{"id":377317,"date":"2026-06-09T10:09:20","date_gmt":"2026-06-09T09:09:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=377317"},"modified":"2026-06-10T08:55:22","modified_gmt":"2026-06-10T07:55:22","slug":"david-martinek-anatomie-zrady-jak-hospodarska-krize-a-nacionalismus-promenil-pohranici-v-sud-s-prachem","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=377317","title":{"rendered":"DAVID MARTINEK: Anatomie zrady: Jak hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 krize a nacionalismus prom\u011bnil pohrani\u010d\u00ed v sud s prachem"},"content":{"rendered":"

1918-1933<\/h4>\n

V tomto pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00e9rie \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f se pod\u00edv\u00e1me na historick\u00e1 fakta, kter\u00e1 odkr\u00fdvaj\u00ed ud\u00e1losti ve 20. a 30. letech minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed. Je to kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 pro pochopen\u00ed problematiky \u010deskon\u011bmeck\u00fdch vztah\u016f.
\nFakta a souvislosti, kter\u00e1 propag\u00e1to\u0159i novodob\u00e9 historick\u00e9 amn\u00e9zie tak r\u00e1di ignoruj\u00ed.<\/h6>\n

\"\"V \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nemaj\u00ed slou\u017eit k jak\u00fdmkoliv projev\u016fm nacionalismu. Kdy\u017e dnes \u010dtu \u010dl\u00e1nky, jejich\u017e smyslem je injektovat do \u010desk\u00e9ho prost\u0159ed\u00ed \u201e\u010deskou vinu\u201c, vytrh\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed jednotliv\u00e9 incidenty z d\u011bjinn\u00e9ho kontextu, vn\u00edm\u00e1m se znepokojen\u00edm, \u017ee c\u00edlem je relativizovat utrpen\u00ed, kter\u00e9mu byla tato zem\u011b vystavena za nacistick\u00e9ho teroru b\u011bhem v\u00e1lky a n\u00e1sil\u00ed, p\u00e1chan\u00e9mu v Sudetech p\u0159ed v\u00e1lkou.<\/p>\n

20. a 30. l\u00e9ta byla obdob\u00edm, kdy vypjat\u00fd nacionalismus z\u00edsk\u00e1val postupn\u011b na s\u00edle. Nacionalismus byl spou\u0161t\u011b\u010dem, jedem, vpravovan\u00fdm po stalet\u00ed do mysl\u00ed oby\u010dejn\u00fdch lid\u00ed. Strach, p\u0159i\u017eivovan\u00e1 nen\u00e1vist, domn\u011bl\u00e9 nebo skute\u010dn\u00e9 k\u0159ivdy vedly k nesmi\u0159iteln\u00fdm projev\u016fm. Od nesmi\u0159iteln\u00fdch projev\u016f politik\u016f a v\u016fdc\u016f k masov\u00fdm demonstrac\u00edm. Od demonstrac\u00ed k nen\u00e1visti mezi sousedy. Odtud ke zbran\u00edm a zab\u00edjen\u00ed. Je to st\u00e1le stejn\u00fd kolob\u011bh zla.<\/p>\n

To, co \u0159e\u0161\u00edm, je stav, kdy dnes u\u017e pozapomenutou historii lid\u00e9 \u010dasto neznaj\u00ed. P\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm mlad\u00ed lid\u00e9, na kter\u00e9 c\u00edl\u00ed revizionistick\u00e1 a revan\u0161istick\u00e1 agenda. Mysl\u00edm si, \u017ee bychom m\u011bli zn\u00e1t vlastn\u00ed historii. Proto\u017ee pr\u00e1v\u011b dvac\u00e1t\u00e1 a t\u0159ic\u00e1t\u00e1 l\u00e9ta minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed jsou anatomi\u00ed situace, kdy se st\u00e1t, instituce, v\u011bci, na kter\u00e9 lid\u00e9 spol\u00e9haj\u00ed, za\u010daly pomalu hroutit. Kdy pr\u00e1vo nahradilo bezpr\u00e1v\u00ed. Kdy zoufalstv\u00ed a neut\u011b\u0161en\u00e1 situace hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 krize a ka\u017edodenn\u00ed z\u00e1pas o hol\u00fd \u017eivot stav\u011bl lidi i spole\u010dnost p\u0159ed okam\u017eiky, se kter\u00fdmi bylo velmi obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 se vyrovnat. Vypjat\u00fd nacionalismus byla zd\u00e1nliv\u00e1 cesta.
\nNa jej\u00edm\u017e konci byly hory mrtv\u00fdch lid\u00ed, spalovan\u00fdch v pec\u00edch koncentra\u010dn\u00edch t\u00e1bor\u016f.<\/p>\n

Tedy, s klidem si projd\u011bme historick\u00e1 fakta. V\u00fdb\u011br z obrovsk\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed \u00fadaj\u016f, kter\u00e9 by bylo pot\u0159eba v mysl\u00edch lid\u00ed obnovit. Tak, abychom se vyvarovali. A z\u00e1rove\u0148, nedovolili n\u011bkter\u00fdm, aby se pokusili hrozivou historickou zku\u0161enost jakkoliv eufemizovat, m\u011bnit, nebo ji vyu\u017e\u00edt pro sv\u00e9 temn\u00e9 politick\u00e9 c\u00edle.
\nZa\u010dn\u011bme dnes \u0161\u0165astn\u00fdm okam\u017eikem \u010deskoslovensk\u00fdch d\u011bjin.
\nOkam\u017eikem zrodu svobodn\u00e9ho \u010ceskoslovenska.<\/p>\n

\ud835\udde6\ud835\ude03\ud835\uddfc\ud835\uddef\ud835\uddfc\ud835\uddf1\ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddf2\u0301 \ud835\uddd6\u030c\ud835\uddf2\ud835\ude00\ud835\uddf8\ud835\uddfc\ud835\ude00\ud835\uddf9\ud835\uddfc\ud835\ude03\ud835\uddf2\ud835\uddfb\ud835\ude00\ud835\uddf8\ud835\uddfc \ud835\udfed\ud835\udff5\ud835\udfed\ud835\udff4: \ud835\udde2\ud835\uddf1 \ud835\ude03\ud835\uddee\u0301\ud835\uddf9\ud835\uddf2\ud835\uddf0\u030c\ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddf2\u0301\ud835\uddf5\ud835\uddfc \ud835\uddf0\ud835\uddf5\ud835\uddee\ud835\uddfc\ud835\ude00\ud835\ude02 \ud835\uddf8 \ud835\uddfd\ud835\uddff\ud835\uddfc\ud835\ude00\ud835\uddfd\ud835\uddf2\ud835\uddff\ud835\ude02\ud835\uddf7\ud835\uddf6\u0301\ud835\uddf0\ud835\uddf6\u0301 \ud835\uddff\ud835\uddf2\ud835\uddfd\ud835\ude02\ud835\uddef\ud835\uddf9\ud835\uddf6\ud835\uddf0\ud835\uddf2<\/h6>\n

Kdy\u017e 28. \u0159\u00edjna 1918 vzniklo samostatn\u00e9 \u010ceskoslovensko, n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b m\u011bst ovl\u00e1dly bou\u0159e nad\u0161en\u00ed a radosti. Bylo to pochopiteln\u00e9. \u010ce\u0161i, Moravan\u00e9 a Slezan\u00e9 se po t\u0159ech stolet\u00edch habsbursk\u00e9 nadvl\u00e1dy, od bitvy na B\u00edl\u00e9 ho\u0159e roku 1620, stejn\u011b jako Slov\u00e1ci po v\u00edce ne\u017e tis\u00edci letech ma\u010farsk\u00e9ho \u00fatlaku v Uhr\u00e1ch mohli t\u011b\u0161it z \u010derstv\u011b nabyt\u00e9 a vytou\u017een\u00e9 svobody.
\nByl konec stra\u0161liv\u00e9 v\u00e1lky. B\u00eddy, hladu a p\u0159\u00edd\u011blov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu. Prvn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e1 v\u00e1lka si jen v \u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00edch vy\u017e\u00e1dala kolem 300 000 padl\u00fdch voj\u00e1k\u016f.<\/p>\n

P\u0159edstava, \u017ee \u010cechoslov\u00e1ci budou m\u00edt vlastn\u00ed st\u00e1t, pr\u016fmysl ve vlastn\u00edch rukou, vlastn\u00ed \u0161koly, vlastn\u00ed parlament, \u00fastavu a vlastn\u00ed politick\u00e9 strany; modern\u00ed republiku bez nadvl\u00e1dy Habsburk\u016f, Raku\u0161an\u016f a N\u011bmc\u016f, \u00fatlaku ze strany obrovsk\u00e9ho donucovac\u00edho apar\u00e1tu monarchie \u2014 m\u011bstsk\u00fdch k. k. Polizeibeh\u00f6rden (c. k. policejn\u00edch \u00fa\u0159ad\u016f), venkovsk\u00e9ho k. k. Gendarmerie (c. k. \u010detnictva), v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9ho Feldgendarmerie (poln\u00edho \u010detnictva) \u010di pluk\u016f Spole\u010dn\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy (k. u. k. Armee) a rakousk\u00e9 zem\u011bbrany (k. k. Landwehr) byla a\u017e omamn\u00e1. To, o \u010dem snily miliony lid\u00ed, generace buditel\u016f od Dobrovsk\u00e9ho, Jungmanna, Palack\u00e9ho, Riegra, po generaci zakladatel\u016f st\u00e1tu jako Masaryka, Bene\u0161e, Ra\u0161\u00edna a Kram\u00e1\u0159e se v roce 1918 stalo skutkem.<\/p>\n

Zat\u00edmco v Praze, Plzni, Ostrav\u011b, velk\u00fdch i mal\u00fdch m\u011bstech proch\u00e1zely ulicemi \u0161pal\u00edry nad\u0161en\u00fdch lid\u00ed, vyhr\u00e1valy kapely a n\u00e1rod se t\u011b\u0161il z pocitu nabyt\u00e9 svobody, na n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00edch \u0159ady m\u011bst, ob\u00fdvan\u00fdch p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm N\u011bmci, bylo ticho.
\nNov\u00fd \u010deskoslovensk\u00fd st\u00e1t byl od po\u010d\u00e1tku budov\u00e1n jako demokratick\u00e1 zem\u011b. \u010ce\u0161i cht\u011bli vybudovat sv\u016fj vlastn\u00ed, modern\u00ed a pr\u00e1vn\u00ed st\u00e1t. Obavy, kter\u00e9 se \u0161\u00ed\u0159ily n\u011bmeckou populac\u00ed v reakci na ud\u00e1losti v Praze a dal\u0161\u00edch m\u011bstech, strach, \u017ee se \u010ce\u0161i budou mst\u00edt N\u011bmc\u016fm \u010di Raku\u0161an\u016fm za stalet\u00ed p\u0159\u00edko\u0159\u00ed, byla lich\u00e1.<\/p>\n

\ud835\udde3\ud835\uddfc\ud835\uddff\ud835\uddfc\ud835\uddf1\ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddf6\u0301 \ud835\uddef\ud835\uddfc\ud835\uddf9\ud835\uddf2\ud835\ude00\ud835\ude01\ud835\uddf6 \ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddfc\ud835\ude03\ud835\uddf2\u0301 \ud835\uddff\ud835\uddf2\ud835\uddfd\ud835\ude02\ud835\uddef\ud835\uddf9\ud835\uddf6\ud835\uddf8\ud835\ude06<\/h6>\n

Nov\u00fd st\u00e1t musel p\u0159evz\u00edt ve\u0161kerou administrativu a civiln\u00ed spr\u00e1vu, kter\u00e1 byla dosud pod\u0159\u00edzena v\u00edde\u0148sk\u00fdm ministerstv\u016fm. Bylo nutn\u00e9 okam\u017eit\u011b zajistit chod \u00fa\u0159ad\u016f, \u010detnictva i rod\u00edc\u00edho se vojska. Prvn\u00ed z\u00e1kon nov\u00e9 republiky byl naps\u00e1n Aloisem Ra\u0161\u00ednem ru\u010dn\u011b na n\u011bkolik list\u016f pap\u00edru. Ukazuje to, \u017ee p\u0159evzet\u00ed moci prob\u00edhalo do ur\u010dit\u00e9 m\u00edry \u017eiveln\u011b, nicm\u00e9n\u011b s d\u016frazem na pr\u00e1vn\u00ed kontinuitu a po\u0159\u00e1dek.<\/p>\n

St\u00e1t \u010delil kritick\u00e9mu nedostatku potravin a uhl\u00ed. \u010clenov\u00e9 Sokola, kter\u00fdch bylo v t\u00e9 dob\u011b mobilizov\u00e1no na 20 000, museli v Praze okam\u017eit\u011b zas\u00e1hnout a zabr\u00e1nit odj\u00ed\u017ed\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed rakousk\u00e9 arm\u00e1d\u011b v odvezen\u00ed strategick\u00fdch z\u00e1sob. Sokolsk\u00e9 hl\u00eddky zajistily Er\u00e1rn\u00ed potravn\u00ed skladi\u0161t\u011b v Karl\u00edn\u011b a hl\u00eddaly \u017eelezni\u010dn\u00ed uzly, ve snaze odvr\u00e1tit hroz\u00edc\u00ed hladov\u00e9 bou\u0159e i chaos. Hospod\u00e1\u0159skou suverenitu zem\u011b uchr\u00e1nil Alois Ra\u0161\u00edn v b\u0159eznu 1919, kdy b\u011bhem jednoho t\u00fddne nechal uzav\u0159\u00edt st\u00e1tn\u00ed hranice a okolkovat ve\u0161ker\u00e9 rakousko-uhersk\u00e9 bankovky, \u010d\u00edm\u017e \u010cSR uchr\u00e1nil p\u0159ed drtivou hyperinflac\u00ed soused\u016f. Polo\u017eil tak z\u00e1klad stabiln\u00ed korun\u011b \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9 (K\u010d).<\/p>\n

