k z\u00e1chran\u011b stability \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9 m\u011bny, ale Gutmannov\u00fdm administrativn\u011b znemo\u017enily p\u0159ev\u00e9st miliony korun, kter\u00e9 jejich doly na Ostravsku st\u00e1le generovaly, do V\u00eddn\u011b na z\u00e1chranu rodinn\u00e9ho bankovn\u00edho domu. Od\u0159\u00edznut\u00ed od likvidity a nekompromisn\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00ed tlak ze strany \u017divnobanky donutili Gutmanny ke kapitulaci. Byli nuceni sv\u00e9 cenn\u00e9 kuksy ve V\u00edtkovick\u00e9m t\u011b\u017e\u00ed\u0159stvu (VHHT) i v dolech prodat hluboko pod cenou a p\u0159edat konsorciu veden\u00e9mu \u017divnostenskou bankou.<\/p>\n

Zat\u00edmco Rothschildov\u00e9 d\u00edky sv\u00e9mu glob\u00e1ln\u00edmu z\u00e1zem\u00ed majoritu v podnic\u00edch uh\u00e1jili, Gutmannov\u00e9 byli z veden\u00ed definitivn\u011b vytla\u010deni. To Preissovi otev\u0159elo cestu k \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 nostrifikaci a pos\u00edlen\u00ed \u010desk\u00e9ho vlivu v tomto strategick\u00e9m pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9m celku.<\/p>\n

\ud835\udddb\ud835\uddf9\ud835\uddee\ud835\uddf1 \ud835\ude03\ud835\uddf2\ud835\uddff\ud835\ude00\ud835\ude02\ud835\ude00 \ud835\uddfa\ud835\uddf6\ud835\uddf9\ud835\uddf6\ud835\uddfc\ud835\uddfb\ud835\ude06 \ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddee \ud835\uddf8\ud835\uddfc\ud835\uddfb\ud835\ude01\ud835\uddf2\ud835\uddf0\ud835\uddf5<\/h6>\n

Krize ale neodepsala v\u0161echny stejn\u011b.
\nZat\u00edmco pr\u016fmyslov\u00e1 v\u00fdroba v zemi spadla o d\u011bsiv\u00fdch 40 procent a export se smrskl na pouhou \u010dtvrtinu, velkokapit\u00e1l z\u00e1rove\u0148 rozehr\u00e1l pom\u011brn\u011b cynickou hru o p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed zisk\u016f. \u017divnostensk\u00e1 banka pod veden\u00edm Jaroslava Preisse za\u010dala prosazovat zakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed nucen\u00fdch syndik\u00e1t\u016f a kartel\u016f (nap\u0159. uheln\u00e9ho, \u017eelez\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho nebo cukrovarnick\u00e9ho). Princip byl jednoduch\u00fd: um\u011ble omezit v\u00fdrobu, aby se ceny udr\u017eely vysoko. Vysok\u00e9 ceny kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch komodit m\u011bly velkopr\u016fmysln\u00edk\u016fm vykompenzovat pokles zisk\u016f, plynouc\u00edch z ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch prodej\u016f a ztr\u00e1ty zahrani\u010dn\u00edch trh\u016f.<\/p>\n

Bank\u00e9\u0159e a velkopr\u016fmysln\u00edky v\u00edce ne\u017e osud statis\u00edc\u016f lid\u00ed v zoufal\u00e9m existen\u010dn\u00edm boji pochopiteln\u011b zaj\u00edmal z\u00e1pas o udr\u017een\u00ed vlastn\u00edch pozic.<\/p>\n

Jak optiku Preisse komentuje historik V\u00e1clav Lacina kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch studi\u00edch:
\n\u201eZachov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdvozu je podm\u00ednkou \ud835\udc60\ud835\udc56\ud835\udc5b\ud835\udc52 \ud835\udc5e\ud835\udc62\ud835\udc4e \ud835\udc5b\ud835\udc5c\ud835\udc5b dal\u0161\u00edho rozvoje hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed republiky. V oblasti m\u011bnov\u00e9 politiky po\u017eadovala \u017divnostensk\u00e1 banka pevnou m\u011bnu (odm\u00edtala devalvaci). Dal\u0161\u00edm d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm po\u017eadavkem byly radik\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00faspory ve st\u00e1tn\u00edm hospoda\u0159en\u00ed (a\u017e o 30 %).
\nM\u011blo b\u00fdt u\u0161et\u0159eno na podpor\u00e1ch v nezam\u011bstnanosti, redukov\u00e1ny soci\u00e1ln\u00ed a kulturn\u00ed v\u00fddaje, sn\u00ed\u017eeny po\u010dty st\u00e1tn\u00edch zam\u011bstnanc\u016f a jejich platy. […] V podstat\u011b \u0161lo o to p\u0159en\u00e9st n\u00e1sledky krize na \u0161irok\u00e9 vrstvy d\u011blnictva, rolnictva i m\u011bstsk\u00e9 bur\u017eoazie a zachovat zisky velkobur\u017eoazie.\u201c (Lacina, V.: \u017divnobanka a jej\u00ed koncern v letech velk\u00e9 hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 krize)<\/p>\n

Striktn\u00ed m\u011bnov\u00e1 i rozpo\u010dtov\u00e1 deflace v krizi byla tehdy zavedenou normou. Osekat v dob\u00e1ch propadu v\u00fddaje st\u00e1tu, sn\u00ed\u017eit soci\u00e1ln\u00ed podporu a ponechat trh, a\u0165 se ekonomika sama vy\u010dist\u00ed, byl nezvratn\u00fd \u00fazus, kter\u00fdm se \u0159\u00eddila v\u011bt\u0161ina tehdej\u0161\u00edch evropsk\u00fdch vl\u00e1d. V Americe prezident Roosevelt teprve prosazoval sv\u016fj experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed New Deal a britsk\u00fd ekonom John Maynard Keynes teprve sepisoval sv\u00e9 teorie o st\u00e1tn\u00edch z\u00e1saz\u00edch. S\u00e1m Preiss pova\u017eoval tyto americk\u00e9 protikrizov\u00e9 stimuly za nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 \u201ebol\u0161evictv\u00ed\u201c.
\nFaktem z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee pr\u00e1v\u011b tato dogmatick\u00e1 politika \u0161krt\u016f a tlak mocn\u00e9 \u017divnobanky nakonec p\u0159isp\u011bly k hloubce a d\u00e9lce \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9 krize. Zat\u00edmco velk\u00e9 korporace si monopoln\u011b vysok\u00fdmi dom\u00e1c\u00edmi cenami uchr\u00e1nily bilance, miliony obyvatel nem\u011bly z \u010deho \u017e\u00edt.
\nTak\u00e9 se zde ukazuje nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed slabina dodate\u010dn\u00fdch revizionistick\u00fdch teori\u00ed mluv\u010d\u00edch sudeton\u011bmeck\u00fdch landsman\u0161aft\u016f. Asoci\u00e1ln\u00ed politika elit neselektovala ob\u011bti podle n\u00e1rodnosti. Stejn\u011b drtiv\u011b dopadala na \u010desk\u00e9 rodiny ve vnitrozem\u00ed jako na n\u011bmeck\u00e9 rodiny v pohrani\u010d\u00ed. Miliard\u00e1\u0159i v krizi pouze koncentrovali sv\u00e1 rozs\u00e1hl\u00e1 aktiva a jejich postaven\u00ed se upevnilo na \u00fakor v\u0161ech pracuj\u00edc\u00edch.<\/p>\n

Je to univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed princip, kter\u00fd se odehr\u00e1v\u00e1 b\u011bhem v\u011bt\u0161iny velk\u00fdch kriz\u00ed: hotovost, likvidita a kartelov\u00e9 dohody umo\u017en\u00ed nejsiln\u011bj\u0161\u00edm hr\u00e1\u010d\u016fm z\u00edskat masivn\u00ed p\u0159evahu. Slab\u00ed jsou pohlceni, nejbohat\u0161\u00ed upevn\u00ed sv\u016fj vliv a b\u011b\u017en\u00e1 populace bez ohledu na mate\u0159sk\u00fd jazyk skokov\u011b zchudne.<\/p>\n