Nov\u00fd st\u00e1t musel v prvn\u00edch m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch z\u00e1pasit o existenci na v\u0161ech front\u00e1ch. V lednu 1919 vedly \u00fazemn\u00ed rozpory s Polskem na T\u011b\u0161\u00ednsku k sedmidenn\u00ed v\u00e1lce, jej\u00ed\u017e boje zastavil a\u017e r\u00e1zn\u00fd dikt\u00e1t dohodov\u00fdch mocnost\u00ed z Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017esk\u00e9 m\u00edrov\u00e9 konference. Na ja\u0159e a v l\u00e9t\u011b t\u00e9ho\u017e roku \u010delila republika masivn\u00edmu vojensk\u00e9mu \u00fatoku ma\u010farsk\u00fdch bol\u0161evik\u016f z Ma\u010farsk\u00e9 republiky rad, kte\u0159\u00ed obsadili dv\u011b t\u0159etiny Slovenska, ne\u017e je nov\u00e1 arm\u00e1da plk. \u0160nejd\u00e1rka za cenu velk\u00fdch ztr\u00e1t vytla\u010dila zp\u011bt. Chaos panoval i za z\u00e1padn\u00ed hranic\u00ed, kde nakr\u00e1tko vznikla komunistick\u00e1 Bavorsk\u00e1 republika rad. Do toho v\u0161eho se vy\u010derpan\u00e1 Evropa ocitla v sev\u0159en\u00ed smrt\u00edc\u00ed pandemie \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00e9 ch\u0159ipky, kter\u00e1 v \u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00edch infikovala p\u0159es milion lid\u00ed a vy\u017e\u00e1dala si p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 44 000 ob\u011bt\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Vracej\u00edc\u00ed se frontov\u00ed voj\u00e1ci se do\u010dkali uv\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed a poct, ale zem\u011b byla vojensky vy\u010derpan\u00e1. Obrovsk\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161ina nejzku\u0161en\u011bj\u0161\u00edch bojovn\u00edk\u016f, \u010deskoslovensk\u00fdch legion\u00e1\u0159\u016f v Rusku, It\u00e1lii a Francii, byla v t\u00e9 dob\u011b je\u0161t\u011b tis\u00edce kilometr\u016f od domova. Vznik nov\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu by nebyl mo\u017en\u00fd bez p\u0159edchoz\u00ed diplomatick\u00e9 ofenz\u00edvy T. G. Masaryka, E. Bene\u0161e a M. R. \u0160tef\u00e1nika. Pr\u00e1v\u011b jim se v Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017ei, Washingtonu a Lond\u00fdn\u011b poda\u0159ilo s p\u0159edstihem dos\u00e1hnout toho, \u017ee mocnosti Dohody uznaly N\u00e1rodn\u00ed radu \u010deskoslovenskou za legitimn\u00ed do\u010dasnou vl\u00e1du a budouc\u00ed samostatnost \u010ceskoslovenska jako hotovou v\u011bc je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed samotn\u00fdm 28. \u0159\u00edjnem.<\/p>\n

\ud835\udde3\ud835\uddfc\ud835\uddf8\ud835\ude02\ud835\ude00 \ud835\uddfc \ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddf2\u030c\ud835\uddfa\ud835\uddf2\ud835\uddf0\ud835\uddf8\ud835\uddf2\u0301 \ud835\uddfc\ud835\uddf1\ud835\ude01\ud835\uddff\ud835\ude07\u030c\ud835\uddf2\ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddf6\u0301 \ud835\uddfd\ud835\uddfc\ud835\uddf5\ud835\uddff\ud835\uddee\ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddf6\ud835\uddf0\u030c\ud835\uddf6\u0301 \ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddee \ud835\uddfd\ud835\uddfc\ud835\uddf1\ud835\ude07\ud835\uddf6\ud835\uddfa \ud835\udfed\ud835\udff5\ud835\udfed\ud835\udff4<\/h6>\n

\u010ceskoslovensko se definovalo jako st\u00e1t \u201e\u010deskoslovensk\u00e9ho n\u00e1roda\u201c, co\u017e ze t\u0159\u00edmilionov\u00e9 n\u011bmeck\u00e9 minority d\u011blalo de jure n\u00e1rodnostn\u00ed men\u0161inu. N\u011bmeck\u00e1 populace, zvykl\u00e1 na d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed privilegovan\u00e9 postaven\u00ed v Rakousku-Uhersku, vn\u00edmala vznik nov\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu v\u011bt\u0161inov\u011b negativn\u011b. Prvn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e1 v\u00e1lka, kter\u00e1 m\u011bla p\u0159in\u00e9st militarizovan\u00e9mu N\u011bmecku a Rakousku-Uhersku postaven\u00ed evropsk\u00fdch velmoc\u00ed, skon\u010dila pro ob\u011b \u0159\u00ed\u0161e por\u00e1\u017ekou. Rakousko-uhersk\u00e1 monarchie se rozpadla a na jej\u00edch trosk\u00e1ch vzniklo samostatn\u00e9 \u010ceskoslovensko, Polsko a Kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed Srb\u016f, Chorvat\u016f a Slovinc\u016f (od 1929 Jugosl\u00e1vie).<\/p>\n

Zat\u00edmco z Ma\u010farska nebo Polska byl veden \u00fatok zven\u010d\u00ed, \u00fatok na novou republiku ze strany N\u011bmc\u016f p\u0159i\u0161el zevnit\u0159.
\nN\u011bme\u010dt\u00ed poslanci b\u00fdval\u00e9ho rakousk\u00e9ho parlamentu novou republiku odm\u00edtli a bezprost\u0159edn\u011b po 28. \u0159\u00edjnu se pokusili jednostrann\u011b odtrhnout pohrani\u010dn\u00ed oblasti. S odkazem na Wilsonovo pr\u00e1vo na sebeur\u010den\u00ed vyhl\u00e1sili \u010dty\u0159i autonomn\u00ed provincie. Deutschb\u00f6hmen, oblast severn\u00edch a z\u00e1padn\u00edch \u010cech s centrem v Liberci, veden\u00e1 ultranacion\u00e1ln\u00edm politikem Rudolfem Lodgmanem von Auen. Sudetenland, na severn\u00ed Morav\u011b a Slezsku s centrem v Opav\u011b, Deutschs\u00fcdm\u00e4hren na Znojemsku a B\u00f6hmerwaldgau na \u0160umav\u011b. N\u011bmci se pokusili ovl\u00e1dnout i t\u0159i velk\u00e1 jazykov\u00e1 ostrovn\u00ed m\u011bsta ve vnitrozem\u00ed. Brno, Jihlavu a Olomouc.<\/p>\n

\u010ceskoslovensk\u00e1 vl\u00e1da postupovala energicky a nekompromisn\u011b. \u010ceskoslovensko se op\u00edralo o staletou st\u00e1topr\u00e1vn\u00ed kontinuitu \u010desk\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu a ned\u011blitelnost historick\u00fdch hranic zem\u00ed Koruny \u010desk\u00e9, \u010cech, Moravy a Slezska. Byl to historick\u00fd i pr\u00e1vn\u00ed pil\u00ed\u0159, jeho\u017e platnost uznaly v\u00edt\u011bzn\u00e9 mocnosti Dohody. N\u011bmeck\u00e9 obyvatelstvo p\u0159ich\u00e1zelo do \u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00ed od dob st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 kolonizace, za vl\u00e1d p\u0159emyslovsk\u00fdch kr\u00e1l\u016f a usazovalo se v pohrani\u010d\u00ed. Z pr\u00e1vn\u00edho hlediska tvo\u0159ilo sice v\u00fdznamnou, ale men\u0161inovou slo\u017eku obyvatelstva v r\u00e1mci historick\u00fdch hranic \u010desk\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu. (P\u00ed\u0161u o tom v minul\u00e9m textu, o obdob\u00ed tzv. n\u011bmeck\u00e9 kolonizace).<\/p>\n

\ud835\udde1\ud835\uddf2\u030c\ud835\uddfa\ud835\uddf2\ud835\uddf0\ud835\uddf8\ud835\uddf2\u0301 \ud835\uddfd\ud835\uddff\ud835\uddfc\ud835\ude01\ud835\uddf2\ud835\ude00\ud835\ude01\ud835\ude06 \ud835\uddee \ud835\ude01\ud835\uddff\ud835\uddee\ud835\uddf4\ud835\uddf2\u0301\ud835\uddf1\ud835\uddf6\ud835\uddf2 \ud835\uddef\ud835\uddff\u030c\ud835\uddf2\ud835\ude07\ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddee \ud835\udfed\ud835\udff5\ud835\udfed\ud835\udff5<\/h6>\n

Pokus o rozbit\u00ed historick\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed ukon\u010dilo vojensk\u00e9 obsazen\u00ed pohrani\u010d\u00ed \u010deskoslovensk\u00fdmi jednotkami. Na p\u0159elomu listopadu a prosince 1918 vyslala pra\u017esk\u00e1 vl\u00e1da do pohrani\u010dn\u00edch oblast\u00ed rod\u00edc\u00ed se arm\u00e1du, dopln\u011bnou o sokolsk\u00e9 dobrovoln\u00edky a navr\u00e1tiv\u0161\u00ed se italsk\u00e9 legion\u00e1\u0159e. Obsazov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011bchto region\u016f \u010deskoslovenskou moc\u00ed prob\u011bhlo v naprost\u00e9 v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f bez otev\u0159en\u00e9ho st\u0159etu b\u011bhem konce roku 1918. N\u011bmeck\u00fd odpor byl pasivn\u00ed. Demobilizovan\u00ed voj\u00e1ci ani civiln\u00ed obyvatelstvo, vy\u010derpan\u00e9 \u010dty\u0159letou v\u00e1lkou a str\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00edm nem\u011blo v\u016fli k organizovan\u00e9mu ozbrojen\u00e9mu boji.<\/p>\n

\ud835\udde7\ud835\uddff\ud835\uddee\ud835\uddf4\ud835\uddf6\ud835\uddf0\ud835\uddf8\ud835\uddf2\u0301 \ud835\ude00\ud835\ude01\ud835\uddff\u030c\ud835\uddf2\ud835\ude01\ud835\ude06 \ud835\ude03 \ud835\uddfd\ud835\uddfc\ud835\uddf5\ud835\uddff\ud835\uddee\ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddf6\ud835\uddf0\u030c\ud835\uddf6\u0301<\/h6>\n

Situace se dramaticky vyhrotila a\u017e na po\u010d\u00e1tku jara n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edho roku.
\n4. b\u0159ezna 1919 ve V\u00eddni poprv\u00e9 zasedalo \u00dastavod\u00e1rn\u00e9 n\u00e1rodn\u00ed shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed N\u011bmeck\u00e9ho Rakouska, nov\u00e9ho n\u00e1stupnick\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu po p\u00e1du habsbursk\u00e9 monarchie. N\u00e1stupnick\u00fd rakousk\u00fd st\u00e1t si p\u0159\u00e1l b\u00fdt po sv\u00e9m vzniku p\u0159ipojen k N\u011bmecku. N\u011bme\u010dt\u00ed politici ve V\u00eddni i v \u010desk\u00e9m pohrani\u010d\u00ed tehdy nev\u011b\u0159ili, \u017ee by mal\u00e9, o\u0159ezan\u00e9 Rakousko mohlo samo ekonomicky a politicky p\u0159e\u017e\u00edt. Spojen\u00ed s N\u011bmeckem (tzv. an\u0161lus) vid\u011bli jako jedinou p\u0159ijatelnou formu budoucnosti.
\n(Pozn: Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017esk\u00e1 konference toto \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed v \u010dervnu a z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1919 r\u00e1zn\u011b odm\u00edtla a velkon\u011bmeck\u00fd pl\u00e1n ztroskotal.)<\/p>\n

N\u011bme\u010dt\u00ed politi\u010dt\u00ed p\u0159ed\u00e1ci ve stejn\u00fd den, 4. b\u0159ezna 1919, svolali v \u010desk\u00e9m pohrani\u010d\u00ed gener\u00e1ln\u00ed st\u00e1vku a masov\u00e9 demonstrace. C\u00edlem bylo prosadit mo\u017enost N\u011bmc\u016f volit ve volb\u00e1ch N\u011bmeck\u00e9ho Rakouska. V praxi by tento krok legitimizoval separatistick\u00e9 snahy a vedl k odtr\u017een\u00ed n\u011bmeck\u00fdch oblast\u00ed od \u010ceskoslovenska. Vl\u00e1da mo\u017enost volit do org\u00e1n\u016f ciz\u00edho st\u00e1tu p\u0159irozen\u011b odm\u00edtla. D\u016fvodem bylo, \u017ee v\u00edde\u0148sk\u00fd parlament p\u0159ijal prozat\u00edmn\u00ed \u00fastavu, jej\u00ed\u017e \u010dl\u00e1nek 2 obsahoval doslova tuto v\u011btu: \u201eN\u011bmeck\u00e9 Rakousko je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed N\u011bmeck\u00e9 republiky.\u201c Takto by se prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm N\u011bmeck\u00e9ho Rakouska, ve sledu krok\u016f, staly pohrani\u010dn\u00ed oblasti sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed N\u011bmecka.<\/p>\n

Odm\u00edtnut\u00ed vl\u00e1dy vyu\u017eili p\u0159ed\u00e1ci k rozpout\u00e1n\u00ed mas\u00edvn\u00edch demonstrac\u00ed. Na mnoha m\u00edstech, jako byla Kada\u0148, \u0160ternberk, Karlovy Vary, St\u0159\u00edbro, Cheb \u010di \u00dast\u00ed nad Labem do\u0161lo ke st\u0159et\u016fm n\u011bmeck\u00fdch demonstrant\u016f s nepo\u010detn\u00fdm \u010deskoslovensk\u00fdm vojskem. V Kadani st\u00e1la stovka mlad\u00fdch, nezku\u0161en\u00fdch voj\u00e1k\u016f, v emo\u010dn\u011b vypjat\u00e9 situaci, proti \u0161estitis\u00edcov\u00e9mu z\u00e1stupu. Kdy\u017e se dav pokusil voj\u00e1ky obkl\u00ed\u010dit a odzbrojit, propukla panika a voj\u00e1ci zah\u00e1jili palbu. St\u0159ety v cel\u00e9m pohrani\u010d\u00ed si vy\u017e\u00e1daly 54 mrtv\u00fdch n\u011bmeck\u00fdch civilist\u016f. Tyto incidenty se staly z\u00e1kladn\u00edm stavebn\u00edm kamenem n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho a pozd\u011bji sudeton\u011bmeck\u00e9ho mu\u010dednick\u00e9ho m\u00fdtu, ozna\u010den\u00e9ho jako \u201eKrvav\u00fd b\u0159ezen\u201c.<\/p>\n

Prezident republiky \ud835\udde7\ud835\uddfc\ud835\uddfa\ud835\uddee\u0301\ud835\ude00\u030c \ud835\uddda\ud835\uddee\ud835\uddff\ud835\uddff\ud835\uddf6\ud835\uddf4\ud835\ude02\ud835\uddf2 \ud835\udde0\ud835\uddee\ud835\ude00\ud835\uddee\ud835\uddff\ud835\ude06\ud835\uddf8 vyj\u00e1d\u0159il nad b\u0159eznov\u00fdmi ob\u011btmi hlubok\u00e9 politick\u00e9 i lidsk\u00e9 politov\u00e1n\u00ed. Ost\u0159e kritizoval radikalismus na obou stran\u00e1ch \u2014 jak n\u011bmeck\u00e9 nacionalistick\u00e9 provokat\u00e9ry, tak \u010desk\u00e9 \u0161ovinistick\u00e9 kruhy, zejm\u00e9na n\u00e1rodn\u00ed demokraty a selh\u00e1n\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00fdch vojensk\u00fdch velitel\u016f. V n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch za\u010dal Masaryk intenzivn\u011b prosazovat politiku tolerance. Jeho humanistick\u00e9 p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed velelo, \u017ee jedin\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem, jak zbavit n\u011bmeckou men\u0161inu d\u016fvod\u016f k separatismu a z\u00edskat jej\u00ed loajalitu, je vybudovat spravedliv\u00fd st\u00e1t, kde budou m\u00edt v\u0161echny n\u00e1rodnosti garantov\u00e1na pln\u00e1 ob\u010dansk\u00e1, kulturn\u00ed, jazykov\u00e1 a samospr\u00e1vn\u00e1 pr\u00e1va. Platn\u00e1 pro \u010cechy, Slov\u00e1ky, N\u011bmce, Pol\u00e1ky, Rus\u00edny \u010di \u017didy, stejn\u00fdm a rovn\u00fdm d\u00edlem.<\/p>\n