\ud835\udde3\ud835\uddff\ud835\uddfc\ud835\uddf9\ud835\uddf2\ud835\ude01\ud835\uddee\u0301\ud835\uddff\u030c\ud835\ude00\ud835\uddf8\ud835\uddee\u0301 \ud835\uddf8\ud835\ude02\ud835\uddf0\ud835\uddf5\ud835\ude06\ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddf2\u030c \ud835\ude07\ud835\uddee \ud835\uddf8\ud835\uddff\ud835\uddf6\ud835\ude07\ud835\uddf2<\/h6>\n

Kuchyn\u011b v d\u011blnick\u00fdch \u010dtvrt\u00edch ovl\u00e1dl z\u00e1pach levn\u00e9ho topiva a lacin\u00fdch n\u00e1hra\u017eek. Maso z j\u00eddeln\u00ed\u010dku zmizelo \u00fapln\u011b, stejn\u011b jako m\u00e1slo, ml\u00e9ko nebo \u010dist\u00e1 mouka. Va\u0159ilo se z toho nejlevn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho, co \u0161lo sehnat na \u00fav\u011br u m\u00edstn\u00edho koloni\u00e1lu, dokud obchodn\u00edk definitivn\u011b p\u0159estal d\u00e1vat na dluh.
\nPak u\u017e zbyly jen \u0159\u00eddk\u00e9 pol\u00e9vky z bramborov\u00fdch \u0161lupek, nadrobno nakr\u00e1jen\u00e9ho star\u00e9ho chleba nebo jen osolen\u00e1 voda zapra\u017een\u00e1 trochou loje. Brambory a zel\u00ed byly jedin\u00e9 dv\u011b suroviny, kter\u00e9 dr\u017eely lidi p\u0159i \u017eivot\u011b. Jedly se r\u00e1no, v poledne i ve\u010der, \u010dasto jen uva\u0159en\u00e9 ve slan\u00e9 vod\u011b bez kapky tuku.
\nPila se melta nebo \u010dekanka, do kter\u00e9 se m\u00e1\u010dely posledn\u00ed tvrd\u00e9 k\u016frky.
\nV nejh\u016f\u0159e posti\u017een\u00fdch oblastech, jako bylo Podkarpatsk\u00e1 Rus nebo severo\u010desk\u00e9 pohrani\u010d\u00ed, lid\u00e9 sb\u00edrali lesn\u00ed plody, ko\u0159\u00ednky, kop\u0159ivy a v nejzoufalej\u0161\u00edch chv\u00edl\u00edch pekli chleba s p\u0159\u00edm\u011bs\u00ed pilin \u010di otrub.<\/p>\n

\ud835\udde9\ud835\ude06\ud835\ude00\ud835\uddfc\ud835\uddf8\ud835\uddf2\u0301 \ud835\uddf0\ud835\uddf2\ud835\uddfb\ud835\ude06 \ud835\ude02\ud835\uddf5\ud835\uddf9\ud835\uddf6\u0301 \ud835\uddfa\ud835\uddfc\ud835\uddff\u030c\ud835\uddf6\ud835\uddf9\ud835\ude06 \ud835\uddf1\ud835\uddfc\ud835\uddfa\ud835\uddee\u0301\ud835\uddf0\ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddfc\ud835\ude00\ud835\ude01\ud835\uddf6 \ud835\uddf6 \ud835\uddf2\ud835\uddf8\ud835\uddfc\ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddfc\ud835\uddfa\ud835\uddf6\ud835\uddf8\ud835\ude02
\nMiliard\u00e1\u0159i udr\u017eeli zisky<\/h6>\n

P\u0159\u00edkladem budi\u017e Severo\u010desk\u00fd hn\u011bdouheln\u00fd rev\u00edr. Uheln\u00fd magn\u00e1t Ign\u00e1c Petschek a dal\u0161\u00ed severo\u010de\u0161t\u00ed uhlobaroni \u2013 v\u011bt\u0161inou n\u011bmeck\u00e9 \u010di \u017eidovsk\u00e9 n\u00e1rodnosti \u2013 v honb\u011b za z\u00e1chranou sv\u00fdch dividend nev\u00e1hali. Zat\u00edmco cel\u00e1 zem\u011b padala do hlubok\u00e9 deflace a ceny v\u011bt\u0161iny zbo\u017e\u00ed se hroutily, Petschkov\u00e9 d\u00edky uheln\u00e9mu kartelov\u00e9mu dikt\u00e1tu udr\u017eovali ceny paliva um\u011ble naho\u0159e. Pro chud\u00e9 rodiny se tak teplo st\u00e1valo nedostupn\u00fdm luxusem.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1rove\u0148 t\u011b\u017eebn\u00ed podniky zavedly takzvan\u00fd \u201ep\u011bticinkov\u00fd syst\u00e9m\u201c. Pracovat se sm\u011blo jen dva a\u017e t\u0159i dny v t\u00fddnu, co\u017e znamenalo drastick\u00fd p\u00e1d u\u017e tak mizern\u00fdch mezd. Kdo protestoval, dostal okam\u017eitou v\u00fdpov\u011b\u010f. Za branami fabrik p\u0159e\u0161lapovaly tis\u00edce hladov\u00fdch krk\u016f, kter\u00e9 by vzaly pr\u00e1ci za jak\u00fdchkoliv podm\u00ednek. Majitel\u00e9 dol\u016f zaveden\u00edm tohoto syst\u00e9mu elegantn\u011b p\u0159enesli krizov\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty p\u0159\u00edmo na bedra d\u011bln\u00edk\u016f \u2013 nemuseli platit odstupn\u00e9 za hromadn\u00e9 propou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, sebraly horn\u00edk\u016fm podstatnou \u010d\u00e1st p\u0159\u00edjm\u016f a horn\u00edky fakticky vyhladov\u011bli polovi\u010dn\u00edmi platy.
\nTento otev\u0159en\u00fd soci\u00e1ln\u00ed darwinismus neselektoval podle jazyka. N\u011bme\u010dt\u00ed majitel\u00e9 dol\u016f drasticky o\u017eebra\u010dovali sv\u00e9 n\u011bmeck\u00e9 i \u010desk\u00e9 zam\u011bstnance. Tento stav v lidech postupn\u011b zlomil posledn\u00ed zbytky v\u00edry v ekonomick\u00fd i politick\u00fd syst\u00e9m prvn\u00ed republiky.<\/p>\n

\ud835\uddde\ud835\uddff\u030c\ud835\uddf6\ud835\uddf8\ud835\uddf9\ud835\uddee\ud835\ude03\ud835\ude06\u0301 \ud835\ude00\ud835\uddfd\ud835\uddfc\ud835\uddf9\ud835\uddf2\ud835\uddf0\u030c\ud835\uddf2\ud835\uddfb\ud835\ude00\ud835\uddf8\ud835\ude06\u0301 \ud835\uddf8\ud835\uddfc\ud835\uddfb\ud835\ude01\ud835\uddff\ud835\uddee\ud835\ude00\ud835\ude01 \ud835\ude03 \ud835\uddff\ud835\uddf2\ud835\uddee\ud835\uddf9\ud835\uddf6\ud835\ude01\ud835\uddf2\u030c<\/h6>\n

\u017divot na dluh znamenal postupnou ztr\u00e1tu d\u016fstojnosti.
\nB\u00edda vyh\u00e1n\u011bla lidi z byt\u016f, proto\u017ee nebylo na \u010din\u017ei. Exekuto\u0159i a vyst\u011bhov\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed na ulici se staly b\u011b\u017enou v\u011bc\u00ed. V m\u011bstsk\u00fdch periferi\u00edch rodiny prod\u00e1valy posledn\u00ed zbytky majetku. Snubn\u00ed prsteny, sv\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed \u0161aty, pe\u0159iny nebo i kousky n\u00e1bytku, jen aby bylo na p\u00e1r dn\u00ed na uhl\u00ed a trochu mouky. Kdy\u017e nebylo co prodat, musely rodiny pos\u00edlat d\u011bti \u017eebrat k dom\u016fm t\u011bch n\u011bkolika m\u00e1lo \u0161\u0165astn\u00fdch, kte\u0159\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b pr\u00e1ci m\u011bli. Stud postupn\u011b vyst\u0159\u00eddala \u010dist\u00e1 rezignace. Mu\u017ei i \u017eeny v mal\u00fdch, p\u0159epln\u011bn\u00fdch bytech nen\u00e1vistn\u011b p\u0159e\u017e\u00edvali vedle sebe. Domem ot\u0159\u00e1saly h\u00e1dky.<\/p>\n