\ud835\udde3\ud835\uddee\ud835\uddff\u030c\ud835\uddf6\u0301\ud835\ude07\u030c\ud835\ude00\ud835\uddf8\ud835\uddee\u0301 \ud835\uddfa\ud835\uddf6\u0301\ud835\uddff\ud835\uddfc\ud835\ude03\ud835\uddee\u0301 \ud835\uddf8\ud835\uddfc\ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddf3\ud835\uddf2\ud835\uddff\ud835\uddf2\ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddf0\ud835\uddf2 \ud835\udfed\ud835\udff5\ud835\udfed\ud835\udff5<\/h6>\n

N\u011bme\u010dt\u00ed p\u0159edstavitel\u00e9 vzbou\u0159en\u00fdch provinci\u00ed, jako byl Rudolf Lodgman von Auen a dal\u0161\u00ed, uprchli p\u0159ed zat\u010den\u00edm p\u0159es Sasko do V\u00eddn\u011b, odkud se ne\u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b pokou\u0161eli lobbovat na Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017esk\u00e9 m\u00edrov\u00e9 konferenci.
\nN\u011bmeck\u00fdm separatist\u016fm a p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm jejich v\u016fdc\u016fm ne\u0161lo o pozici sebeur\u010den\u00ed v postaven\u00ed men\u0161in, \u010di p\u016fsobnost v r\u00e1mci republiky, \u010di nov\u011b se rod\u00edc\u00edch demokratick\u00fdch instituc\u00ed. \u0160lo o realizaci star\u00e9 velkon\u011bmeck\u00e9 koncepce “Gro\u00dfdeutschland”. Tedy o spojen\u00ed v\u0161ech n\u011bmecky mluv\u00edc\u00edch oblast\u00ed do jednoho velk\u00e9ho n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho st\u00e1tn\u00edho celku, kter\u00e9 m\u011blo hlubok\u00e9 ko\u0159eny u\u017e od Frankfurtsk\u00e9ho sn\u011bmu v revolu\u010dn\u00edm N\u011bmecku roku 1848.<\/p>\n

Typick\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem byl pr\u00e1v\u011b Rudolf Lodgman von Auen. Rakousk\u00fd nacion\u00e1ln\u00ed politik, jeho\u017e my\u0161len\u00ed reprezentovalo nejkonzervativn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed kruhy habsbursk\u00e9 monarchie. Von Auen byl zap\u0159is\u00e1hl\u00fdm odp\u016frcem \u010desk\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu. Prohla\u0161oval vznik \u010ceskoslovenska za historick\u00fd omyl. \u010cechy pova\u017eoval za kulturn\u011b m\u00e9n\u011bcenn\u00fd n\u00e1rod, kter\u00fd nem\u00e1 pr\u00e1vo vl\u00e1dnout ani s\u00e1m sob\u011b, nato\u017e n\u011bmeck\u00e9 men\u0161in\u011b.<\/p>\n

\ud835\uddd5\ud835\uddf2\ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddf2\ud835\ude00\u030c\ud835\uddfc\ud835\ude03\ud835\uddee \ud835\uddfd\ud835\uddfc\ud835\uddf8\ud835\uddff\ud835\uddee\ud835\uddf0\u030c\ud835\ude02\ud835\uddf7\ud835\uddf6\u0301\ud835\uddf0\ud835\uddf6\u0301 \ud835\uddfc\ud835\uddf3\ud835\uddf2\ud835\uddfb\ud835\ude07\ud835\uddf6\u0301\ud835\ude03\ud835\uddee \ud835\ude03 \ud835\udde3\ud835\uddee\ud835\uddff\u030c\ud835\uddf6\u0301\ud835\ude07\u030c\ud835\uddf6<\/h6>\n

Ud\u00e1losti ze 4. b\u0159ezna 1919 se staly siln\u00fdm a emo\u010dn\u00edm n\u011bmeck\u00fdm vyjedn\u00e1vac\u00edm argumentem.
\nHistorie mluv\u00ed jasnou \u0159e\u010d\u00ed. Bene\u0161 musel v Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017ei sv\u00e9st obrovskou diplomatickou misi v z\u00e1jmu nov\u011b vznikaj\u00edc\u00edho st\u00e1tu. Vybaven modern\u00edmi memorandy a p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010divou argumentac\u00ed (proklamovan\u00fdm ide\u00e1lem bylo \u0161v\u00fdcarsk\u00e9 uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed st\u00e1tu), jeho diplomatick\u00e1 ofenz\u00edva na Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017esk\u00e9 m\u00edrov\u00e9 konferenci dok\u00e1zala zvr\u00e1tit velmi nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9 nastaven\u00ed. P\u0159esto\u017ee m\u011bl Bene\u0161 i Masaryk u Dohodov\u00fdch mocnost\u00ed velkou autoritu, vzhledem k ob\u011btav\u00e9mu boji \u010ceskoslovensk\u00fdch legi\u00ed na v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdch front\u00e1ch, musel Bene\u0161 sv\u00e9st velmi tvrd\u00fd diplomatick\u00fd z\u00e1pas o podobu \u010ceskoslovenska.<\/p>\n

Musel vyvr\u00e1tit p\u0159edchoz\u00ed z\u00e1v\u011bry komise americk\u00e9ho emisara Archibalda Cary Coolidge, kter\u00e9 nepokryt\u011b stranily n\u011bmeck\u00fdm n\u00e1rok\u016fm. P\u0159esto\u017ee ameri\u010dt\u00ed experti p\u0159\u00edmo v ter\u00e9nu uznali, \u017ee sudeton\u011bmeck\u00e9 oblasti tvo\u0159\u00ed dlouh\u00fd, \u00fazk\u00fd p\u00e1s pod\u00e9l hor, kter\u00fd je vnitrozemsky zcela z\u00e1visl\u00fd na zbytku \u010cech a vytvo\u0159it z n\u011bj \u017eivotaschopn\u00fd samostatn\u00fd celek nebo ho smyslupln\u011b p\u0159ipojit k Rakousku bylo geograficky nemo\u017en\u00e9, Coolidge navrhoval jejich autonomii.<\/p>\n

Ur\u010duj\u00edc\u00edm faktorem byly z\u00e1jmy Francie. \u010ceskoslovensko m\u011blo b\u00fdt spole\u010dnou druhou frontou, kontroluj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00fdchodn\u00ed hranici N\u011bmecka. Hranice na h\u0159ebenech hor byla vojensky br\u00e1niteln\u00e1, zat\u00edmco Coolidgeovy n\u00e1vrhy na etnick\u00e9 hranice by vytvo\u0159ily nebr\u00e1niteln\u00e9 a ekonomicky nefunk\u010dn\u00ed enkl\u00e1vy. Odtr\u017een\u00ed pohrani\u010d\u00ed, kde byl soust\u0159ed\u011bn t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 ve\u0161ker\u00fd lehk\u00fd a t\u011b\u017ek\u00fd pr\u016fmysl, doly a textilky by hospod\u00e1\u0159sky zlikvidovalo jak zbytek \u010ceskoslovenska, tak samotn\u00e9 pohrani\u010dn\u00ed regiony.<\/p>\n

\ud835\uddd5\ud835\uddf2\ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddf2\ud835\ude00\u030c \ud835\uddfa\ud835\uddf2\u030c\ud835\uddf9 \ud835\ude07\ud835\uddee\u0301\ud835\ude00\ud835\uddee\ud835\uddf1\ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddf6\u0301 \ud835\uddfd\ud835\uddfc\ud835\uddf1\ud835\uddf6\u0301\ud835\uddf9 \ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddee \ud835\ude03\ud835\ude07\ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddf6\ud835\uddf8\ud835\ude02 \ud835\uddd6\u030c\ud835\uddf2\ud835\ude00\ud835\uddf8\ud835\uddfc\ud835\ude00\ud835\uddf9\ud835\uddfc\ud835\ude03\ud835\uddf2\ud835\uddfb\ud835\ude00\ud835\uddf8\ud835\uddee.<\/h6>\n

Jeho pam\u00e1tce bychom m\u011bli v\u011bnovat pat\u0159i\u010dnou \u00factu v ka\u017ed\u00e9 z historick\u00fdch etap \u010desk\u00e9ho i slovensk\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu.<\/p>\n

Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed legitimitu \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9mu postupu a definitivn\u00ed podobu hranic nov\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu potvrdily m\u00edrov\u00e9 smlouvy z roku 1919. Versaillesk\u00e1 smlouva z \u010dervna 1919 stanovila severn\u00ed a z\u00e1padn\u00ed hranici v\u016f\u010di N\u011bmecku a z\u00e1rove\u0148 k \u010cSR p\u0159ipojila Hlu\u010d\u00ednsko. Saint-germainsk\u00e1 smlouva ze z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1919 n\u00e1sledn\u011b definovala ji\u017en\u00ed hranici s Rakouskem. Tyto mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed dokumenty definitivn\u011b stanovily historick\u00e1 \u00fazem\u00ed pohrani\u010d\u00ed \u010ceskoslovensku a garantovaly \u00fazemn\u00ed celistvost nov\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu.<\/p>\n

\ud835\udddb\ud835\uddfc\ud835\ude00\ud835\uddfd\ud835\uddfc\ud835\uddf1\ud835\uddee\u0301\ud835\uddff\u030c\ud835\ude00\ud835\uddf8\ud835\ude06\u0301 \ud835\uddff\ud835\uddfc\ud835\ude07\ud835\uddf8\ud835\ude03\ud835\uddf2\u030c\ud835\ude01 \ud835\uddee \ud835\uddf9\ud835\uddf6\ud835\uddfa\ud835\uddf6\ud835\ude01\ud835\ude06 \ud835\uddfd\ud835\uddfc\ud835\uddf5\ud835\uddff\ud835\uddee\ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddf6\ud835\uddf0\u030c\ud835\uddf6\u0301<\/h6>\n

Od roku 1924 nastoupilo obdob\u00ed v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 konjunktury a situace v zemi se stabilizovala. \u010ce\u0161i i N\u011bmci za\u010dali \u017e\u00edt v relativn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edm\u011b\u0159\u00ed. Star\u00fd sv\u011bt \u0161lechty, c. k. \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edk\u016f a uniforem ma\u0161\u00edruj\u00edc\u00edch za zvuk\u016f mar\u0161\u016f definitivn\u011b zmizel. Mlad\u00e1 republika se za\u0159adila mezi nejvysp\u011blej\u0161\u00ed pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 st\u00e1ty sv\u011bta a sm\u011b\u0159ovala k modernit\u011b. Za\u017e\u00edvala rozmach avantgardn\u00ed architektury v \u010dele s funkcionalismem i svobodn\u00e9ho um\u011bn\u00ed, expanzi pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 z\u00e1kladny i usilovn\u00e9ho budov\u00e1n\u00ed st\u00e1tu.<\/p>\n

Zahrani\u010dn\u00ed i dom\u00e1c\u00ed n\u00e1rodohospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 studie historik\u016f, nap\u0159. Vlastislava Laciny \u010di Alice Teichov\u00e9 v\u0161ak ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee tato prosperita nesla v sob\u011b struktur\u00e1ln\u00ed vady. \u010cesk\u00e9 zem\u011b zd\u011bdily zhruba 70 % pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 kapacity monarchie, ale jen \u010dtvrtinu jej\u00edho trhu. Tento nepom\u011br zas\u00e1hl pr\u00e1v\u011b n\u011bmeck\u00e9 pohrani\u010d\u00ed, kter\u00e9 netvo\u0159ilo souvisl\u00fd p\u00e1s, ale skl\u00e1dalo se z geograficky, jazykov\u011b i kulturn\u011b izolovan\u00fdch oblast\u00ed (Slezsko, Liberecko, Chebsko, \u0160umava).<\/p>\n

Sudetsk\u00fd pr\u016fmysl byl postaven na lehk\u00e9m, exportn\u011b orientovan\u00e9m spot\u0159ebn\u00edm zbo\u017e\u00ed. Sklo, textil, porcel\u00e1n, bi\u017euterie; des\u00edtky mal\u00fdch a st\u0159edn\u00edch podnik\u016f produkovaly hospod\u00e1\u0159skou prosperitu pohrani\u010d\u00ed. Vazby budovan\u00e9 po stalet\u00ed snadno p\u0159ekra\u010dovaly hranice a fungovaly jako motor obchodu.
\nP\u0159\u00edkladem m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt jabloneck\u00fd bi\u017eutern\u00ed pr\u016fmysl, kter\u00fd vyv\u00e1\u017eel 95 % produkce na sv\u011btov\u00e9 trhy. S ekonomick\u00fdm \u00fasp\u011bchem \u0161el ruku v ruce i demografick\u00fd r\u016fst. Podle s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed lidu stoupl absolutn\u00ed po\u010det N\u011bmc\u016f v \u010cSR z 3 123 568 v roce 1921 na 3 231 688 v roce 1930.<\/p>\n

Tato zd\u00e1nliv\u00e1 s\u00edla se v\u0161ak prom\u011bnila v osudovou past na podzim roku 1929 s p\u0159\u00edchodem Velk\u00e9 hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 krize. Zat\u00edmco vnitrozemsk\u00fd \u010desk\u00fd pr\u016fmysl dod\u00e1val zbo\u017e\u00ed hlavn\u011b pro dom\u00e1c\u00ed trh a st\u00e1tn\u00ed zak\u00e1zky, exportn\u011b z\u00e1visl\u00e9 pohrani\u010dn\u00ed oblasti za\u017eily po uzav\u0159en\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00fdch trh\u016f okam\u017eit\u00fd kolaps, zastaven\u00ed cel\u00fdch rev\u00edr\u016f a masovou nezam\u011bstnanost. Drastick\u00fd p\u00e1d ze \u0161pi\u010dkov\u00e9 prosperity do naprost\u00e9 chudoby vytvo\u0159il ve 30. letech \u017eivnou p\u016fdu pro radik\u00e1ln\u00ed nacionalismus.<\/p>\n

\ud835\udde0\ud835\uddfc\ud835\uddf1\ud835\uddf2\ud835\uddff\ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddf6\u0301 \ud835\uddf2\ud835\uddf8\ud835\uddfc\ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddfc\ud835\uddfa\ud835\uddf6\ud835\uddf0\ud835\uddf8\ud835\uddee\u0301 \ud835\uddfd\ud835\uddfc\ud835\uddf9\ud835\uddf6\ud835\ude01\ud835\uddf6\ud835\uddf8\ud835\uddee<\/h6>\n

\u010ceskoslovensk\u00fd st\u00e1t vsadil na t\u0159i pil\u00ed\u0159e. Krom\u011b pevn\u00e9 a stabiln\u00ed m\u011bny, vytvo\u0159en\u00e9 Ra\u0161\u00ednem, st\u00e1t podporoval proexportn\u00ed politiku. Vl\u00e1da prosadila p\u0159echod k praxi bilater\u00e1ln\u00edch smluv s nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi partnersk\u00fdmi zem\u011bmi. Praxe pevn\u00fdch smluvn\u00edch vztah\u016f se prom\u00edtla i do dom\u00e1c\u00edho pr\u00e1va. Export byl podporov\u00e1n odpisy, v\u00fdvozn\u00edmi pr\u00e9miemi \u010di r\u016fzn\u00fdmi v\u00fdhodami p\u0159i zad\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed st\u00e1tn\u00edch zak\u00e1zek, podporou veletrh\u016f \u010di v\u00fdhodn\u00fdch \u00fav\u011br\u016f. Naopak, nen\u00e1padn\u00e1, ale o to \u00fa\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed praxe \u00fatlumu dovoz\u016f pomohla vytv\u00e1\u0159et lep\u0161\u00ed podm\u00ednky pro vnit\u0159n\u00ed odbyt.<\/p>\n

Stabilizace bankovn\u00ed soustavy ve spolupr\u00e1ci se Svazem \u010deskoslovensk\u00fdch bank, pevn\u00e1 pravidla pen\u011b\u017enictv\u00ed, modern\u00ed z\u00e1kon z roku 1924 a efektivn\u00ed st\u00e1tn\u00ed dozor vytvo\u0159il infrastrukturu, kter\u00e1 obst\u00e1la nejen za konjunktury, ale i za hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 krize. Zat\u00edmco N\u011bmecko se v prvn\u00ed polovin\u011b dvac\u00e1t\u00fdch let ut\u00e1p\u011blo v hroziv\u00e9 hyperinflaci, \u010desk\u00e1 m\u011bna i bankovn\u00ed soustava tvo\u0159ila stabiln\u00ed pil\u00ed\u0159 st\u00e1tu.<\/p>\n

Nezanedbateln\u00e1 byla i vlastn\u00ed zakladatelsk\u00e1 \u010dinnost st\u00e1tu. Zbrojovka Brno, Explosie Semt\u00edn, nebo Telegrafia v Pardubic\u00edch byly modern\u00ed investice, \u0159e\u0161\u00edc\u00ed strategick\u00e9 pot\u0159eby st\u00e1tu. Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm z\u00e1jmem st\u00e1tu byly ale ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 stavby. \u0160koly v pohrani\u010d\u00ed, investice do modern\u00edch spr\u00e1vn\u00edch budov instituc\u00ed, soud\u016f, gymn\u00e1zi\u00ed \u010di nemocnic. Rychle budovan\u00e1 elektrifikace, rozv\u00edjen\u00ed silni\u010dn\u00ed a vod\u00e1rensk\u00e9 soustavy vytv\u00e1\u0159ely zcela novou realitu modern\u00edho st\u00e1tu.<\/p>\n

St\u00e1t investoval a investice rozt\u00e1\u010dely kola produkce, tvorby pracovn\u00edch m\u00edst, spot\u0159eby a v\u00fdb\u011bru dan\u00ed.
\nStejn\u011b tak zaveden\u00ed povinn\u00e9ho poji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed zam\u011bstnanc\u016f v nemoci, invalidit\u011b a ve st\u00e1\u0159\u00ed v roce 1924 vedlo ke stabilizaci pracovn\u00edch pozic.
\n\u010ceskoslovensko investovalo do vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed, v\u011bdy a v\u00fdzkumu. Pat\u0159ilo k dobr\u00e9mu t\u00f3nu ve v\u0161ech vrstv\u00e1ch spole\u010dnosti oce\u0148ovat \u00fasp\u011bchy, zalo\u017een\u00e9 na v\u011bdeck\u00e9, technick\u00e9, nebo technologick\u00e9 dovednosti a znalostech. Existovala ale \u0159ada problematick\u00fdch a t\u0159ec\u00edch ploch.<\/p>\n

\ud835\udde3\ud835\uddfc\ud835\ude07\ud835\uddf2\ud835\uddfa\ud835\uddf8\ud835\uddfc\ud835\ude03\ud835\uddee\u0301 \ud835\uddff\ud835\uddf2\ud835\uddf3\ud835\uddfc\ud835\uddff\ud835\uddfa\ud835\uddee: \ud835\udde8\u0301\ud835\uddf0\u030c\ud835\uddf2\ud835\ude01 \ud835\ude07\ud835\uddee \ud835\uddd5\ud835\uddf6\u0301\ud835\uddf9\ud835\uddfc\ud835\ude02 \ud835\uddf5\ud835\uddfc\ud835\uddff\ud835\ude02 \ud835\uddee \ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddfc\ud835\ude03\ud835\uddee\u0301 \ud835\uddf8\ud835\uddff\ud835\uddf2\ud835\ude03 \ud835\uddfd\ud835\uddff\ud835\uddfc \ud835\uddf0\u030c\ud835\uddf2\ud835\ude00\ud835\uddf8\ud835\uddfc\ud835\ude00\ud835\uddf9\ud835\uddfc\ud835\ude03\ud835\uddf2\ud835\uddfb\ud835\ude00\ud835\uddf8\ud835\ude06\u0301 \ud835\ude03\ud835\uddf2\ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddf8\ud835\uddfc\ud835\ude03<\/h6>\n

P\u0159ipome\u0148me si. Po roce 1620 a poprav\u011b \u010desk\u00fdch p\u00e1n\u016f v \u010dervnu 1621 do\u0161lo v \u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00edch k nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edmu majetkov\u00e9mu p\u0159esunu v d\u011bjin\u00e1ch zem\u011b. Dom\u00e1c\u00ed nekatolick\u00e1 \u0161lechta byla vyhn\u00e1na a jej\u00ed rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9, po stalet\u00ed budovan\u00e9 statky byly doslova zkonfiskov\u00e1ny. Panstv\u00ed, polnosti, hrady a z\u00e1mky z\u00edskaly ciz\u00ed katolick\u00e9 rody, kter\u00e9 tvo\u0159ily oporu c\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00e9 moci \u2013 a\u0165 u\u017e \u0161lo o rakousk\u00e9 Trauttmansdorffy a Eggenberky, valonsk\u00e9 Buquoye, nebo italsk\u00e9 vojensk\u00e9 velitele z rod\u016f Gallas\u016f, Piccolomini\u016f \u010di Collored\u016f. Byla to odm\u011bna za v\u011brnou slu\u017ebu v\u00edde\u0148sk\u00e9mu dvoru Habsburk\u016f.<\/p>\n

Symbolem tohoto bezohledn\u00e9ho pob\u011blohorsk\u00e9ho vzestupu se stal i Karel I. z Lichten\u0161tejna. Ten z pozice kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9ho m\u00edstodr\u017e\u00edc\u00edho a p\u0159edsedy mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9ho soudu osobn\u011b \u0159\u00eddil procesy a popravu 27 \u010desk\u00fdch p\u00e1n\u016f na Starom\u011bstsk\u00e9m n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed v \u010dervnu 1621. N\u00e1sledn\u011b mincovn\u00ed konsorcium pod jeho veden\u00edm nejprve v roce 1622 zaplavilo zemi znehodnocenou \u201edlouhou minc\u00ed\u201c, vyvolalo st\u00e1tn\u00ed bankrot a pot\u00e9, za tyto zmanipulovan\u00e9 pen\u00edze levn\u011b skoupilo zabaven\u00fd majetek vyhnan\u00fdch protestant\u016f. Takto vybudoval pro sv\u016fj rod rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 pozemkov\u00e9 dominium na Morav\u011b.<\/p>\n

V pr\u016fb\u011bhu stalet\u00ed se tato \u0161lechtick\u00e1 vrstva dr\u017eitel\u016f p\u016fdy vnit\u0159n\u011b rozd\u011blila. Nejtvrd\u0161\u00ed j\u00e1dro podpory v\u00edde\u0148sk\u00e9ho dvora tvo\u0159ila importovan\u00e1 kosmopolitn\u00ed \u0161lechta, kterou si V\u00edde\u0148 dosadila bezprost\u0159edn\u011b po pob\u011blohorsk\u00fdch konfiskac\u00edch jako p\u0159\u00edmou oporu rakousk\u00e9ho absolutismu.
\nOd n\u00ed se li\u0161ily rody, kter\u00e9 do zem\u011b p\u0159i\u0161ly v pr\u016fb\u011bhu 18. a 19. stolet\u00ed. Ty zdej\u0161\u00ed statky kupovaly sp\u00ed\u0161e jako pragmatickou ekonomickou investici. Sem pat\u0159ili nap\u0159\u00edklad Thurn-Taxisov\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u011b zbohatli na provozov\u00e1n\u00ed po\u0161tovn\u00edho monopolu v n\u011bmeck\u00fdch st\u00e1tech. V \u010cech\u00e1ch zakotvili a\u017e na sklonku 18. stolet\u00ed a pozd\u011bji prosluli jako modern\u00ed podnikatel\u00e9 v cukrovarnictv\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Zcela specifickou skupinu pak p\u0159edstavovala starobyl\u00e1 zemsk\u00e1 \u0161lechta \u010di rody s hlubok\u00fdm zemsk\u00fdm patriotismem. Tito netvo\u0159ili slep\u011b poslu\u0161n\u00e9 spr\u00e1vce monarchie. Rody si uchov\u00e1valy zemsk\u00e9 vlastenectv\u00ed, stav\u011bly se proti v\u00edde\u0148sk\u00e9mu centralismu a v dob\u00e1ch n\u00e1rodn\u00edho obrozen\u00ed podporovaly \u010deskou kulturu a emancipaci. P\u0159\u00edkladem budi\u017e Schwarzenbergov\u00e9. I p\u0159es loajalitu n\u011bkter\u00fdch \u010dlen\u016f k c\u00edsa\u0159i, kdy nap\u0159\u00edklad Felix Schwarzenberg st\u00e1l v revolu\u010dn\u00edm roce 1848 na stran\u011b monarchie, upevnil moc mlad\u00e9ho Franti\u0161ka Josefa I. a stal se rakousk\u00fdm ministersk\u00fdm p\u0159edsedou, orlick\u00e1 v\u011btev Schwarzenberg\u016f v\u00fdrazn\u011b podporovala \u010deskou kulturu, v\u011bdu a sv\u00e9bytnost. Finan\u010dn\u011b dotovala stavbu N\u00e1rodn\u00edho divadla \u010di N\u00e1rodn\u00edho muzea.<\/p>\n

Dvoru oddan\u00e1 kosmopolitn\u00ed \u0161lechta do roku 1848 dr\u017eela hlavn\u00ed ekonomick\u00fd bi\u010d: patrimoni\u00e1ln\u00ed spr\u00e1vu, soudnictv\u00ed i arm\u00e1du. \u010cesk\u00fd venkov drtila tvrd\u00e1 robota a ob\u0159\u00ed latifundia d\u011blala z dom\u00e1c\u00edch roln\u00edk\u016f pouhou n\u00e1mezdn\u00ed s\u00edlu.
\nSpolu s politickou moc\u00ed byla tato aristokracie garantem rekatolizace a n\u011bmeck\u00e9 jazykov\u00e9 dominance.
\nZat\u00edmco lid\u00e9 jako princ Rudolf Thurn-Taxis se kv\u016fli podpo\u0159e \u010desk\u00fdch radik\u00e1ln\u00edch demokrat\u016f, Sokola a Hlaholu dostali pod dohled rakousk\u00e9 tajn\u00e9 policie, konzervativn\u00ed j\u00e1dro \u0161lechty z\u016fst\u00e1valo v\u017edy loaj\u00e1ln\u00ed V\u00eddni a \u0159ada z nich pozd\u011bji podporovala i n\u011bmeck\u00fd nacionalismus.<\/p>\n

D\u011bjinn\u00fd paradox vyvrcholil ve 20. stolet\u00ed p\u0159\u00edkladn\u011b u Lichten\u0161tejn\u016f. Ti se k \u010desk\u00e9mu prost\u0159ed\u00ed nikdy nep\u0159imkli, p\u0159ihl\u00e1sili se k n\u011bmeck\u00e9 n\u00e1rodnosti (1930) a kn\u00ed\u017ee Franti\u0161ek Josef II. z Lichten\u0161tejna poskytoval podporu n\u011bmeck\u00fdm st\u00e1tn\u00edm a stranick\u00fdm organizac\u00edm, kter\u00e9 na podzim 1938 budovaly strukturu v odstoupen\u00fdch Sudetech. Nap\u0159\u00edklad krnovsk\u00fdm SA p\u0159isp\u011bl 1 000 marek na uniformy, cel\u00fdch 15 000 marek pak v listopadu t\u00e9ho\u017e roku v\u011bnoval na v\u00fdstavbu jednotek SS v Moravsk\u00e9m \u0160ternberku, Krnov\u011b a Opav\u011b.<\/p>\n

\ud835\udde6\u030c\ud835\uddf9\ud835\uddf2\ud835\uddf0\ud835\uddf5\ud835\ude01\ud835\uddee \ud835\uddfd\ud835\uddff\u030c\ud835\uddf6\ud835\ude00\u030c\ud835\uddf9\ud835\uddee \ud835\uddfc \ud835\ude01\ud835\uddf6\ud835\ude01\ud835\ude02\ud835\uddf9\ud835\ude06 \ud835\uddee \ud835\ude07\ud835\uddee \ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddee\u0301\ud835\uddf5\ud835\uddff\ud835\uddee\ud835\uddf1\ud835\ude02 \ud835\uddfc \ud835\uddfd\ud835\uddfc\ud835\ude07\ud835\uddf2\ud835\uddfa\ud835\uddf8\ud835\ude06<\/h6>\n

Hned po sv\u00e9m vzniku v prosinci 1918 nov\u00e1 \u010deskoslovensk\u00e1 republika zru\u0161ila \u0161lechtick\u00e9 tituly bez n\u00e1hrady a v roce 1919 razantn\u011b p\u0159ikro\u010dila k n\u00e1prav\u011b majetkov\u00fdch pom\u011br\u016f. Reformu dostal na starosti nov\u011b z\u0159\u00edzen\u00fd St\u00e1tn\u00ed pozemkov\u00fd \u00fa\u0159ad. Pansk\u00e1 p\u016fda byla rozd\u011blena mezi desetitis\u00edce roln\u00edk\u016f a zem\u011bd\u011blc\u016f. St\u00e1t tak pomohl vytvo\u0159it prosperuj\u00edc\u00ed a loaj\u00e1ln\u00ed vrstvu st\u0159edn\u00edch zem\u011bd\u011blc\u016f.<\/p>\n