Zat\u00edmco statis\u00edce lid\u00ed st\u00e1ly v nekone\u010dn\u00fdch z\u00e1stupech na zprost\u0159edkovateln\u00e1ch pr\u00e1ce nebo v pohrani\u010d\u00ed propukaly divok\u00e9 hladov\u00e9 bou\u0159e, sv\u011bt luxusu pro nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edch \u201ehorn\u00edch deset tis\u00edc\u201c nezmizel. Pouze se st\u00e1hl za zdi exkluzivn\u00edch podnik\u016f. Vybran\u00e1 odv\u011btv\u00ed chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e1 kartely vykazovala solidn\u00ed \u010d\u00edsla. Nap\u0159\u00edklad cukrovarnick\u00e9 firmy napojen\u00e9 na \u017divnobanku, jako Cukrovary Schoeller, generovaly v krizov\u00fdch letech 1931\u20131933 stabiln\u00ed \u010dist\u00e9 zisky v milionech K\u010d ro\u010dn\u011b.<\/p>\n

Luxus nep\u0159estal b\u00fdt pro bohat\u00e9 normou ani b\u011bhem krize. Luxusn\u00ed o\u00e1zy v Praze v centru Prahy na V\u00e1clavsk\u00e9m n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed a v okol\u00ed \u201eP\u0159\u00edkop\u016f\u201c d\u00e1l fungovaly. Luxusn\u00ed kav\u00e1rny, noblesn\u00ed hotely jako Alcron \u010di Ambassador, drah\u00e9 m\u00f3dn\u00ed salony, nap\u0159. Hana Podolsk\u00e1 \u010di vyhl\u00e1\u0161en\u00e9 no\u010dn\u00ed kluby a bary si rozhodn\u011b nest\u011b\u017eovaly na nedostatek klientely. Bohat\u00ed pr\u016fmysln\u00edci, bank\u00e9\u0159i a velkostatk\u00e1\u0159i krizi na sv\u00e9m osobn\u00edm \u017eivotn\u00edm stylu nijak drasticky nepoc\u00edtili.<\/p>\n

Podobn\u00fd sv\u011bt nedotknuteln\u00e9ho p\u0159epychu panoval i v centrech sudeton\u011bmeck\u00e9ho pr\u016fmyslu. N\u011bme\u010dt\u00ed textiln\u00ed baroni, jako rodina Liebieg\u016f v Liberci \u010di skl\u00e1\u0159\u0161t\u00ed magn\u00e1ti na Jablonecku a Karlovarsku pro\u017e\u00edvali krizi v pal\u00e1cov\u00fdch vil\u00e1ch a drah\u00fdch klubech, bez sebemen\u0161\u00edho z\u00e1jmu o osud sv\u00fdch n\u011bmeck\u00fdch d\u011bln\u00edk\u016f, kter\u00fdm p\u0159edt\u00edm zastavili stroje.
\nDeflace, tedy cenov\u00fd p\u00e1d, nav\u00edc znamenala, \u017ee pro lidi s obrovsk\u00fdm mno\u017estv\u00edm hotovosti bylo spot\u0159ebn\u00ed a luxusn\u00ed zbo\u017e\u00ed re\u00e1ln\u011b je\u0161t\u011b dostupn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Pro nezam\u011bstnan\u00e9 se \u010das smrskl se do nekone\u010dn\u00e9ho, \u0161ediv\u00e9ho p\u00e1sma dn\u00ed, kde jedinou snahou z\u016fstalo p\u0159e\u017e\u00edt. Nenechat d\u011bti v hladu a hrozn\u00e9 b\u00edd\u011b. Jak ale nad\u011bje na obrat po dlouh\u00fdch m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch bezv\u00fdchodnosti zamrzala, apatie se v cel\u00e9m \u010ceskoslovensku za\u010dala m\u011bnit v tich\u00fd, nen\u00e1vistn\u00fd a nekompromisn\u00ed hn\u011bv.<\/p>\n

\ud835\udddc\ud835\uddf9\ud835\ude02\ud835\ude07\ud835\uddf2. \ud835\uddd5\ud835\uddf6\ud835\uddfc\ud835\uddf4\ud835\uddff\ud835\uddee\ud835\uddf3 \ud835\uddf7\ud835\uddee\ud835\uddf8\ud835\uddfc \ud835\uddee\ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddf2\ud835\ude00\ud835\ude01\ud835\uddf2\ud835\ude07\ud835\uddf6\ud835\uddf2 \ud835\uddfd\ud835\uddff\ud835\uddfc \ud835\uddfa\ud835\uddee\ud835\ude00\ud835\ude06<\/h6>\n

Lid\u00e9 se sna\u017eili sn\u00e1\u0161et t\u011b\u017ekou dobu bez rept\u00e1n\u00ed.
\n\u00c9tos prvn\u00ed republiky, zalo\u017een\u00fd na slu\u0161nosti, civilizovan\u00e9m jedn\u00e1n\u00ed, kultu\u0159e i v\u00ed\u0159e v republiku byl velmi siln\u00fd. P\u0159esto lid\u00e9 pod tlakem reality hledali \u00fanik. V letech nejhlub\u0161\u00ed krize (1929\u20131934) za\u017e\u00edval obrovsk\u00fd rozmach biograf i rozhlas. Bylo to logick\u00e9. Lid\u00e9 pot\u0159ebovali na hodinu a p\u016fl zapomenout na krutou realitu, chudobu a strach o z\u00edt\u0159ek. Popul\u00e1rn\u00ed p\u00edsni\u010dky z rozhlasu d\u00e1vkovaly optimismus, \u0159ed\u00edc\u00ed t\u00ed\u017eivou denn\u00ed realitu.<\/p>\n

Americk\u00fd syst\u00e9m kin, v n\u011bm\u017e ka\u017ed\u00fd na\u0161el pot\u0159ebn\u00fd dolar na vstupn\u00e9, generoval obrovskou z\u00e1kladnu pro filmov\u00fd pr\u016fmysl a zisky studi\u00ed. Jak biograf p\u0159eb\u00edral roli masov\u00e9 spole\u010densk\u00e9 platformy, kter\u00e1 umen\u0161ovala t\u00ed\u017eivou skute\u010dnost, rostl m\u00fdtick\u00fd status filmov\u00fdch hv\u011bzd. Filmov\u00e1 studia v Hollywoodu, Berl\u00edn\u011b nebo Praze pochopila, \u017ee div\u00e1ci necht\u011bj\u00ed v kinech vid\u011bt nezam\u011bstnanost a fronty na pol\u00e9vku, ale luxus, humor a poh\u00e1dkov\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhy, kde v\u0161e dob\u0159e dopadne.<\/p>\n

V \u010ceskoslovensku se tak symbolem \u00faniku staly sal\u00f3nn\u00ed komedie a hudebn\u00ed veselohry, kter\u00e9 se odehr\u00e1valy v prost\u0159ed\u00ed luxusn\u00edch vil, hotel\u016f a mezi pra\u017eskou smet\u00e1nkou. Dodnes obl\u00edben\u00e9 filmy jako To nezn\u00e1te Hadimr\u0161ku (1931), Lel\u00ed\u010dek ve slu\u017eb\u00e1ch Sherlocka Holmese (1932), nebo \u017divot je pes (1933) nab\u00edzely \u00fat\u011b\u0161nou iluzi. Sn\u00edmky jako Madla z cihelny (1933), kde se chud\u00e1, pologramotn\u00e1 d\u00edvka z cihelny dostane do nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed spole\u010dnosti a zamiluje se do n\u00ed bohat\u00fd tov\u00e1rn\u00edk prod\u00e1valy tis\u00edc\u016fm chud\u00fdch d\u00edvek iluzi, \u017ee z\u00e1zrak soci\u00e1ln\u00edho vzestupu a \u00faniku z b\u00eddy je mo\u017en\u00fd.<\/p>\n

Tato kinematografick\u00e1 anestezie nav\u00edc fungovala naprosto bez ohledu na n\u00e1rodnost. Mnoho tehdej\u0161\u00edch barrandovsk\u00fdch komedi\u00ed (v\u010detn\u011b hit\u016f s Vlastou Burianem) se nat\u00e1\u010delo paraleln\u011b v \u010desk\u00e9 i n\u011bmeck\u00e9 verzi a plnilo s\u00e1ly v Praze stejn\u011b jako v Liberci \u010di Teplic\u00edch. \u010cesk\u00e9 i n\u011bmeck\u00e9 d\u011blnictvo sed\u011blo v \u0161eru kin bok po boku a ut\u00e1p\u011blo sv\u00e9 existen\u010dn\u00ed \u00fazkosti ve stejn\u00fdch filmov\u00fdch poh\u00e1dk\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

Havl\u016fv Barrandov se stal nabl\u00fdskanou tov\u00e1rnu na sny. Ve\u0159ejnosti nab\u00eddl dokonalou anest\u00e9zii v podob\u011b sn\u00edmk\u016f jako Nezlobte d\u011bde\u010dka nebo Anita v r\u00e1ji. Kina zaplnily p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhy z prost\u0159ed\u00ed luxusn\u00edch vil, \u0161lechtick\u00fdch sanatori\u00ed, \u0161armantn\u00edch baron\u016f a jejich obskurn\u00edch milenek. Tyto komedie a melodramata lidem vzkazovaly, \u017ee sv\u011bt velk\u00fdch pen\u011bz je pln\u00fd noblesy a \u017ee chud\u00e1 d\u00edvka \u010di nezam\u011bstnan\u00fd hrdina mohou ke \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed a poh\u00e1dkov\u00e9mu bohatstv\u00ed p\u0159ij\u00edt jako m\u00e1vnut\u00edm kouzeln\u00e9ho proutku. Sta\u010d\u00ed n\u00e1podoba \u017eivotn\u00edho stylu bohat\u00fdch, trocha \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed, trik nebo z\u00e1m\u011bna identit. Tento filmov\u00fd \u00fanik z reality v podstat\u011b upev\u0148oval pozici tehdej\u0161\u00edch majetn\u00fdch elit a lakoval bur\u017eoazn\u00ed po\u0159\u00e1dek nar\u016f\u017eovo.<\/p>\n

Proti t\u00e9to iluzi a oh\u00fdb\u00e1n\u00ed reality se v\u0161ak zvedla radik\u00e1ln\u00ed a nesm\u00edrn\u011b popul\u00e1rn\u00ed odpov\u011b\u010f z \u0159ad Osvobozen\u00e9ho divadla. Ji\u0159\u00ed Voskovec a Jan Werich vtrhli na filmov\u00e1 pl\u00e1tna s b\u0159itkou soci\u00e1ln\u00ed satirou ve sn\u00edmc\u00edch jako Pen\u00edze nebo \u017eivot (1932) a p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v legend\u00e1rn\u00edm filmu Hej-rup! (1934). M\u00edsto obdivu k velkopodnikatel\u016fm uk\u00e1zali finan\u010dn\u00ed magn\u00e1ty b\u011bhem krize jako chamtiv\u00e9, sm\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 a bezohledn\u00e9 figurky, kter\u00e9 parazituj\u00ed na lidsk\u00e9m ne\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed. Strhli z Barrandova masku ka\u0161\u00edrovan\u00e9 prosperity a nab\u00eddli lidem \u00fapln\u011b jin\u00fd recept na p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed. M\u00edsto \u010dek\u00e1n\u00ed na milost od bank\u00e9\u0159\u016f uk\u00e1zali s\u00edlu oby\u010dejn\u00e9 lidsk\u00e9 soudr\u017enosti, d\u011blnick\u00e9 solidarity a spole\u010dn\u00e9ho humoru, kter\u00fdm se d\u00e1 \u010delit nenasytn\u00fdm monopol\u016fm.<\/p>\n

\ud835\uddd5\ud835\uddfc\ud835\ude02\ud835\uddff\u030c\ud835\uddf2. \ud835\udde0\ud835\uddfc\ud835\ude00\ud835\ude01<\/h6>\n

Nap\u011bt\u00ed d\u0159\u00edve \u010di pozd\u011bji muselo nutn\u011b vybuchnout. P\u0159edehrou k nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edmu st\u0159etu se staly krvav\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti roku 1931 v Duchcov\u011b a severomoravsk\u00e9m Fr\u00fdvaldov\u011b (Jesen\u00edk), kde po salv\u00e1ch \u010detn\u00edk\u016f z\u016fst\u00e1vali le\u017eet mrtv\u00ed d\u011bln\u00edci.
\nV b\u0159eznu 1932 pak soci\u00e1ln\u00ed hn\u011bv vyvrcholil ob\u0159\u00ed st\u00e1vkou v\u00edce ne\u017e t\u0159iceti tis\u00edc horn\u00edk\u016f na Mostecku.
\nSt\u00e1t reagoval s nekompromisn\u00ed tvrdost\u00ed. Tam, kde nepomohly domluvy, nastoupily \u010detnick\u00e9 bajonety a ostr\u00e9 n\u00e1boje. Po salv\u00e1ch \u010detn\u00edk\u016f z\u016fst\u00e1vali le\u017eet mrtv\u00ed d\u011bln\u00edci, \u017eeny i d\u011bti.<\/p>\n

Severo\u010desk\u00fd uheln\u00fd rev\u00edr byl kv\u016fli krizi v katastrof\u00e1ln\u00edm stavu. Majitel\u00e9 dol\u016f, sdru\u017een\u00ed v mocn\u00e9m uheln\u00e9m kartelu se sna\u017eili udr\u017eet sv\u00e9 zisky na \u00fakor d\u011bln\u00edk\u016f. T\u011b\u017ea\u0159i za\u010dali masov\u011b propou\u0161t\u011bt horn\u00edky. Jen na dole Humboldt \u0161lo o stovky lid\u00ed najednou.
\nZavedli tak\u00e9 kr\u00e1cen\u00ed pracovn\u00ed doby a tzv. \u201efraj\u0161ichty\u201c. Horn\u00edk\u016fm na\u0159\u00eddili nucen\u00e9 volno, ale nevyplatili jim ani korunu. Horn\u00edci sm\u011bli pot\u00e9 pracovat jen 2 a\u017e 3 dny v t\u00fddnu, co\u017e vedlo k drastick\u00e9mu poklesu mezd.
\nT\u011bm, kte\u0159\u00ed v dole z\u016fstali, majitel\u00e9 drasticky zv\u00fd\u0161ili normy. Bylo t\u0159eba udr\u017eet zisky i produkci. Tzv. racionalizace znamenala, \u017ee hav\u00ed\u0159i museli za stejn\u00fd \u010das vyf\u00e1rat mnohem v\u00edce uhl\u00ed za m\u00e9n\u011b pen\u011bz. Kdo fyzicky nesta\u010dil, byl okam\u017eit\u011b propu\u0161t\u011bn. Na jeho m\u00edsto \u010dekala fronta tis\u00edc\u016f dal\u0161\u00edch hladov\u00fdch krk\u016f p\u0159ed branou.<\/p>\n

Hornick\u00e9 domky a kolonie pat\u0159ily rovn\u011b\u017e t\u011b\u017ea\u0159sk\u00fdm spole\u010dnostem. Pokud byl horn\u00edk propu\u0161t\u011bn nebo za\u010dal st\u00e1vkovat, uheln\u00fd baron ho nechal s celou rodinou a d\u011btmi vyst\u011bhovat na ulici. To byla \u010dist\u00e1 uk\u00e1zka absolutn\u00ed moci nad lidsk\u00fdm \u017eivotem. Kv\u016fli nucen\u00e9mu volnu klesly p\u0159\u00edjmy rodin na minimum. Hornick\u00e9 kolonie byly z\u00e1visl\u00e9 v\u00fdhradn\u011b na dolech, re\u00e1ln\u011b zde hrozil hlad.<\/p>\n

\ud835\udde6\ud835\ude01\ud835\uddee\u0301\ud835\ude03\ud835\uddf8\ud835\uddee<\/h6>\n