Tento krok nelze vn\u00edmat izolovan\u011b. Byl p\u0159\u00edmou reakc\u00ed na tektonick\u00e9 ot\u0159esy cel\u00e9ho kontinentu. Hlavn\u00edm motorem byl paralyzuj\u00edc\u00ed strach evropsk\u00fdch vl\u00e1d z bol\u0161evick\u00e9ho Ruska, kde Lenin\u016fv re\u017eim po roce 1917 bez n\u00e1hrady rozdal p\u016fdu chudin\u011b. Miliony zchudl\u00fdch veter\u00e1n\u016f v Evrop\u011b p\u0159edstavovaly doutnaj\u00edc\u00ed sud prachu. Demokratick\u00e9 i autorit\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 re\u017eimy pochopily, \u017ee pokud nedaj\u00ed venkovu p\u016fdu leg\u00e1ln\u00ed cestou, roln\u00edci si ji vezmou sami a silou.
\nPozemkov\u00e1 reforma se stala politickou p\u0159ehradou proti revolu\u010dn\u00edm n\u00e1lad\u00e1m a bol\u0161evismu. Tato agr\u00e1rn\u00ed vlna zas\u00e1hla bezm\u00e1la dvacet evropsk\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f. Nejtvrd\u0161\u00ed postup zvolilo Pobalt\u00ed (Estonsko, Loty\u0161sko, Litva), kter\u00e9 bez milosti zlikvidovalo dominanci baltsk\u00fdch N\u011bmc\u016f a polsk\u00fdch velkostatk\u00e1\u0159\u016f. Latifundia padla tak\u00e9 v Jugosl\u00e1vii, \u0158ecku \u010di Rumunsku, k reform\u00e1m p\u0159ikro\u010dilo Polsko, Finsko a pod tlakem okolnost\u00ed i n\u011bmeck\u00e1 V\u00fdmarsk\u00e1 republika. Zde v\u0161ude soukrom\u00e9 venkovsk\u00e9 usedlosti a hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed nahradily p\u0159e\u017eit\u00e9 postfeud\u00e1ln\u00ed pom\u011bry.<\/p>\n

V \u010ceskoslovensku se obrovsk\u00fd majetkov\u00fd p\u0159esun, revolu\u010dn\u00ed sv\u00fdm rozsahem, prov\u00e1d\u011bl p\u0159\u00edsn\u011b pr\u00e1vn\u00ed cestou. P\u0159esto se neobe\u0161el bez skand\u00e1l\u016f a v mnoha ohledech p\u0159ipom\u00ednal divokou privatizaci po roce 1989.
\nOb\u011b n\u00e1rodnosti vn\u00edmaly v\u011bc opa\u010dn\u011b. Kdy\u017e v dubnu 1919 N\u00e1rodn\u00ed shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed schvalovalo kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd z\u00e1borov\u00fd z\u00e1kon, kter\u00fdm st\u00e1t zab\u00edral zem\u011bd\u011blskou p\u016fdu nad 150 hektar\u016f a p\u016fdu obecn\u011b nad 250 hektar\u016f, pro \u010cechy \u0161lo o hluboce pro\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd akt d\u011bjinn\u00e9 spravedlnosti a symbolick\u00e9 od\u010din\u011bn\u00ed B\u00edl\u00e9 hory.
\nNavazuj\u00edc\u00ed z\u00e1kon o p\u0159\u00edd\u011blu pak ur\u010dil, \u017ee p\u0159ednost p\u0159i z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed p\u016fdy dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed drobn\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blci, domk\u00e1\u0159i a legion\u00e1\u0159i. Naopak pro n\u011bmeckou populaci byla reforma aktem n\u00e1rodnostn\u00ed odvety a \u00fatokem na dosavadn\u00ed pravidla.<\/p>\n

\u0160lechta se musela pod\u0159\u00eddit z\u00e1kon\u016fm nov\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu. Ne\u0161lo v\u0161ak o bezohledn\u00e9 vyvlastn\u011bn\u00ed. T\u0159et\u00edm pil\u00ed\u0159em reformy byl takzvan\u00fd n\u00e1hradov\u00fd z\u00e1kon, na jeho\u017e z\u00e1klad\u011b st\u00e1t vypl\u00e1cel za zabranou p\u016fdu finan\u010dn\u00ed od\u0161kodn\u011bn\u00ed. Aristokracii nav\u00edc z\u016fstala velk\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st majetku \u2013 pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 provozy, pivovary, cukrovary, z\u00e1mky i takzvan\u00fd \u201ezbytkov\u00fd majetek\u201c pod hranic\u00ed z\u00e1boru.<\/p>\n

A o jak\u00e1 \u010d\u00edsla \u0161lo? V \u010cech\u00e1ch dr\u017eeli nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pod\u00edl Schwarzenbergov\u00e9 (p\u0159es 247 tis\u00edc hektar\u016f), desetitis\u00edce hektar\u016f vlastnili \u010cern\u00ednov\u00e9, Colloredo-Mansfeldov\u00e9, Kin\u0161t\u00ed, Lobkowiczov\u00e9, Waldsteinov\u00e9, Thun-Hohensteinov\u00e9, Thurn-Taxisov\u00e9 \u010di rod Habsbursko-Lotrinsk\u00fd. Morav\u011b vl\u00e1dli Lichten\u0161tejnov\u00e9 s v\u00edce ne\u017e 135 tis\u00edci hektary, n\u00e1sledovan\u00ed rody Salm-Reifferscheidt-Raitz, Haugwitz \u010di rod Collalto. Slezsk\u00fdm magn\u00e1tem byl Arciv\u00e9voda Bed\u0159ich (v Bezru\u010dov\u011b balad\u011b p\u0159ezd\u00edvan\u00fd \u201eMark\u00fdz Gero\u201c) s 64 tis\u00edci hektary, za n\u00edm\u017e st\u00e1li Larisch-M\u00f6nnichov\u00e9, Wilczkov\u00e9 \u010di Lichnov\u0161t\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\ud835\udde1\ud835\uddf2\u030c\ud835\uddfa\ud835\uddf0\ud835\uddf6 \ud835\uddfd\ud835\uddfc\ud835\ude07\ud835\uddf2\ud835\uddfa\ud835\uddf8\ud835\uddfc\ud835\ude03\ud835\uddfc\ud835\ude02 \ud835\uddff\ud835\uddf2\ud835\uddf3\ud835\uddfc\ud835\uddff\ud835\uddfa\ud835\ude02 \ud835\ude01\ud835\ude03\ud835\uddff\ud835\uddf1\ud835\uddf2\u030c \ud835\uddf8\ud835\uddff\ud835\uddf6\ud835\ude01\ud835\uddf6\ud835\ude07\ud835\uddfc\ud835\ude03\ud835\uddee\ud835\uddf9\ud835\uddf6<\/h6>\n

N\u011bme\u010dt\u00ed poslanci v parlamentu pr\u016fb\u011bh reformy soustavn\u011b kritizovali a s p\u0159\u00edslove\u010dnou d\u016fslednost\u00ed vypo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1vali pochyben\u00ed v ka\u017ed\u00e9m m\u011bst\u011b. Jejich hlavn\u00edm argumentem bylo, \u017ee N\u011bmci byli St\u00e1tn\u00edm pozemkov\u00fdm \u00fa\u0159adem marginalizov\u00e1ni a p\u0159ednost dost\u00e1vali v\u00fdhradn\u011b \u010ce\u0161i. St\u00e1t t\u00edm v\u0161ak sledoval strategick\u00fd c\u00edl oslabit ekonomickou moc star\u00fdch elit a pos\u00edlit \u010desk\u00fd \u017eivel v pohrani\u010d\u00ed, co\u017e p\u0159irozen\u011b vedlo k hlubok\u00e9 frustraci n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho venkovsk\u00e9ho obyvatelstva. \u010ceskoslovensk\u00e1 pozemkov\u00e1 reforma m\u011bla i sv\u00e9 stinn\u00e9 str\u00e1nky, v celoevropsk\u00e9m kontextu v\u0161ak dok\u00e1zala p\u0159etavit stalet\u00e9 pom\u011bry v modern\u00ed a stabiln\u00ed syst\u00e9m soukrom\u00e9ho dom\u00e1c\u00edho zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed, z\u00e1sobuj\u00edc\u00ed republiku.<\/p>\n

\ud835\uddd5\ud835\uddfc\ud835\uddf7 \ud835\uddfc \ud835\ude07\u030c\ud835\uddee\u0301\ud835\uddf8\ud835\uddee<\/h6>\n

Dal\u0161\u00edm typick\u00fdm probl\u00e9mem ve vztaz\u00edch se stalo vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a \u0161kolstv\u00ed. \u010ceskoslovensk\u00e1 vl\u00e1da ve snaze podpo\u0159it vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed \u010desk\u00e9ho obyvatelstva zah\u00e1jila program rozvoje \u010desk\u00fdch \u0161kol. \u0160lo o p\u0159irozenou v\u011bc. Do cel\u00e9 zem\u011b, v\u010detn\u011b \u010desk\u00e9ho pohrani\u010d\u00ed, sm\u011b\u0159ovaly rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 investice do \u0161kolsk\u00e9 infrastruktury. Do Sudet z\u00e1rove\u0148 p\u0159ich\u00e1zeli \u010ce\u0161i a vl\u00e1dy se sna\u017eily podporovat rozvoj jejich vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed.
\nN\u011bmci zde byli po stalet\u00ed p\u00e1ny situace. S rozvojem pr\u016fmyslu na konci 19. stolet\u00ed a zejm\u00e9na po vzniku \u010ceskoslovenska v roce 1918 se karta obr\u00e1tila. Praha za\u010dala do pohrani\u010d\u00ed systematicky umis\u0165ovat \u010desk\u00e9 \u0161koly, co\u017e N\u011bmci, op\u011bt, vn\u00edmali jako p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd \u00fatok na svou existenci.<\/p>\n

V\u011bc m\u011bla hlubok\u00fd historick\u00fd kontext. U\u017e p\u0159ed v\u00e1lkou n\u011bmeck\u00e9 samospr\u00e1vy odm\u00edtaly pro \u010desk\u00e9 d\u011bti otev\u00edrat \u010desk\u00e9 t\u0159\u00eddy. \u010cesk\u00e9 rodiny tak st\u00e1ly p\u0159ed slo\u017eitou volbou: bu\u010f daj\u00ed d\u00edt\u011b do n\u011bmeck\u00e9 \u0161koly, kde bude vychov\u00e1v\u00e1no v n\u011bmeck\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed, nebo z\u016fstane bez vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed. Do hry proto vstoupila \u00dast\u0159edn\u00ed matice \u0161kolsk\u00e1, kter\u00e1 z dobrovoln\u00fdch sb\u00edrek stav\u011bla v Sudetech soukrom\u00e9 \u010desk\u00e9 \u0161koly. N\u011bmci na to reagovali zakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00edm organizace Deutscher Schulverein, kter\u00e1 financovala n\u011bmeck\u00e9 \u0161koly v oblastech, kde m\u011bli v\u011bt\u0161inu \u010ce\u0161i.<\/p>\n

Metelk\u016fv z\u00e1kon z dubna 1919 ulo\u017eil st\u00e1tu povinnost z\u0159\u00eddit men\u0161inovou \u0161kolu v\u0161ude, kde \u017eilo alespo\u0148 40 d\u011bt\u00ed dan\u00e9 n\u00e1rodnosti.
\nV pohrani\u010dn\u00edch oblastech za\u010daly vyr\u016fstat modern\u00ed a skv\u011ble vybaven\u00e9 \u010desk\u00e9 \u0161koly, kter\u00e9 byly na tehdej\u0161\u00ed pom\u011bry architektonick\u00fdmi skvosty \u2013 sv\u011btl\u00e9, s t\u011blocvi\u010dnami a zahradami. Demonstrovaly s\u00edlu a kulturu nov\u00e9 republiky. Do pohrani\u010d\u00ed byli z\u00e1rove\u0148 pos\u00edl\u00e1ni \u010de\u0161t\u00ed u\u010ditel\u00e9, \u010detn\u00edci, celn\u00edci a \u017eelezni\u010d\u00e1\u0159i se sv\u00fdmi rodinami, aby zaplnili \u00fa\u0159ady a instituce a st\u00e1tn\u00ed zam\u011bstnanci m\u011bli kde vzd\u011bl\u00e1vat sv\u00e9 d\u011bti.<\/p>\n

Nov\u00e1 republika se nadechovala k rozletu. Pro sudetsk\u00e9 N\u011bmce to byl ale \u0161ok a pon\u00ed\u017een\u00ed. Sledovali, jak v m\u011bstech s p\u0159evahou n\u011bmeck\u00e9 populace rostou \u010desk\u00e9 \u0161koly, zat\u00edmco n\u011bmeck\u00e9 t\u0159\u00eddy byly leckde z \u00fasporn\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f ru\u0161eny.
\nN\u011bme\u010dt\u00ed radik\u00e1lov\u00e9 proto za\u010dali pou\u017e\u00edvat ekonomick\u00fd n\u00e1tlak. Zat\u00edmco v obdob\u00ed p\u0159ed v\u00e1lkou se v Sudetech odehr\u00e1valy p\u0159\u00edpady drastick\u00fdch \u00fatok\u016f proti \u010cech\u016fm i jejich d\u011btem \u2013 nap\u0159\u00edklad v Hustope\u010d\u00edch na ji\u017en\u00ed Morav\u011b, kde po zalo\u017een\u00ed zdej\u0161\u00ed men\u0161inov\u00e9 \u0161koly v roce 1909 muselo proti n\u011bmeck\u00fdm n\u00e1silnostem zasahovat vojsko, nebo jako v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b bo\u0159en\u00ed men\u0161inov\u00fdch \u010desk\u00fdch \u0161kol v Z\u00e1b\u0159ehu na Morav\u011b n\u011bmeck\u00fdmi nacionalisty pod veden\u00edm tov\u00e1rn\u00edka H. Brasse \u010di dvoj\u00edho zav\u0159en\u00ed \u010desk\u00e9 \u0161koly v Po\u0161torn\u00e9 na B\u0159eclavsku \u2013 v nov\u00e9 republice doch\u00e1zelo sp\u00ed\u0161e k ekonomick\u00e9 represi.
\nN\u011bme\u010dt\u00ed tov\u00e1rn\u00edci vyhazovali z pr\u00e1ce \u010desk\u00e9 d\u011bln\u00edky, kte\u0159\u00ed zapsali sv\u00e9 d\u011bti do nov\u00fdch \u010desk\u00fdch \u0161kol. N\u011bme\u010dt\u00ed majitel\u00e9 dom\u016f vypov\u00eddali n\u00e1jemn\u00ed smlouvy rodin\u00e1m, kter\u00e9 podporovaly \u010desk\u00e9 \u0161kolstv\u00ed. N\u011bmeck\u00e9 matky, kter\u00e9 z \u010dist\u011b praktick\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f, nap\u0159. kv\u016fli modern\u00edmu vybaven\u00ed, t\u011blocvi\u010dn\u00e1m nebo bezplatn\u00fdm ob\u011bd\u016fm, daly sv\u00e9 n\u011bmeck\u00e9 d\u00edt\u011b do \u010desk\u00e9 men\u0161inov\u00e9 \u0161koly, byly v komunit\u011b ozna\u010deny za zr\u00e1dkyn\u011b n\u00e1roda (Volksverr\u00e4ter).<\/p>\n