St\u00e1vka vypukla 22. b\u0159ezna 1932 na dole Humboldt v Doln\u00edm Ji\u0159et\u00edn\u011b jako spont\u00e1nn\u00ed reakce na propu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed tamn\u00edch hav\u00ed\u0159\u016f. B\u011bhem n\u011bkolika dn\u00ed se jako lavina roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ila na t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161echny doly v oblasti Mostu, Duchcova, Teplic a Chomutova. Z hlediska historick\u00e9 pravdy a vyvr\u00e1cen\u00ed pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edch revizionistick\u00fdch m\u00fdt\u016f je z\u00e1sadn\u00ed jeden fakt. Na demonstrac\u00edch a ve st\u00e1vkov\u00fdch v\u00fdborech st\u00e1li \u010de\u0161t\u00ed a n\u011bme\u010dt\u00ed horn\u00edci pevn\u011b vedle sebe. Krize smazala n\u00e1rodnostn\u00ed rozd\u00edly. Hlad m\u011bli v\u0161ichni stejn\u00fd.<\/p>\n

Veden\u00ed st\u00e1vky se ujaly ak\u010dn\u00ed st\u00e1vkov\u00e9 v\u00fdbory. Velk\u00fd vliv v nich m\u011bli komunist\u00e9, ale zapojili se i horn\u00edci ze soci\u00e1ln\u011b-demokratick\u00fdch a n\u00e1rodn\u011b-socialistick\u00fdch odbor\u016f. St\u00e1vku masivn\u011b podporovalo m\u00edstn\u00ed obyvatelstvo. Zavl\u00e1dla spole\u010dn\u00e1 solidarita. \u017deny horn\u00edk\u016f organizovaly demonstrace, drobn\u00ed \u017eivnostn\u00edci d\u00e1vali hav\u00ed\u0159\u016fm potraviny na dluh, p\u0159esto\u017ee sami krachovali. Do Mostu proudily finan\u010dn\u00ed sb\u00edrky z cel\u00e9 republiky. P\u0159isp\u00edvali i levicov\u00ed intelektu\u00e1lov\u00e9 jako Vladislav Van\u010dura, Ivan Olbracht nebo F. X. \u0160alda.<\/p>\n

\ud835\uddde\ud835\uddff\ud835\ude03\ud835\uddee\ud835\ude03\ud835\ude06\u0301 \ud835\ude00\ud835\ude01\ud835\uddff\u030c\ud835\uddf2\ud835\ude01 \ud835\ude00\ud835\uddf2 \ud835\ude00\ud835\ude01\ud835\uddee\u0301\ud835\ude01\ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddf6\u0301 \ud835\uddfa\ud835\uddfc\ud835\uddf0\ud835\uddf6\u0301<\/h6>\n

Tehdej\u0161\u00ed koali\u010dn\u00ed vl\u00e1da Franti\u0161ka Udr\u017eala vid\u011bla v Mosteck\u00e9 st\u00e1vce p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 ohro\u017een\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti demokratick\u00e9ho z\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Ob\u00e1vala se, \u017ee komunist\u00e9 st\u00e1vku zneu\u017eij\u00ed k rozpout\u00e1n\u00ed politick\u00e9 revoluce a gener\u00e1ln\u00ed st\u00e1vky po vzoru prosince 1920. Do severn\u00edch \u010cech byly vysl\u00e1ny tis\u00edce \u010detn\u00edk\u016f a siln\u00e9 arm\u00e1dn\u00ed odd\u00edly. Mostecko p\u0159ipom\u00ednalo v\u00e1le\u010dnou z\u00f3nu. Byl vyhl\u00e1\u0161en z\u00e1kaz shroma\u017e\u010fov\u00e1n\u00ed a cenzura tisku.<\/p>\n

Nap\u011bt\u00ed vyvrcholilo 1. dubna 1932 v Lomu u Mostu, kde \u010detn\u00edci zah\u00e1jili ostrou palbu do z\u00e1stupu demonstruj\u00edc\u00edch horn\u00edk\u016f a jejich man\u017eelek. V\u00fdsledkem byli \u010dty\u0159i mrtv\u00ed d\u011bln\u00edci \u2013 \u010ce\u0161i i N\u011bmci \u2013 a des\u00edtky zran\u011bn\u00fdch. Pro komunistickou propagandu se tito mrtv\u00ed okam\u017eit\u011b stali mu\u010dedn\u00edky t\u0159\u00eddn\u00edho boje. Pro historii jsou v\u0161ak nezvratn\u00fdm d\u016fkazem, \u017ee \u010deskoslovensk\u00fd st\u00e1t tehdy nest\u0159\u00edlel po N\u011bmc\u00edch kv\u016fli jejich n\u00e1rodnosti, ale potla\u010doval soci\u00e1ln\u00ed revoltu chud\u00fdch bez ohledu na jejich mate\u0159sk\u00fd jazyk.<\/p>\n

\ud835\uddde\ud835\uddfc\ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddf2\ud835\uddf0 \ud835\ude00\ud835\ude01\ud835\uddee\u0301\ud835\ude03\ud835\uddf8\ud835\ude06 \ud835\uddee \ud835\uddf7\ud835\uddf2\ud835\uddf7\ud835\uddf6\u0301 \ud835\ude03\ud835\ude06\u0301\ud835\ude00\ud835\uddf9\ud835\uddf2\ud835\uddf1\ud835\uddf8\ud835\ude06<\/h6>\n

Mosteck\u00e1 st\u00e1vka v b\u0159eznu a dubnu 1932 p\u0159edstavovala vrchol soci\u00e1ln\u00edch nepokoj\u016f a t\u0159\u00eddn\u00edch st\u0159et\u016f v \u010ceskoslovensku b\u011bhem velk\u00e9 hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 krize. \u0160lo o nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed st\u00e1vku v tehdej\u0161\u00ed st\u0159edn\u00ed Evrop\u011b, do kter\u00e9 se zapojilo t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 30 000 horn\u00edk\u016f. Po t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 m\u011bs\u00edci tot\u00e1ln\u00edho vy\u010derp\u00e1n\u00ed, pod tlakem brut\u00e1ln\u00ed perzekuce ze strany st\u00e1tu a kv\u016fli doch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edm z\u00e1sob\u00e1m j\u00eddla, byla st\u00e1vka 19. dubna 1932 ukon\u010dena.<\/p>\n

Horn\u00edci nedos\u00e1hli v\u0161eho, ale ne\u0161lo o \u00faplnou por\u00e1\u017eku. T\u011b\u017ea\u0159i museli sl\u00edbit m\u00edrn\u00e9 omezen\u00ed propou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, zkr\u00e1cen\u00ed fraj\u0161icht a uzn\u00e1n\u00ed st\u00e1vkov\u00fdch v\u00fdbor\u016f.
\nPro prvn\u00ed republiku byla st\u00e1vka hlubok\u00fdm traumatem. Uk\u00e1zala, \u017ee demokratick\u00fd st\u00e1t je v z\u00e1jmu udr\u017een\u00ed po\u0159\u00e1dku schopen st\u0159\u00edlet do vlastn\u00edch a hladov\u011bj\u00edc\u00edch ob\u010dan\u016f.<\/p>\n

\ud835\uddd6\ud835\ude06\ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddf6\ud835\ude00\ud835\uddfa\ud835\ude02\ud835\ude00 \ud835\uddf3\ud835\uddf6\ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddee\ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddf0\u030c\ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddf6\u0301\ud835\uddf0\ud835\uddf5 \ud835\uddf2\ud835\uddf9\ud835\uddf6\ud835\ude01<\/h6>\n