Tento \u0161kolsk\u00fd z\u00e1pas v Sudetech vytv\u00e1\u0159el v pr\u016fb\u011bhu 20. a 30. let p\u0159\u00edkopy mezi sousedy. Kdy\u017e pak ve 30. letech p\u0159i\u0161el Konrad Henlein, m\u011bl p\u016fdu dokonale p\u0159ipravenou \u2013 pro celou generaci mlad\u00fdch sudetsk\u00fdch N\u011bmc\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed vyrostli v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e neust\u00e1l\u00e9ho n\u00e1rodnostn\u00edho z\u00e1polen\u00ed, byla \u010desk\u00e1 \u0161kola, \u010desk\u00e9 instituce, \u010desk\u00e9 \u00fa\u0159ady, nebo \u010detnick\u00e9 stanice symbolem \u201e\u010desk\u00e9 okupace\u201c.<\/p>\n

\ud835\udddb\ud835\uddfc\ud835\ude00\ud835\uddfd\ud835\uddfc\ud835\uddf1\ud835\uddee\u0301\ud835\uddff\u030c\ud835\ude00\ud835\uddf8\ud835\uddee\u0301 \ud835\uddfc\ud835\uddf3\ud835\uddf2\ud835\uddfb\ud835\ude07\ud835\uddf6\u0301\ud835\ude03\ud835\uddee \ud835\uddf0\u030c\ud835\uddf2\ud835\ude00\ud835\uddf8\ud835\ude06\u0301\ud835\uddf0\ud835\uddf5 \ud835\uddf6\ud835\uddf8\ud835\uddfc\ud835\uddfb<\/h6>\n

Z\u00e1pas se odehr\u00e1val i v ekonomice. N\u011bmeck\u00fd kapit\u00e1l m\u011bl od dob monarchie dominantn\u00ed pozici. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b vzm\u00e1haj\u00edc\u00ed se \u010desk\u00e1 podnikatelsk\u00e1 elita za\u010dala dominanci n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho kapit\u00e1lu i podnik\u016f m\u011bnit a systematicky naru\u0161ovat. Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdm motorem t\u00e9to emancipace byla \u017divnostensk\u00e1 banka, kter\u00e1 systematicky financovala \u010desk\u00fd kapit\u00e1l a koncentrovala tuzemsk\u00fd pr\u016fmysl. Stejn\u011b v\u00fdznamnou roli hr\u00e1l st\u00e1t, kde v\u00fdznamnou roli hr\u00e1la snaha o vytvo\u0159en\u00ed samostatn\u00e9 a jednotn\u00e9 \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9 ekonomiky a z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed rozhoduj\u00edc\u00edch pozic pro \u010desk\u00e9 a slovensk\u00e9 etnikum.<\/p>\n

D\u00edky tomu \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9 podniky, zalo\u017een\u00e9 je\u0161t\u011b za Rakouska-Uherska, za\u017e\u00edvaly v meziv\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 konjunktu\u0159e celosv\u011btov\u00fd rozmach. \u0160koda Plze\u0148, pr\u016fmyslov\u00fd kolos Emila \u0160kody se stal jednou z nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch zbrojovek a stroj\u00edrensk\u00fdch firem v Evrop\u011b, vyv\u00e1\u017eej\u00edc\u00ed investi\u010dn\u00ed celky do cel\u00e9ho sv\u011bta.
\nV roce 1925 koupila \u0160koda Plze\u0148 oslabenou automobilku Laurin a Klement. Tov\u00e1rna v Mlad\u00e9 Boleslavi z\u00edskala siln\u00e9 finan\u010dn\u00ed z\u00e1zem\u00ed, modern\u00ed p\u00e1sovou v\u00fdrobu, logo s ok\u0159\u00eddlen\u00fdm \u0161\u00edpem a hity jako \u0160koda Popular.<\/p>\n

Konkurovaly ji dal\u0161\u00ed siln\u00e9 zna\u010dky. Vyso\u010dansk\u00e1 Pragovka byla nejprod\u00e1van\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed automobilka v meziv\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9m \u010ceskoslovensku, se slavn\u00fdmi modely Praga Piccolo nebo Alfa. Kop\u0159ivnick\u00e1 Tatra, kter\u00e1 vyrobila prvn\u00ed automobil ji\u017e v roce 1897 se pod veden\u00edm geni\u00e1ln\u00edho Hanse Ledwinky stala stroj\u00edrensk\u00fdm klenotem a presti\u017en\u00ed zna\u010dkou koncernu Ringhoffer\u016f.<\/p>\n

\u010cKD, kter\u00e9 vzniklo spojen\u00edm t\u0159\u00ed tradi\u010dn\u00edch stroj\u00edren vyrostlo v gigant, kter\u00fd motorizoval republiku. Vyr\u00e1b\u011bl v\u0161e od tramvaj\u00ed po \u0161pi\u010dkov\u00e9 tanky LT vz. 38, tehdej\u0161\u00ed sv\u011btovou extrat\u0159\u00eddu.
\nTom\u00e1\u0161 Ba\u0165a vybudoval ze skromn\u00e9 d\u00edlny (zal. 1894) glob\u00e1ln\u00ed obuvnick\u00e9 imp\u00e9rium, kter\u00e9 d\u00edky p\u00e1sov\u00e9 v\u00fdrob\u011b a unik\u00e1tn\u00edmu syst\u00e9mu \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed obouvalo sv\u011bt.
\nK\u0159i\u017e\u00edkovy elektroz\u00e1vody se staly \u010deskou obdobou General Electric. Po elektrizaci monarchie a slavn\u00e9m triumfu na Jubilejn\u00ed v\u00fdstav\u011b 1891 tvo\u0159ily K\u0159i\u017e\u00edkovy provozy, spolu s drav\u011b rostouc\u00ed firmou Emila Kolbena, kl\u00ed\u010dovou platformu pro budov\u00e1n\u00ed samostatn\u00e9 \u010desk\u00e9 energetick\u00e9 infrastruktury.
\nMan\u017eel\u00e9 Mar\u0161nerovi vybudovali z pra\u017esk\u00e9ho Orionu \u010dokol\u00e1dov\u00e9 imp\u00e9rium, rodina Z\u00e1tk\u016f ovl\u00e1dla trh s t\u011bstovinami a sodovkami, zat\u00edmco sm\u00edchovsk\u00fd Staropramen financoval \u010desk\u00e9 n\u00e1rodn\u00ed aktivity jako nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pivovar v zemi. \u010ceskoslovensko se stalo v\u00fdrobcem \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fdch letadel. Avia, Aero, \u010di Letov, v\u00fdrobci \u0161pi\u010dkov\u00fdch letadel, vznikli v\u00fdhradn\u011b v \u010desk\u00fdch rukou a pod kontrolou Prahy.<\/p>\n

Pro n\u011bmeck\u00e9 elity byl tento drav\u00fd \u00fasp\u011bch obrovsk\u00fdm \u0161okem. P\u0159ed v\u00e1lkou i t\u011bsn\u011b po n\u00ed toti\u017e v rakousko-n\u011bmeck\u00fdch kruz\u00edch panovaly posm\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 a blahosklonn\u00e9 koment\u00e1\u0159e, \u017ee samostatn\u00e9 \u010ceskoslovensko je ekonomick\u00fd nesmysl. Tvrdili, \u017ee nov\u00fd st\u00e1t bez rozs\u00e1hl\u00fdch rakousko-uhersk\u00fdch trh\u016f nep\u0159e\u017eije, hospod\u00e1\u0159sky zhavaruje a \u010ce\u0161i se d\u0159\u00edve \u010di pozd\u011bji p\u0159iplaz\u00ed zp\u00e1tky do V\u00eddn\u011b.<\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e se v\u0161ak uk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee \u010deskoslovensk\u00e1 koruna je stabiln\u00ed m\u011bnou, pr\u016fmysl drav\u011b expanduje na z\u00e1padn\u00ed trhy a \u010desk\u00e9 podniky vytla\u010duj\u00ed ty n\u011bmeck\u00e9 z dominantn\u00edch pozic, posm\u011bch vyst\u0159\u00eddala hlubok\u00e1 nacion\u00e1ln\u00ed frustrace. N\u011bme\u010dt\u00ed podnikatel\u00e9 v pohrani\u010d\u00ed za\u010dali poci\u0165ovat syndrom ztracen\u00e9ho privilegovan\u00e9ho postaven\u00ed. \u00dasp\u011bch \u010desk\u00e9ho kapitalismu nevn\u00edmali jako zdravou ekonomickou sout\u011b\u017e, ale jako z\u00e1m\u011brn\u00fd, st\u00e1tem \u0159\u00edzen\u00fd \u00fatok na n\u011bmeck\u00e9 pozice. Uzav\u0159eli se proto do hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 defenz\u00edvy a o to urputn\u011bji se sna\u017eili udr\u017eet kontrolu nad sv\u00fdmi tradi\u010dn\u00edmi odv\u011btv\u00edmi v Sudetech.<\/p>\n

\ud835\udde5\ud835\uddfc\ud835\ude07\ud835\uddf1\ud835\uddf2\u030c\ud835\uddf9\ud835\uddf2\ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddf2\u0301 \ud835\uddf2\ud835\uddf9\ud835\uddf6\ud835\ude01\ud835\ude06: \ud835\udde6\ud835\ude01\ud835\uddee\ud835\uddff\ud835\ude06\u0301 \ud835\ude03\ud835\uddf2\ud835\uddf9\ud835\uddf8\ud835\uddfc\ud835\uddf8\ud835\uddee\ud835\uddfd\ud835\uddf6\ud835\ude01\ud835\uddee\u0301\ud835\uddf9 \ud835\uddee \ud835\uddee\ud835\uddff\ud835\uddf6\ud835\ude00\ud835\ude01\ud835\uddfc\ud835\uddf8\ud835\uddff\ud835\uddee\ud835\uddf0\ud835\uddf6\ud835\uddf2<\/h6>\n

\u010cesk\u00e1 podnikatelsk\u00e1 ofenz\u00edva a st\u00e1tn\u00ed investice v\u0161ak nenar\u00e1\u017eela na pr\u00e1zdn\u00fd prostor. Protiv\u00e1hou j\u00ed byly kolosy ovl\u00e1dan\u00e9 p\u016fvodn\u00ed n\u011bmeckou a rakouskou elitou. U nich\u017e je v\u0161ak nutn\u00e9 p\u0159esn\u011b rozli\u0161ovat pojmy a motivace.<\/p>\n

Ob\u0159\u00ed V\u00edtkovick\u00e9 \u017eelez\u00e1rny, ovl\u00e1dan\u00e9 kosmopolitn\u00edm a \u017eidovsko-n\u011bmeck\u00fdm kapit\u00e1lem v\u00edde\u0148sk\u00fdch Rothschild\u016f a Guttmann\u016f, stejn\u011b jako uheln\u00e9 rev\u00edry rodiny Petschk\u016f st\u00e1ly mimo n\u011bmeck\u00fd, nato\u017e sudeton\u011bmeck\u00fd nacionalismus. V Brn\u011b n\u011bmecky mluv\u00edc\u00ed \u017eidovsk\u00e9 rodiny Tugendhat\u016f a L\u00f6w-Beer\u016f kontrolovaly mocn\u00fd textiln\u00ed a vlna\u0159sk\u00fd pr\u016fmysl. Pro tyto evropsk\u00e9 hr\u00e1\u010de byl kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd byznys a stabilita, s \u010deskoslovensk\u00fdm st\u00e1tem bez obt\u00ed\u017e\u00ed a pragmaticky spolupracovali.<\/p>\n

Osud n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho M\u011b\u0161\u0165ansk\u00e9ho pivovaru v \u010cesk\u00fdch Bud\u011bjovic\u00edch (Budweiser B\u00fcrgerbr\u00e4u), zalo\u017een\u00e9ho v roce 1795, dokonale zrcadl\u00ed bou\u0159liv\u00e9 d\u011bjiny 20. stolet\u00ed. Po vzniku \u010ceskoslovenska byl pivovar vystaven obrovsk\u00e9mu tlaku. N\u011bmeck\u00e9 veden\u00ed se zuby nehty sna\u017eilo udr\u017eet sv\u00e9 nacion\u00e1ln\u00ed pozice. Pr\u00e1v\u011b jako \u010desk\u00e1 reakce na tuto n\u011bmeckou dominanci vznikl drav\u00fd konkurent, \u010cesk\u00fd akciov\u00fd pivovar, dne\u0161n\u00ed Bud\u011bjovick\u00fd Budvar. Je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed druhou sv\u011btovou v\u00e1lkou \u010desk\u00fd Budvar poprv\u00e9 p\u0159ekonal n\u011bmeck\u00fd M\u011b\u0161\u0165ansk\u00fd pivovar v objemu v\u00fdroby, co\u017e byla pro m\u00edstn\u00ed N\u011bmce t\u011b\u017ek\u00e1 r\u00e1na.<\/p>\n

Naopak pivovar v Liberci nebo severo\u010desk\u00e1 Spolchemie byly ba\u0161tami tradi\u010dn\u00edho n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho m\u011b\u0161\u0165anstva. Tyto podniky ost\u0159e konkurovaly \u010desk\u00e9mu vlivu a tvo\u0159ily finan\u010dn\u00ed z\u00e1zem\u00ed n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho n\u00e1rodn\u00edho bloku.<\/p>\n

Velkostatk\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 aristokracie v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch rod\u016f, jako byli nap\u0159\u00edklad Larisch-M\u00f6nnichov\u00e9, vlastn\u00edci \u010dernouheln\u00fdch dol\u016f a koksoven na Karvinsku, se identifikovala s historick\u00fdm \u00fazem\u00edm, nikoli s nacion\u00e1ln\u00edm \u0161ovinismem. Tito \u0161lechtici, stejn\u011b jako loaj\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00e1stupci moravsk\u00fdch Podstatsk\u00fdch \u010di zemsky patriotick\u00fdch Czern\u00edn\u016f, p\u0159ijali \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9 ob\u010danstv\u00ed a s novou realitou z ekonomick\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f pragmaticky splynuli.
\nFascinuj\u00edc\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd kvas a triumf dom\u00e1c\u00edho kapit\u00e1lu trvaly a\u017e do konce 20. let, kdy celou strukturu rozmetal ni\u010div\u00fd n\u00e1raz Velk\u00e9 hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 krize.<\/p>\n

\ud835\uddde\ud835\uddff\ud835\uddee\ud835\uddf0\ud835\uddf5 \ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddee \ud835\uddee\ud835\uddfa\ud835\uddf2\ud835\uddff\ud835\uddf6\ud835\uddf0\ud835\uddf8\ud835\uddf2\u0301 \ud835\uddef\ud835\ude02\ud835\uddff\ud835\ude07\ud835\uddf2, \ud835\uddf8\ud835\uddff\ud835\uddf6\ud835\ude07\ud835\uddf2<\/h6>\n