Zat\u00edmco severo\u010desk\u00fd rev\u00edr v roce 1932 v\u0159el hn\u011bvem a tekla v n\u011bm krev, majitel\u00e9 dol\u016f \u017eili v naprosto jin\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b. Dynastie Petschk\u016f, rozd\u011blen\u00e1 na \u00fasteckou v\u011btev Ign\u00e1ce Petscheka a pra\u017eskou v\u011btev bankovn\u00edho domu Petschek & Co. v t\u00e9 dob\u011b vlastnila honosn\u00e9 pal\u00e1ce v centru Prahy. V\u010detn\u011b dne\u0161n\u00edho Petschkova pal\u00e1ce \u010di luxusn\u00ed s\u00eddla v Buben\u010di. Petschkov\u00e9 systematicky koncentrovali astronomick\u00e9 zisky a hromadili majetek v zahrani\u010dn\u00edch bank\u00e1ch. Horn\u00edci pro n\u011b byli pouhou polo\u017ekou v \u00fa\u010detn\u00edch knih\u00e1ch. Kdy\u017e st\u00e1t vyslal proti st\u00e1vkuj\u00edc\u00edm \u010detn\u00edky, uheln\u00ed baroni si v podstat\u011b bezplatn\u011b najali st\u00e1tn\u00ed apar\u00e1t jako soukromou arm\u00e1du na ochranu sv\u00e9ho majetku a soci\u00e1ln\u00edho postaven\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Mosteck\u00e1 st\u00e1vka nebo nepokoje na Ostravsku nebyly akademickou diskus\u00ed o platech. Byla to \u017eiveln\u00e1, pudov\u00e1 vzpoura lid\u00ed zahran\u00fdch do kouta, kte\u0159\u00ed nem\u011bli co ztratit. Kdy\u017e nem\u00e1te co d\u00e1t d\u011btem k j\u00eddlu, strach z \u010detnick\u00e9ho bajonetu miz\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\ud835\udde5\ud835\uddf2\ud835\uddfb\ud835\ude01\ud835\uddee\ud835\uddef\ud835\uddf6\ud835\uddf9\ud835\uddf6\ud835\ude01\ud835\uddee \ud835\ude02\ud835\uddf5\ud835\uddf2\ud835\uddf9\ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddf2\u0301\ud835\uddf5\ud835\uddfc \ud835\uddfa\ud835\uddfc\ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddfc\ud835\uddfd\ud835\uddfc\ud835\uddf9\ud835\ude02<\/h6>\n

Nutno tak\u00e9 opakovan\u011b p\u0159ipomenout, \u017ee t\u011b\u017eba sice klesala, ale \u010dist\u00e9 zisky a rentabilita uheln\u00fdch baron\u016f z\u016fstaly zachov\u00e1ny. Dobov\u00e9 kritiky a tehdej\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1rodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd tisk dokl\u00e1dal fakta p\u0159esn\u00fdmi \u010d\u00edsly z valn\u00fdch hromad. Zat\u00edmco objem vyt\u011b\u017een\u00e9ho uhl\u00ed v \u010cSR plo\u0161n\u011b klesl – mezi lety 1929 a 1933 poklesla t\u011b\u017eba hn\u011bd\u00e9ho uhl\u00ed z 22 milion\u016f tun na necel\u00fdch 15 milion\u016f tun, \u010dist\u00e1 ziskovost velk\u00fdch t\u011b\u017ea\u0159\u016f z\u016fstala nedot\u010dena.<\/p>\n

Severo\u010desk\u00fd uheln\u00fd syndik\u00e1t a Ostravsko-karvinsk\u00fd rev\u00edr fungovaly jako rigidn\u00ed monopoly. Um\u011ble dr\u017een\u00e9 extr\u00e9mn\u00ed prodejn\u00ed ceny zaru\u010dily zisk z ka\u017ed\u00e9 prodan\u00e9 tuny.
\nNutno tak\u00e9 \u0159\u00edct, \u017ee Petschov\u00e9 ni\u010dili rev\u00edr rabovac\u00edmi metodami, kdy se zam\u011b\u0159ili jen na nejv\u00fdnosn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sm\u011bry t\u011b\u017eby. Petschkov\u00e9 nav\u00edc v rev\u00edru uplat\u0148ovali bezohledn\u00e9 rabovac\u00ed metody (Raubbau): zam\u011b\u0159ovali se v\u00fdhradn\u011b na nejv\u00fdnosn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sm\u011bry t\u011b\u017eby a slab\u0161\u00ed sloje nen\u00e1vratn\u011b znehodnocovali. Zanech\u00e1vali za sebou zni\u010denou krajinu, propady p\u016fdy a zdevastovan\u00e9 severo\u010desk\u00e9 obce. S devasta\u010dn\u00edmi \u00fa\u010dinky, o nich\u017e by dne\u0161n\u00edm ekolog\u016fm nezd\u00e1lo ani v nejhor\u0161\u00edch snech.<\/p>\n

Ve v\u00fdro\u010dn\u00edch zpr\u00e1v\u00e1ch a prov\u00e1d\u011bc\u00edch bilanc\u00edch z let 1930\u20131933, vynikaly koncernov\u00e9 zisky trval\u00fdmi p\u0159ebytky. Petschkovy Severo\u010desk\u00e9 doly ovl\u00e1daly t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 polovinu t\u011b\u017eby v rev\u00edru. Z tehdej\u0161\u00edch uz\u00e1v\u011brek vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee i v nejhor\u0161\u00edm roce krize (1932) vyk\u00e1zala nap\u0159\u00edklad Severo\u010desk\u00e1 uheln\u00e1 akciov\u00e1 spole\u010dnost \u010dist\u00fd milionov\u00fd zisk a stabiln\u011b vypl\u00e1cela akcion\u00e1\u0159\u016fm dividendy. Celkov\u00fd majetek rodiny Petschk\u016f se v meziv\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9m obdob\u00ed odhadoval na astronomick\u00fdch 6 miliard korun.<\/p>\n

Naprosto stejn\u00fd sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159 se odehr\u00e1val na Ostravsku. Severn\u00ed dr\u00e1ha c\u00edsa\u0159e Ferdinanda a orlovsk\u00e9 doly, ovl\u00e1dan\u00e9 v\u00edde\u0148sk\u00fdm kapit\u00e1lem, vykazovaly stabiln\u00ed \u010dist\u00e9 zisky po celou dobu krize. Sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed t\u011b\u017eby kompenzovaly t\u00edm, \u017ee b\u011bhem let 1930\u20131932 bezl\u00edtostn\u011b propustily v\u00edce ne\u017e 30 % v\u0161ech zam\u011bstnanc\u016f a zbyl\u00fdm horn\u00edk\u016fm sn\u00ed\u017eily mzdy o des\u00edtky procent v r\u00e1mci p\u011bticinkov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu. \u00da\u010detn\u00ed kapit\u00e1lov\u00e1 v\u00fdnosnost koncern\u016f tak z\u016fstala vysoce ziskov\u00e1. Tento drav\u00fd kapitalismus jasn\u011b dokazuje, \u017ee n\u011bme\u010dt\u00ed a \u017eidov\u0161t\u00ed uhlobaroni v Sudetech i na Ostravsku o\u017eebra\u010dovali sv\u00e9 d\u011bln\u00edky bez ohledu na to, zda mluvili \u010desky nebo n\u011bmecky. \u0160lo o ekonomick\u00e9 vyko\u0159is\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed, nikoliv o n\u00e1rodnostn\u00ed \u00fatlak ze strany Prahy.<\/p>\n

\ud835\uddd5\ud835\uddfc\ud835\uddf7\ud835\uddfc\ud835\ude03\ud835\uddee\ud835\uddf9\ud835\uddf6 \ud835\ude03\ud835\ude00\u030c\ud835\uddf6\ud835\uddf0\ud835\uddf5\ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddf6. \ud835\udde6\ud835\ude01\ud835\uddee\u0301\ud835\ude01. \ud835\uddd7\ud835\uddf2\u030c\ud835\uddf9\ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddf6\u0301\ud835\uddf0\ud835\uddf6. \ud835\udde7\ud835\uddfc\ud835\ude03\ud835\uddee\u0301\ud835\uddff\ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddf6\u0301\ud835\uddf0\ud835\uddf6. \ud835\uddd6\u030c\ud835\uddf2\ud835\ude00\u030c\ud835\uddf6. \ud835\udde1\ud835\uddf2\u030c\ud835\uddfa\ud835\uddf0\ud835\uddf6<\/h6>\n

Vl\u00e1dy padaly a st\u0159\u00eddaly se v rychl\u00e9m taktu.
\nN\u011bkdej\u0161\u00ed stabilita za vl\u00e1d Anton\u00edna \u0160vehly byla pry\u010d. Kabinety Jana Malypetra a pozd\u011bji Milana Hod\u017ei st\u00e1ly p\u0159ed obrovskou, struktur\u00e1ln\u00ed kriz\u00ed. Dokud ekonomika ve 20. letech vzkv\u00e9tala, ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed m\u00fdtus o \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 demokracii spolehliv\u011b fungoval a dr\u017eel radik\u00e1ly i nacionalisty obou t\u00e1bor\u016f na okraji spole\u010dnosti.
\nJakmile ale p\u0159i\u0161la hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 krize a st\u00e1t selhal v zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00edch \u017eivotn\u00edch pot\u0159eb, lid\u00e9 v naprost\u00e9 beznad\u011bji p\u0159estali v\u011b\u0159it ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed ideologii demokratick\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu. S ka\u017ed\u00fdm dal\u0161\u00edm hroziv\u00fdm incidentem, z\u00e1kazem nebo st\u0159etem \u010detn\u00edk\u016f a arm\u00e1dy proti bou\u0159\u00edc\u00edm dav\u016fm rostla nen\u00e1vist a odpor. Zat\u00edmco nezam\u011bstnanost, hlad, b\u00edda su\u017eovaly populaci, bank\u00e9\u0159i a elita si udr\u017eela vysok\u00fd standard \u017eivota. To bylo \u017eivnou p\u016fdou pro nebezpe\u010dnou radikalizaci.<\/p>\n

\u010c\u00e1st \u010desk\u00e9ho i n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho d\u011blnictva uv\u011b\u0159ila komunistick\u00e9mu m\u00fdtu o t\u0159\u00eddn\u00edm boji.
\nKS\u010c po roce 1932 definitivn\u011b z\u00edskala monopol na radik\u00e1ln\u00ed d\u011blnick\u00e9 hnut\u00ed. Mosteck\u00e1 st\u00e1vka v o\u010d\u00edch mnoha potvrdila propagandistick\u00fd narativ, \u017ee \u201ebur\u017eoazn\u00ed st\u00e1t rad\u011bji st\u0159\u00edl\u00ed, ne\u017e by dal lidem chleba\u201c.<\/p>\n

Pr\u00e1v\u011b v t\u00e9to dob\u011b se v mysl\u00edch statis\u00edc\u016f upevnila p\u0159edstava, \u017ee doly, hut\u011b a velk\u00e9 pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 provozy maj\u00ed pat\u0159it st\u00e1tu a b\u00fdt spravov\u00e1ny bez uhlobaron\u016f a velkokapit\u00e1lu. Sov\u011btsk\u00fd model zn\u00e1rodn\u011bn\u00ed pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch kapacit a masivn\u00ed industrializace tehdy posiloval tuto p\u0159edstavu v re\u00e1lnou, p\u0159edstavitelnou mo\u017enost \u2013 kter\u00e1 se, jak v\u00edme, po druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lce stala skute\u010dnost\u00ed. Pra\u017esk\u00e1 vl\u00e1da a politici, kte\u0159\u00ed si dob\u0159e pamatovali ud\u00e1losti z prosince 1920, kdy v zemi re\u00e1ln\u011b hrozil bol\u0161evick\u00fd p\u0159evrat, se vzr\u016fstu komunistick\u00e9ho hnut\u00ed d\u011bsili a reagovali z\u00e1kazy, perzekuc\u00ed a tvrd\u00fdm protitlakem.<\/p>\n

\ud835\udde1\ud835\uddee\ud835\uddf0\ud835\uddf6\ud835\uddfc\ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddee\u0301\ud835\uddf9\ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddf6\u0301 \ud835\uddfd\ud835\uddee\ud835\ude00\ud835\ude01<\/h6>\n

Podstatn\u011b nebezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pro samotnou existenci st\u00e1tu byl fakt, \u017ee n\u011bmeck\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st populace za\u010dala masov\u011b naslouchat m\u00fdtu o nacion\u00e1ln\u00ed k\u0159ivd\u011b. P\u0159esto\u017ee v roce 1932 bojovali \u010ce\u0161i a N\u011bmci na Mostecku spole\u010dn\u011b za soci\u00e1ln\u00ed pr\u00e1va, bezprost\u0159edn\u011b po ne\u00fasp\u011bchu st\u00e1vky a v podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch pokra\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed bezv\u00fdchodn\u00e9 b\u00eddy se n\u011bmeck\u00e9 d\u011blnictvo za\u010dalo dramaticky odvracet od t\u0159\u00eddn\u00edho boje, \u010di soci\u00e1ln\u00edch demokrat\u016f k nacion\u00e1ln\u00edmu spasitelstv\u00ed. N\u011bmci nabyli dojmu, \u017ee v soci\u00e1ln\u011b vy\u010derpan\u00e9m \u010ceskoslovensku se spravedlnosti nedo\u010dkaj\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e pra\u017esk\u00e1 vl\u00e1da na podzim roku 1933 v obran\u011b p\u0159ed rozvratem, neust\u00e1l\u00fdmi provokacemi a spir\u00e1lovit\u011b nar\u016fstaj\u00edc\u00ed verb\u00e1ln\u00ed agres\u00ed \u00fa\u0159edn\u011b zak\u00e1zala n\u011bmeck\u00e9 iredentistick\u00e9 strany (DNP a nacistickou DNSAP) v\u010detn\u011b jejich polovojensk\u00fdch \u00fadern\u00fdch odd\u00edl\u016f (Volkssport), Konrad Henlein okam\u017eit\u011b zareagoval. Zalo\u017eil Sudeton\u011bmeckou domovinskou frontu, kter\u00e1 do sebe jako absorbovala n\u011bmeck\u00e9 nacion\u00e1ln\u00ed voli\u010de. Ze sudeton\u011bmeck\u00e9 domovinsk\u00e9 fronty se zrodila Sudeton\u011bmeck\u00e1 strana.
\nV pohrani\u010d\u00ed za\u010dala nar\u016fstat masov\u00e1 konspira\u010dn\u00ed optika proti pra\u017esk\u00e9 vl\u00e1d\u011b. Soub\u011b\u017en\u011b s t\u00edm, jak se totalitn\u00ed N\u011bmecko pod Adolfem Hitlerem za\u010dalo skrze agresivn\u00ed zbrojen\u00ed zd\u00e1nliv\u011b vzpamatov\u00e1vat z krize, nacion\u00e1ln\u00ed rozkol v \u010cSR za\u010dal nab\u00fdvat hroziv\u00e9 podoby i s\u00edly.<\/p>\n

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Hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 krize v \u010cSR nezni\u010dila st\u00e1t jen ekonomicky. Krize rozmetala ideov\u00fd tmel, kter\u00fd republiku dr\u017eel pohromad\u011b. Naplno se to projevilo ve volb\u00e1ch v roce 1935. Henleinova SdP z\u00edskala absolutn\u011b nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed po\u010det hlas\u016f v zemi – p\u0159es 1,2 milionu. Jen d\u00edky specifik\u016fm volebn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu z\u00edskala o jeden poslaneck\u00fd mand\u00e1t m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e \u010de\u0161t\u00ed agr\u00e1rn\u00edci (44 proti 45).
\nHenlein a K.H. Frank se tak stali re\u00e1ln\u00fdmi politick\u00fdmi hegemony. Byl to naprost\u00fd \u0161ok.<\/p>\n

Parlament se prom\u011bnil v ka\u017edodenn\u00ed boji\u0161t\u011b. Poty\u010dky znesv\u00e1\u0159en\u00fdch proud\u016f, od vl\u00e1dn\u00edch agr\u00e1rn\u00edk\u016f, n\u00e1rodn\u00edch demokrat\u016f a soci\u00e1ln\u00edch demokrat\u016f p\u0159es slovensk\u00e9 separatisty Hlinkovy strany a\u017e po zhrzen\u00e9ho Ji\u0159\u00edho St\u0159\u00edbrn\u00e9ho, z n\u011bho\u017e se vyklubal fa\u0161izuj\u00edc\u00ed demagog, znemo\u017e\u0148ovaly smysluplnou debatu o koncep\u010dn\u00edm \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed krize. Do toho pod povrchem bujely ob\u0159\u00ed z\u00e1pasy o ekonomickou dominanci. Velk\u00e9 bankovn\u00ed domy jako \u017divnobanka si v z\u00e1jmu zachov\u00e1n\u00ed vlivu zavedly syst\u00e9m podpory
\nkonkr\u00e9tn\u00edch politick\u00fdch partaj\u00ed. Dogmatick\u00e9 spory mezi zast\u00e1ncem deflace Karlem Engli\u0161em a Jaroslavem Preissem tvo\u0159ily denn\u00ed folkl\u00f3r hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch st\u0159et\u016f. Jednota, kter\u00e1 tyto akt\u00e9ry spojovala v roce 1918 v z\u00e1pase proti habsbursk\u00e9 monarchii, byla definitivn\u011b pry\u010d.<\/p>\n