Kdy\u017e p\u0159i\u0161la krize roku 1929, uvrhla nejen \u010ceskoslovensko, ale cel\u00fd sv\u011bt do velmi slo\u017eit\u00e9 situace. Krach na newyorsk\u00e9 burze v roce 1929 odstartoval sv\u011btovou hospod\u00e1\u0159skou krizi, kter\u00e1 se z Ameriky postupn\u011b p\u0159elila do v\u0161ech kout\u016f sv\u011bta. Hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 krize siln\u011b zas\u00e1hla v\u0161echny vrstvy spole\u010dnosti. Obrovsk\u00fd propad trh\u016f, \u0159et\u011bzov\u00e9 bankroty bank a firem, n\u00e1sledn\u00e1 obrovsk\u00e1 nezam\u011bstnanost po letech relativn\u00ed prosperity znamenal nejen hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd propad. Ale i z\u00e1sadn\u00ed krizi syst\u00e9mu a rychle rostouc\u00ed ned\u016fv\u011bru v politick\u00fd syst\u00e9m zalo\u017een\u00fd na demokracii a tr\u017en\u00ed ekonomice. Vedl k vl\u00e1d\u00e1m pevn\u00e9 ruky, autorit\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed a st\u00e1tn\u00edmu dirigismu. Soub\u011b\u017en\u011b, jak nar\u016fstaly arm\u00e1dy nezam\u011bstnan\u00fdch rostlo rychle vol\u00e1n\u00ed po revolu\u010dn\u00ed zm\u011bn\u011b syst\u00e9mu. Do pop\u0159ed\u00ed se v N\u011bmecku dostaly do t\u00e9 doby margin\u00e1ln\u00ed, opovrhovan\u00e9 a vysm\u00edvan\u00e9 proudy nacist\u016f a v dal\u0161\u00edch zem\u00edch rychle s\u00edlil fa\u0161ismus.<\/p>\n

V \u010ceskoslovensku krize ude\u0159ila nejprve v zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed. Kv\u016fli z\u00e1plav\u011b levn\u00e9ho dovozu ze z\u00e1mo\u0159\u00ed prudce klesly ceny obil\u00ed a cukrov\u00e9 \u0159epy, co\u017e vedlo k obrovsk\u00e9 zadlu\u017eenosti drobn\u00fdch roln\u00edk\u016f a vln\u011b exekuc\u00ed. P\u0159esto\u017ee burzovn\u00ed krach v roce 1929 nezp\u016fsobil v \u010ceskoslovensku okam\u017eitou reakci, od poloviny roku 1930 za\u010dal kv\u016fli propadu zahrani\u010dn\u00ed popt\u00e1vky prudce kolabovat pr\u016fmysl. V\u00fdvoz byl ochromen a pr\u016fmyslov\u00e1 v\u00fdroba do roku 1933 klesla t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 o 40 %. Propou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed zas\u00e1hlo statis\u00edce lid\u00ed, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e nejv\u00edce trp\u011bly tradi\u010dn\u00ed pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 oblasti. Nezam\u011bstnanost vyvrcholila v letech 1933\u20131934, kdy bylo bez pr\u00e1ce zhruba 1 milion lid\u00ed. To znamenalo obrovskou krizi.<\/p>\n

Chudoba, hladov\u00e9 pochody a st\u00e1vky znamenaly mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b rychl\u00fd n\u00e1r\u016fst soci\u00e1ln\u00edho nap\u011bt\u00ed. Prakticky bezprost\u0159edn\u011b se projevila radikalizace, jak ulice, tak i politick\u00e9 sc\u00e9ny. N\u00e1r\u016fstem podpory jak extremistick\u00fdch stran na obou okraj\u00edch politick\u00e9ho spektra, levice, komunist\u016f a na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b nacion\u00e1ln\u00edch hnut\u00ed, d\u00e1val tu\u0161it, \u017ee pokud si vl\u00e1da neporad\u00ed s kriz\u00ed, spir\u00e1la extremismu bude rychle nar\u016fstat.<\/p>\n

Vl\u00e1da v \u010dele s agr\u00e1rn\u00edky, Franti\u0161ek Udr\u017eal, pozd\u011bji Jan Malypetr se sna\u017eila situaci \u0159e\u0161it ekonomick\u00fdmi i fisk\u00e1ln\u00edmi stimuly. V letech 1934 a 1936 tehdej\u0161\u00ed vl\u00e1dy (Malypetrova a Hod\u017eova) devalvovaly korunu ve snaze podpo\u0159it export. St\u00e1t za\u010dal um\u011ble regulovat trh. Vznikl nap\u0159\u00edklad Obiln\u00ed monopol, kter\u00fd ur\u010doval pevn\u00e9 ceny obil\u00ed, aby zachr\u00e1nil zem\u011bd\u011blce p\u0159ed bankrotem. V pr\u016fmyslu vl\u00e1da nutila firmy spojovat se do syndik\u00e1t\u016f a kartel\u016f, co\u017e m\u011blo omezit konkuren\u010dn\u00ed boj a udr\u017eet ceny a inflaci.<\/p>\n

Pomoc sm\u011b\u0159ovala nezam\u011bstnan\u00fdm formou tzv. \u017eebra\u010denek. Vl\u00e1da financovala ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 stavby, \u017eeleznice, silnice, strategick\u00e9 podniky, aby vytvo\u0159ila pracovn\u00ed m\u00edsta. Tyto investice v\u0161ak sm\u011b\u0159ovaly prim\u00e1rn\u011b do vnitrozem\u00ed a na v\u00fdchod republiky, Slovensko a Podkarpatskou Rus, kter\u00e9 byly z vojensko-strategick\u00e9ho hlediska pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za bezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed.
\nNa Sudety dopadla hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 krize s mimo\u0159\u00e1dnou silou. Tradi\u010dn\u011b pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 a exportn\u00ed mal\u00e9 a st\u0159edn\u00ed podniky se ocitly bez odbytu.<\/p>\n

\ud835\uddde\ud835\uddff\ud835\uddf6\ud835\ude07\ud835\uddf2 \ud835\ude03 \ud835\udde6\ud835\ude02\ud835\uddf1\ud835\uddf2\ud835\ude01\ud835\uddf2\ud835\uddf0\ud835\uddf5<\/h6>\n

Jak hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 krize vehnala Sudety do n\u00e1ru\u010de Hitlera<\/strong><\/p>\n

V pr\u016fb\u011bhu 30. let 20. stolet\u00ed se \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9 pohrani\u010d\u00ed prom\u011bnilo v sud s prachem. Velk\u00e1 hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 krize, kter\u00e1 vypukla v roce 1929, zas\u00e1hla sudeton\u011bmeck\u00e9 oblasti s neb\u00fdvalou krutost\u00ed. Zmar a chudoba tamn\u00edho obyvatelstva vytvo\u0159ily ide\u00e1ln\u00ed \u017eivnou p\u016fdu pro raketov\u00fd vzestup Henleinovy Sudeton\u011bmeck\u00e9 strany (SdP) a radikalizaci mlad\u00e9 generace. Ta za\u010dala up\u00edrat zrak p\u0159es hranici, kde sousedn\u00ed nacistick\u00e9 N\u011bmecko ok\u00e1zale prezentovalo sv\u016fj \u201ehospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd z\u00e1zrak\u201c.
\nJak\u00e1 v\u0161ak byla realita na obou stran\u00e1ch hranice?<\/p>\n

\ud835\udde6\ud835\ude02\ud835\uddf1\ud835\uddf2\ud835\ude01\ud835\ude00\ud835\uddf8\ud835\uddee\u0301 \ud835\uddff\ud835\uddf2\ud835\uddee\ud835\uddf9\ud835\uddf6\ud835\ude01\ud835\uddee: \ud835\udde3\ud835\uddee\ud835\uddf1\ud835\uddf2\ud835\ude00\ud835\uddee\u0301\ud835\ude01\ud835\uddf6\ud835\uddfd\ud835\uddff\ud835\uddfc\ud835\uddf0\ud835\uddf2\ud835\uddfb\ud835\ude01\ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddf6\u0301 \ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddf2\ud835\ude07\ud835\uddee\ud835\uddfa\ud835\uddf2\u030c\ud835\ude00\ud835\ude01\ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddee\ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddfc\ud835\ude00\ud835\ude01 \ud835\uddee \ud835\uddfd\ud835\uddfc\ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddf6\ud835\ude07\u030c\ud835\ude02\ud835\uddf7\ud835\uddf6\u0301\ud835\uddf0\ud835\uddf6\u0301 \u201e\ud835\ude07\u030c\ud835\uddf2\ud835\uddef\ud835\uddff\ud835\uddee\ud835\uddf0\u030c\ud835\uddf2\ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddf8\ud835\ude06\u201c<\/h6>\n

Sudety byly fat\u00e1ln\u011b z\u00e1visl\u00e9 na lehk\u00e9m, exportn\u00edm pr\u016fmyslu. Skl\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed, textiln\u00ed v\u00fdroba nebo bi\u017euterie ztratily kv\u016fli glob\u00e1ln\u00edmu kolapsu trh\u016f odbyti\u0161t\u011b prakticky p\u0159es noc. To p\u0159ineslo rychle rostouc\u00ed a masovou nezam\u011bstnanost. V nejh\u016f\u0159e zasa\u017een\u00fdch okresech (Liberecko, Jablonecko) se ocitlo bez pr\u00e1ce 50 % a\u017e 60 % lid\u00ed. N\u011bmci tvo\u0159ili necelou \u010dtvrtinu obyvatel \u010cSR, ale v roce 1933 p\u0159edstavovali celou polovinu v\u0161ech nezam\u011bstnan\u00fdch v zemi.<\/p>\n

Nejen orientace na lehk\u00fd pr\u016fmysl, ale i struktura uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho pohrani\u010d\u00ed a jej\u00ed nacion\u00e1ln\u00ed specifika se obr\u00e1tily proti samotn\u00fdm N\u011bmc\u016fm. Politick\u00e9 strany, kter\u00e9 systematicky trvaly na omezen\u00e9 a nejnutn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed spolupr\u00e1ci s \u010desk\u00fdm st\u00e1tem a vehementn\u011b podporovaly vnit\u0159n\u00ed n\u011bmeck\u00e9 odta\u017een\u00ed od \u010desk\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu pr\u00e1v\u011b v krizi naprosto selhaly.
\nP\u0159\u00edkladem budi\u017e kolaps n\u011bmeck\u00fdch odbor\u016f. St\u00e1t tehdy vypl\u00e1cel podporu pouze skrze odborov\u00e9 pokladny (tzv. Gentsk\u00fd syst\u00e9m). Sudet\u0161t\u00ed N\u011bmci se v\u0161ak z nacion\u00e1ln\u00edch d\u016fvod\u016f izolovali ve vlastn\u00edch odborech. Ty pod n\u00e1porem masov\u00e9 nezam\u011bstnanosti bleskov\u011b zkrachovaly, a n\u011bme\u010dt\u00ed d\u011bln\u00edci tak z\u016fstali zcela bez pen\u011bz.<\/p>\n

Vl\u00e1da v Praze proto zavedla nouzov\u00e9 potravinov\u00e9 pouk\u00e1zky \u2013 lidov\u011b \u201e\u017eebra\u010denky\u201c v hodnot\u011b pouh\u00fdch 10 a\u017e 20 K\u010d na t\u00fdden. Pro vysoce kvalifikovan\u00e9 n\u011bmeck\u00e9 \u0159emesln\u00edky bylo st\u00e1n\u00ed ve front\u00e1ch na j\u00eddlo hlubok\u00fdm psychologick\u00fdm pon\u00ed\u017een\u00edm.<\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e st\u00e1t za\u010dal od roku 1935 masivn\u011b investovat do obrann\u00e9 infrastruktury a stavby pohrani\u010dn\u00edch bunkr\u016f, sudet\u0161t\u00ed N\u011bmci z toho nic nem\u011bli. Pra\u017esk\u00e1 vl\u00e1da se kv\u016fli bezpe\u010dnostn\u00edmu riziku a \u0161pion\u00e1\u017ei ob\u00e1vala sv\u011b\u0159it zak\u00e1zky n\u011bmeck\u00fdm firm\u00e1m. Pen\u00edze tak tekly do \u010desk\u00fdch stroj\u00edren, do ostravsk\u00fdch hut\u00ed a \u017eelez\u00e1ren a na bezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed Slovensko. Zat\u00edmco sudet\u0161t\u00ed N\u011bmci sledovali, jak rostou vojensk\u00e9 stavby a opevn\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edmo za sv\u00fdmi domy s pocitem k\u0159ivdy a diskriminace.<\/p>\n

\ud835\udddb\ud835\uddf6\ud835\ude01\ud835\uddf9\ud835\uddf2\ud835\uddff\ud835\uddfc\ud835\ude03\ud835\uddee \ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddee\ud835\uddef\ud835\uddf9\ud835\ude06\u0301\ud835\ude00\ud835\uddf8\ud835\uddee\ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddee\u0301 \ud835\uddf3\ud835\uddee\ud835\ude00\ud835\uddee\u0301\ud835\uddf1\ud835\uddee \ud835\ude07\ud835\uddff\ud835\ude02\u030a\ud835\uddf1\ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddf2\u0301\ud835\uddf5\ud835\uddfc \ud835\ude00\ud835\ude06\ud835\ude00\ud835\ude01\ud835\uddf2\u0301\ud835\uddfa\ud835\ude02<\/h6>\n

Za t\u00e9to situace p\u0159edstavovalo hitlerovsk\u00e9 N\u011bmecko po roce 1933 pro sudetsk\u00e9 N\u011bmce sv\u011btlo na konci tunelu a cestu k vysvobozen\u00ed ze zd\u00e1nliv\u011b bezv\u00fdchodn\u00e9 situace. Zat\u00edmco \u010deskoslovensk\u00e1 republika z\u00e1pasila s kriz\u00ed, sna\u017eila se udr\u017eet demokratick\u00e9 po\u0159\u00e1dky a v ekonomice bojovat standardn\u00edmi, leg\u00e1ln\u00edmi a rozpo\u010dtov\u011b odpov\u011bdn\u00fdmi postupy a prost\u0159edky, za hranicemi se odv\u00edjel gigantick\u00fd spekt\u00e1kl.<\/p>\n

Hitler, nacist\u00e9 a propagandist\u00e9 typu Goebbelse nastavovali sv\u011btu obraz N\u011bmecka jako nejpokrokov\u011bj\u0161\u00edho a \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu na sv\u011bt\u011b. Gigantick\u00e1 propagandistick\u00e1 show hrd\u011b ukazovala sv\u011btu modern\u00ed d\u00e1lnice, kter\u00e9 d\u00e1valy pr\u00e1ci statis\u00edc\u016fm nezam\u011bstnan\u00fdch. Lidov\u00e9 auto, Volkswagen, kter\u00e9 slibovalo motorizaci ka\u017ed\u00e9 rodiny, \u010di levn\u00e9 st\u00e1tn\u00ed dovolen\u00e9 a ozdravn\u00e9 plavby pro d\u011bln\u00edky v r\u00e1mci programu Kraft durch Freude (Radost\u00ed k s\u00edle).<\/p>\n