Za hranicemi ale za\u010d\u00ednal nar\u016fstat temn\u00fd monolit koncentrovan\u00e9 fa\u0161istick\u00e9 a nacistick\u00e9 ideologie. S nyn\u00ed ji\u017e prokazatelnou politickou moc\u00ed, jej\u00ed\u017e vznik umo\u017enila pr\u00e1v\u011b hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 krize. Nacist\u00e9 z\u00edskali masivn\u00ed podporu ob\u0159\u00edch n\u011bmeck\u00fdch velkopr\u016fmysln\u00edk\u016f, jako byli Fritz Thyssen \u010di Gustav Krupp, co\u017e dalo Hitlerovu re\u017eimu do ruky re\u00e1lnou ekonomickou s\u00edlu a zbrojn\u00ed potenci\u00e1l.
\nNam\u00edsto, aby \u010ceskoslovensko rychle odlo\u017eilo ve\u0161ker\u00e9 vnit\u0159n\u00ed spory, \u00fa\u010dinn\u011b vy\u0159e\u0161ilo soci\u00e1ln\u00ed krizi a postavilo se jednotn\u011b hrozb\u011b z N\u011bmecka, jak na dom\u00e1c\u00ed front\u011b, tak i na mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed diplomatick\u00e9 \u00farovni, ut\u00e1p\u011blo se v politick\u00fdch p\u016ftk\u00e1ch a vnit\u0159n\u00edm rozvratu.<\/p>\n

\ud835\udde2\ud835\uddf1\ud835\ude01\ud835\ude02\ud835\uddf1 \ud835\ude02\ud835\ude07\u030c \ud835\ude03\ud835\uddf2\ud835\uddf1\ud835\uddf9\ud835\uddee \ud835\uddfd\ud835\uddff\u030c\ud835\uddf6\u0301\ud835\uddfa\ud835\uddee\u0301 \ud835\uddf0\ud835\uddf2\ud835\ude00\ud835\ude01\ud835\uddee \ud835\uddf8 \ud835\ude01\ud835\uddff\ud835\uddee\ud835\uddf4\ud835\uddf6\ud835\uddf0\ud835\uddf8\ud835\uddf2\u0301\ud835\uddfa\ud835\ude02 \ud835\ude03\ud835\ude06\u0301\ud835\ude03\ud835\uddfc\ud835\uddf7\ud835\uddf6<\/h6>\n

Cesta vzestupu Konrada Henleina vedla od jeho zprvu poslu\u0161n\u00fdch, fale\u0161n\u00fdch proklamac\u00ed v\u011brnosti k \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9mu st\u00e1tu. P\u0159es jeho diplomatickou misi po z\u00e1padn\u00edch politick\u00fdch centrech, kde \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b \u0161\u00ed\u0159il l\u017eiv\u00e9 teorie o \u201ehospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9m \u00fatlaku Sudet\u201c. Henleinova dom\u00e1c\u00ed ofenz\u00edva pokra\u010dovala v parlamentu, kde metodou kladen\u00ed z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b nesplniteln\u00fdch po\u017eadavk\u016f a za p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 spolupr\u00e1ce s Hitlerem dos\u00e1hl ochromen\u00ed republiky z pozice p\u00e1t\u00e9 kolony. Kter\u00e1 nakonec vy\u00fastila v ozbrojen\u00e9 povst\u00e1n\u00ed a teror Freikorps v pohrani\u010d\u00ed, podporovan\u00fd a vyzbrojovan\u00fd zpoza n\u011bmeck\u00fdch hranic. V\u00fdsledkem bylo brut\u00e1ln\u00ed zab\u00edjen\u00ed obr\u00e1nc\u016f vlasti zfanatizovan\u00fdmi p\u0159\u00edvr\u017eenci Henleina i nacist\u016f.
\nZat\u00edmco z\u00e1padn\u00ed demokracie naslouchaly dikt\u00e1toru Mussolinimu a britsk\u00e9mu lordu Runcimanovi, Hitlerovy fanatick\u00e9 projevy o domn\u011bl\u00e9 ob\u010dansk\u00e9 v\u00e1lce v \u010ceskoslovensku systematicky po\u0161kozovaly mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed kredit na\u0161\u00ed demokracie a \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b zastra\u0161ovaly z\u00e1padn\u00ed politiky hrozbou celoevropsk\u00e9ho v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9ho konfliktu.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdsledkem byla Mnichovsk\u00e1 dohoda a zrada z\u00e1padn\u00edch spojenc\u016f.<\/p>\n

Temn\u00e1 doba hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 krize porodila ty nejtemn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed z\u00edt\u0159ky. Protektor\u00e1t. V\u00e1lku.<\/p>\n

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FB<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013\u00a0David MARTINEK<\/strong><\/a>,\u00a0<\/strong><\/a>publicista<\/strong>,\u00a0re\u017eis\u00e9r, producent ve spole\u010dnosti\u00a0David Martinek Production<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Jin\u00e9 \u010dl\u00e1nky autora:<\/h4>\n

DAVID MARTINEK: Anatomie zrady: Jak hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 krize a nacionalismus prom\u011bnil pohrani\u010d\u00ed v sud s prachem<\/a><\/h6>\n
DAVID MARTINEK: Landsmanschaft. Nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 kolo dal\u0161\u00ed kulturn\u00ed v\u00e1lky v \u010cesku<\/a><\/h6>\n
DAVID MARTINEK: Kupka hnoje<\/a><\/h6>\n
DAVID MARTINEK: Chozen\u00ed pozp\u00e1tku<\/a><\/h6>\n
DAVID MARTINEK: V oku ork\u00e1nu. Do \u010desk\u00fdch voleb zb\u00fdvaj\u00ed t\u0159i dny<\/a><\/h6>\n
DAVID MARTINEK: Evropsk\u00e9 selh\u00e1n\u00ed na Ukrajin\u011b v roce 2014. Moment, kdy EU ztratila Ukrajinu<\/a><\/h6>\n
DAVID MARTINEK: Den p\u0159ed setk\u00e1n\u00edm na Alja\u0161ce<\/a><\/h6>\n
DAVID MARTINEK: Vnimanie! Vnimanie!<\/a><\/h6>\n
DAVID MARTINEK: P\u00e1d Gile\u00e1du<\/a><\/h6>\n
DAVID MARTINEK: Mistr Jan Hus<\/a><\/h6>\n
DAVID MARTINEK: Decroix. Spravedlnost v nouzov\u00e9m re\u017eimu<\/a><\/h6>\n
DAVID MARTINEK: Casus belli<\/a><\/h6>\n
DAVID MARTINEK: 80 let od konce druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky<\/a><\/h6>\n
DAVID MARTINEK: Report\u00e1\u017e psan\u00e1 na benz\u00ednce<\/a><\/h6>\n
DAVID MARTINEK: Jak ukazuj\u00ed produkce parti\u010dek, usazen\u00fdch v televizi od pofid\u00e9rn\u00ed \u201ctelevizn\u00ed revoluce\u201d, ve\u0159ejnopr\u00e1vn\u00ed televize je d\u00e1vno za zenitem<\/a><\/h6>\n
DAVID MARTINEK: P\u0159\u00edb\u011bh hoch\u0161taplera je u konce<\/a><\/h6>\n
DAVID MARTINEK: Den kolaborant\u016f<\/a><\/h6>\n
DAVID MARTINEK: Pr\u016flom<\/a><\/h6>\n
DAVID MARTINEK: Styd\u00edm se za Petra Fialu<\/a><\/h6>\n
DAVID MARTINEK: V\u011bdom\u00ed, ve v\u00edru v\u011bk\u016f<\/a><\/h6>\n
DAVID MARTINEK: Traktory v Praze. Protest zem\u011bd\u011blc\u016f proti Green Dealu. Evropsk\u00e1 unie a dom\u00e1c\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed<\/a><\/h6>\n
DAVID MARTINEK: Raku\u0161anovo karvinsk\u00e9 extempore<\/a><\/h6>\n
DAVID MARTINEK: Skirmish diletant\u016f vs. princip budov\u00e1n\u00ed st\u00e1tu<\/a><\/h6>\n
\n

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