Hitlerovi se investicemi do infrastruktury poda\u0159ilo zabr\u00e1nit nezam\u011bstnanosti a kdy\u017e v roce 1936 N\u011bmecko uspo\u0159\u00e1dalo Olympijsk\u00e9 hry, byl pohled na nabl\u00fdskanou, sportem z\u00e1\u0159\u00edc\u00ed a mezin\u00e1rodn\u011b uzn\u00e1vanou T\u0159et\u00ed \u0159\u00ed\u0161i definitivn\u00edm potvrzen\u00edm, \u017ee Hitler je v\u00edt\u011bz a budoucnost pat\u0159\u00ed jemu.
\nFas\u00e1da olympijsk\u00e9ho Berl\u00edna tak dokonale zakryla fakt, \u017ee hned za m\u011bstem u\u017e v t\u00e9 dob\u011b vznikal koncentra\u010dn\u00ed t\u00e1bor Sachsenhausen. Z ulic Berl\u00edna byly na p\u0159\u00edkaz Goebbelse do\u010dasn\u011b odstran\u011bny v\u0161echny antisemitsk\u00e9 n\u00e1pisy, cedule \u201e\u017did\u016fm vstup zak\u00e1z\u00e1n\u201c \u010di tiskoviny jako \u0161tvav\u00fd pl\u00e1tek Der St\u00fcrmer. Zahrani\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edci tak vid\u011bli \u010dist\u00e9, bezpe\u010dn\u00e9, prosperuj\u00edc\u00ed a zd\u00e1nliv\u011b tolerantn\u00ed N\u011bmecko.<\/p>\n

Z pohledu mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed presti\u017ee a propagandy \u0161lo o triumf\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fasp\u011bch Adolfa Hitlera a jeho ministra propagandy Josepha Goebbelse. Olympi\u00e1da byla dokonal\u00e1 kou\u0159ov\u00e1 clona, kter\u00e1 na dva t\u00fddny zakryla zr\u016fdnou realitu t\u0159et\u00ed \u0159\u00ed\u0161e.<\/p>\n

Tento z\u00e1\u0159iv\u00fd obraz blahobytu a pln\u00e9 zam\u011bstnanosti byl pouze obrovsk\u00fdm podvodem. Cel\u00fd Hitler\u016fv syst\u00e9m byl ekonomick\u00fdm letadlem, kter\u00e9 od po\u010d\u00e1tku sm\u011b\u0159ovalo k jedin\u00e9mu c\u00edli. K agresivn\u00ed a loupe\u017eiv\u00e9 v\u00e1lce. Zbrojen\u00ed toti\u017e nebylo pouh\u00fdm restartem pr\u016fmyslu, ale p\u0159\u00edmou p\u0159\u00edpravou na konflikt, kter\u00fd m\u011bl ob\u0159\u00ed dluhy smazat.<\/p>\n

\ud835\uddd7\ud835\uddff\ud835\uddee\ud835\uddf8\ud835\uddfc\ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddf6\ud835\uddf0\ud835\uddf8\ud835\uddf2\u0301 \ud835\ude07\ud835\uddee\u0301\ud835\uddf8\ud835\uddf9\ud835\uddee\ud835\uddf1\ud835\ude06 \ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddee\ud835\uddf0\ud835\uddf6\ud835\ude00\ud835\ude01\ud835\uddf6\ud835\uddf0\ud835\uddf8\ud835\uddf2\u0301 \ud835\uddf2\ud835\uddf8\ud835\uddfc\ud835\uddfb\ud835\uddfc\ud835\uddfa\ud835\uddf6\ud835\uddf8\ud835\ude06<\/h6>\n

Domn\u011bl\u00fd n\u011bmeck\u00fd \u00fasp\u011bch st\u00e1l na t\u0159ech zr\u016fdn\u00fdch pil\u00ed\u0159\u00edch, kter\u00e9 nacistick\u00fd re\u017eim dr\u017eely nad vodou. Zbrojen\u00ed na gigantick\u00fd tajn\u00fd dluh a v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e1 ma\u0161inerie byla financov\u00e1na fiktivn\u00edm platebn\u00edm syst\u00e9mem, tzv. sm\u011bnkami Mefo. Nacist\u00e9 tiskli miliardy marek mimo ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed rozpo\u010det s v\u011bdom\u00edm, \u017ee tyto ob\u0159\u00ed dluhy \u0158\u00ed\u0161e zaplat\u00ed a\u017e z v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 ko\u0159isti \u2013 z vyplundrov\u00e1n\u00ed dobyt\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b \u010ceskoslovenska.<\/p>\n

St\u00e1tn\u00ed loupe\u017e zvan\u00e1 arizace byla skryt\u00fdm ekonomick\u00fdm stimulem nacistick\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e. Kdy\u017e za\u010daly doch\u00e1zet finan\u010dn\u00ed rezervy, re\u017eim si vylep\u0161il bilanci brut\u00e1ln\u00edm vyvlastn\u011bn\u00edm \u017eidovsk\u00e9ho majetku. \u017did\u00e9 byli donuceni odevzdat sv\u00e9 banky, tov\u00e1rny a obchody st\u00e1tu za zlomek ceny. Zabaven\u00e9 domy, byty a lukrativn\u00ed pozice pak nacist\u00e9 rozd\u00e1vali vlastn\u00edm loaj\u00e1ln\u00edm funkcion\u00e1\u0159\u016fm, \u010d\u00edm\u017e si re\u017eim kupoval v\u011brnost nacist\u016f i mas.<\/p>\n

Spojenectv\u00ed s ocel\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdmi kr\u00e1li Kruppem a Thyssenem \u010di chemick\u00fdm megakoncernem IG Farben znamenalo pragmatick\u00e9 spojenectv\u00ed nacist\u016f s nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edmi pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdmi magn\u00e1ty. Tyto korporace z\u00edskaly obrovsk\u00e9, st\u00e1tem garantovan\u00e9 zisky ze zbrojen\u00ed. V\u00fdm\u011bnou za to pln\u011b pod\u0159\u00eddily sv\u00e9 tov\u00e1rny v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9mu pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e jak Hitler, tak pr\u016fmysln\u00edci dop\u0159edu kalkulovali s mo\u017enost\u00ed, \u017ee po budouc\u00ed vojensk\u00e9 invazi pohlt\u00ed konkuren\u010dn\u00ed podniky na okupovan\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00edch.
\nCo\u017e se pot\u00e9 tak\u00e9 stalo.<\/p>\n

Reichswerke Hermann G\u00f6ring po obsazen\u00ed \u010ceskoslovenska systematicky a pod tlakem pohltila kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 pil\u00ed\u0159e \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9ho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed. V\u00edtkovick\u00e9 horn\u00ed a hutn\u00ed t\u011b\u017e\u00ed\u0159stvo a Severn\u00ed dr\u00e1hy Ferdinandovy, ob\u0159\u00ed t\u011b\u017ea\u0159sk\u00fd komplex dol\u016f, hut\u00ed a koksoven, nutn\u00fdch pro chod arm\u00e1dy. \u0160kodovy z\u00e1vody v Plzni, klenot \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9ho zbrojn\u00edho pr\u016fmyslu, musela okam\u017eit\u011b zastavit vlastn\u00ed v\u00fdvoj a pln\u011b se pod\u0159\u00eddit n\u011bmeck\u00e9 v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 v\u00fdrob\u011b. Produkovala pot\u00e9 d\u011bla, munici, tanky a sou\u010d\u00e1sti pro n\u011bmeck\u00fd zbrojn\u00ed program. Zbrojovku Brno, v\u00fdrobce sv\u011btozn\u00e1m\u00fdch kulomet\u016f a pu\u0161ek potkal stejn\u00fd osud. Byla za\u010dlen\u011bna pod n\u011bmeck\u00e9 veden\u00ed a jej\u00ed kapacity byly stoprocentn\u011b vyt\u00ed\u017eeny v\u00fdrobou p\u011bchotn\u00edch zbran\u00ed pro nacistick\u00e1 vojska. Pro nacisty to byl skv\u011bl\u00fd \u00falovek.<\/p>\n

\ud835\udde7\ud835\uddff\ud835\uddee\ud835\uddf4\ud835\uddf6\ud835\uddf0\ud835\uddf8\ud835\ude06\u0301 \ud835\uddfd\ud835\uddee\ud835\uddff\ud835\uddee\ud835\uddf1\ud835\uddfc\ud835\ude05 \ud835\ude00\ud835\ude02\ud835\uddf1\ud835\uddf2\ud835\ude01\ud835\ude00\ud835\uddf8\ud835\uddf2\u0301\ud835\uddf5\ud835\uddfc \ud835\udde1\ud835\uddf2\u030c\ud835\uddfa\ud835\uddf0\ud835\uddf2<\/h6>\n

Sudet\u0161t\u00ed N\u011bmci, oslepeni nabl\u00fdskanou fas\u00e1dou t\u0159et\u00ed \u0159\u00ed\u0161e a dept\u00e1ni vlastn\u00ed chudobou, vnit\u0159n\u00ed prohnilost a neudr\u017eitelnost nacistick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu nevid\u011bli, nebo vid\u011bt necht\u011bli. Pod heslem \u201eDom\u016f do \u0158\u00ed\u0161e\u201c (\ud835\udddb\ud835\uddf2\ud835\uddf6\ud835\uddfa \ud835\uddf6\ud835\uddfb\ud835\ude00 \ud835\udde5\ud835\uddf2\ud835\uddf6\ud835\uddf0\ud835\uddf5) v roce 1938 dobrovoln\u011b zlikvidovali demokratick\u00e9 \u010ceskoslovensko. Vym\u011bnili sice chudou a kriz\u00ed zasa\u017eenou, ale svobodnou demokracii za v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fd stroj.<\/p>\n

Ten je sice na chv\u00edli zbavil nezam\u011bstnanosti, ale o p\u00e1r let pozd\u011bji poslal jejich syny um\u00edrat na fronty druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky a celou komunitu odsoudil k pov\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9mu vyhn\u00e1n\u00ed. Dal\u0161\u00ed rovinou je fakt, \u017ee n\u011bmeck\u00fd \u201ehospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd z\u00e1zrak\u201c, kter\u00fdm byl sudeton\u011bmeck\u00fd d\u011bln\u00edk ve 30. letech tak fascinov\u00e1n, nesm\u011b\u0159oval k \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9mu soci\u00e1ln\u00edmu blahobytu. Ale k tomu, aby zotro\u010den\u00e9 \u010desk\u00e9 podniky platily koncernu nesouc\u00edmu G\u00f6ringovo jm\u00e9no miliardov\u00e9 zisky, kter\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edmo financovaly nacistick\u00fd v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fd stroj.<\/p>\n

V p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00edm d\u00edle:<\/strong> Hitlerova p\u00e1t\u00e1 kolona a vyh\u00e1n\u011bn\u00ed \u010desk\u00fdch rodin ze Sudet, 1933 – 1938<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

FB<\/strong>\u00a0\u2013\u00a0David MARTINEK<\/strong><\/a>,\u00a0<\/strong><\/a>publicista<\/strong>,\u00a0re\u017eis\u00e9r, producent ve spole\u010dnosti\u00a0David Martinek Production<\/strong>
\n(Poch\u00e1z\u00edm z Krnova, oblasti Sudet, kde po roce 1918 do\u0161lo k vyhl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed provincie Sudetenland. Odkud tak\u00e9 vzniklo pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ozna\u010den\u00ed pohrani\u010dn\u00edch oblast\u00ed jako “Sudety”).<\/p>\n

\n

 <\/p>\n

Jin\u00e9 \u010dl\u00e1nky autora:<\/h4>\n

DAVID MARTINEK: Landsmanschaft. Nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 kolo dal\u0161\u00ed kulturn\u00ed v\u00e1lky v \u010cesku<\/a><\/h6>\n
DAVID MARTINEK: Kupka hnoje<\/a><\/h6>\n
DAVID MARTINEK: Chozen\u00ed pozp\u00e1tku<\/a><\/h6>\n
DAVID MARTINEK: V oku ork\u00e1nu. Do \u010desk\u00fdch voleb zb\u00fdvaj\u00ed t\u0159i dny<\/a><\/h6>\n
DAVID MARTINEK: Evropsk\u00e9 selh\u00e1n\u00ed na Ukrajin\u011b v roce 2014. Moment, kdy EU ztratila Ukrajinu<\/a><\/h6>\n
DAVID MARTINEK: Den p\u0159ed setk\u00e1n\u00edm na Alja\u0161ce<\/a><\/h6>\n
DAVID MARTINEK: Vnimanie! Vnimanie!<\/a><\/h6>\n
DAVID MARTINEK: P\u00e1d Gile\u00e1du<\/a><\/h6>\n
DAVID MARTINEK: Mistr Jan Hus<\/a><\/h6>\n
DAVID MARTINEK: Decroix. Spravedlnost v nouzov\u00e9m re\u017eimu<\/a><\/h6>\n
DAVID MARTINEK: Casus belli<\/a><\/h6>\n
DAVID MARTINEK: 80 let od konce druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky<\/a><\/h6>\n
DAVID MARTINEK: Report\u00e1\u017e psan\u00e1 na benz\u00ednce<\/a><\/h6>\n
DAVID MARTINEK: Jak ukazuj\u00ed produkce parti\u010dek, usazen\u00fdch v televizi od pofid\u00e9rn\u00ed \u201ctelevizn\u00ed revoluce\u201d, ve\u0159ejnopr\u00e1vn\u00ed televize je d\u00e1vno za zenitem<\/a><\/h6>\n
DAVID MARTINEK: P\u0159\u00edb\u011bh hoch\u0161taplera je u konce<\/a><\/h6>\n
DAVID MARTINEK: Den kolaborant\u016f<\/a><\/h6>\n
DAVID MARTINEK: Pr\u016flom<\/a><\/h6>\n
DAVID MARTINEK: Styd\u00edm se za Petra Fialu<\/a><\/h6>\n
DAVID MARTINEK: V\u011bdom\u00ed, ve v\u00edru v\u011bk\u016f<\/a><\/h6>\n
DAVID MARTINEK: Traktory v Praze. Protest zem\u011bd\u011blc\u016f proti Green Dealu. Evropsk\u00e1 unie a dom\u00e1c\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed<\/a><\/h6>\n
DAVID MARTINEK: Raku\u0161anovo karvinsk\u00e9 extempore<\/a><\/h6>\n
DAVID MARTINEK: Skirmish diletant\u016f vs. princip budov\u00e1n\u00ed st\u00e1tu<\/a><\/h6>\n

 <\/p>\n

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1918-1933 V <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":377368,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"gallery","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[70,11,85,118],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/07\/martinek-anatomie.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/377317"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=377317"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/377317\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":377320,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/377317\/revisions\/377320"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/377368"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=377317"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=377317"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=377317"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}