{"id":369663,"date":"2026-03-03T13:37:11","date_gmt":"2026-03-03T12:37:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=369663"},"modified":"2026-03-03T13:39:15","modified_gmt":"2026-03-03T12:39:15","slug":"aktuality-cesti-vedci-zaznamenali-na-marsu-elektricky-vyboj-pripominajici-pozemske-blesky","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=369663","title":{"rendered":"AKTUALITY: \u010ce\u0161t\u00ed v\u011bdci zaznamenali na Marsu elektrick\u00fd v\u00fdboj p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00ed pozemsk\u00e9 blesky"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u010ce\u0161t\u00ed v\u011bdci uk\u00e1zali, \u017ee v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e Marsu doch\u00e1z\u00ed k elektrick\u00fdm v\u00fdboj\u016fm podobn\u00fdm blesk\u016fm. \u010cty\u0159\u010dlenn\u00e9mu v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9mu t\u00fdmu z Matematicko-fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed fakulty Univerzity Karlovy a \u00dastavu fyziky atmosf\u00e9ry Akademie v\u011bd \u010cR se to poda\u0159ilo na z\u00e1klad\u011b m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed americk\u00e9 sondy MAVEN. Ta od roku 2014 ob\u00edh\u00e1 kolem planety Mars a poskytuje otev\u0159en\u00e1 data pro v\u011bdeckou komunitu.<\/h6>\n

\"\"Planeta Mars nem\u00e1 na rozd\u00edl od Zem\u011b glob\u00e1ln\u00ed magnetick\u00e9 pole, ale pouze pole lok\u00e1ln\u00ed vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00e1 zmagnetizovan\u00fdm materi\u00e1lem v k\u016f\u0159e planety. Jej\u00ed atmosf\u00e9ra je \u0159\u00eddk\u00e1 a blesky na n\u00ed nevznikaj\u00ed ve vodn\u00edch oblac\u00edch, ale v prachov\u00fdch bou\u0159\u00edch a prachov\u00fdch rar\u00e1\u0161c\u00edch. Aby sonda mohla sign\u00e1l od blesku zachytit, muselo se sej\u00edt n\u011bkolik podm\u00ednek: v\u00fdboj vznikl v m\u00edst\u011b se siln\u00fdm a t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 vertik\u00e1ln\u00edm magnetick\u00fdm polem, vytvo\u0159en\u00e1 elektromagnetick\u00e1 vlna pro\u0161la ionosf\u00e9rou bez \u00fapln\u00e9ho utlumen\u00ed, sonda byla v dan\u00fd \u010das ve spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ce a poloze a p\u0159\u00edstroj pr\u00e1v\u011b pracoval v re\u017eimu, kter\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148oval pot\u0159ebn\u00e1 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\n

B\u011bhem v\u00fdboje vznik\u00e1 velmi kr\u00e1tk\u00fd siln\u00fd proud, kter\u00fd vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed m\u011bn\u00edc\u00ed se magnetick\u00e9 a elektrick\u00e9 pole, a t\u00edm i elektromagnetickou vlnu \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00edc\u00ed se do v\u0161ech sm\u011br\u016f. Jej\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st pronik\u00e1 a\u017e do ionosf\u00e9ry, kde se vlna zpomal\u00ed a r\u016fzn\u00e9 frekvence putuj\u00ed r\u016fznou rychlost\u00ed. Sonda na ob\u011b\u017en\u00e9 dr\u00e1ze Marsu tak nezachyt\u00ed cel\u00fd sign\u00e1l najednou, jako prvn\u00ed ji dostihnou vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed frekvence, proto\u017ee se \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed rychlost\u00ed. Pokud bychom takov\u00fd zachycen\u00fd sign\u00e1l p\u0159evedli na zvuk, sly\u0161eli bychom nejprve vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed t\u00f3ny postupn\u011b n\u00e1sledovan\u00e9 ni\u017e\u0161\u00edmi.<\/p>\n

\u201eProch\u00e1zel jsem data od po\u010d\u00e1tku mise a po automatick\u00e9m odfiltrov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1znam\u016f zm\u011b\u0159en\u00fdch sondou mimo oblasti siln\u00fdch magnetick\u00fdch pol\u00ed \u010di na p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 vysok\u00fdch v\u00fd\u0161k\u00e1ch jsem v tis\u00edc\u00edch mo\u017en\u00fdch z\u00e1znam\u016f na\u0161el pouze jedin\u00fd elektromagnetick\u00fd sign\u00e1l blesku, takzvan\u00fd hvizd,\u201c<\/em> komentuje sv\u016fj objev z prosince 2024 Franti\u0161ek N\u011bmec z Matematicko-fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed fakulty Univerzity Karlovy (MFF UK).<\/p>\n

V\u00fdzkumn\u00edci pak za\u010dali pracovat na pe\u010dliv\u00e9m ov\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed, zda skute\u010dn\u011b jde o projev v\u00fdboje v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e planety. \u201eNa z\u00e1klad\u011b p\u0159edchoz\u00edch v\u00fdpo\u010dt\u016f, laboratorn\u00edch pokus\u016f i pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed blesk\u016f v prachov\u00fdch vle\u010dk\u00e1ch pozemsk\u00fdch vulk\u00e1n\u016f jsme elektrick\u00e9 v\u00fdboje v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e Marsu sice v\u0161ichni o\u010dek\u00e1vali, ale a\u017e do t\u00e9 chv\u00edle je nikdo nezaznamenal,\u201c<\/em> dopl\u0148uje Ond\u0159ej Santol\u00edk z \u00dastavu fyziky atmosf\u00e9ry Akademie v\u011bd \u010cR (\u00daFA AV \u010cR) a MFF UK.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdrazn\u011b siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdboj<\/h6>\n

Sonda MAVEN zkoumala atmosf\u00e9ru Marsu a jej\u00ed interakce se Sluncem od roku 2014 a\u017e do ztr\u00e1ty spojen\u00ed v roce 2025. Jeden z p\u0159\u00edstroj\u016f m\u011b\u0159il elektromagnetick\u00e9 vlny, ale s ohledem na mno\u017estv\u00ed dat, kter\u00e9 bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 p\u0159en\u00e9st na Zemi, mohl m\u011b\u0159it jen ve vybran\u00fdch \u010dasech a zaznamenal ka\u017edou vte\u0159inu pouze tis\u00edc hodnot. V obdob\u00ed okolo 21. \u010dervna 2015, kdy sonda zachytila sign\u00e1l z bleskov\u00e9ho v\u00fdboje, nebyla na Marsu zaznamen\u00e1na \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 rozs\u00e1hl\u00e1 prachov\u00e1 bou\u0159e, ale v\u011bdci nevylu\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee \u0161lo o lok\u00e1ln\u00ed jev.<\/p>\n

Pro potvrzen\u00ed teorie o vzniku detekovan\u00e9ho sign\u00e1lu provedla doktorandka Kate\u0159ina Rosick\u00e1 detailn\u00ed simulace pr\u016fchodu vlny ionosf\u00e9rou planety. Vych\u00e1zela z metod pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch pro Zemi, kter\u00e9 upravila na p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dan\u00e9 slo\u017een\u00ed ionosf\u00e9ry Marsu. V\u00fdpo\u010dty potvrdily pozorovan\u00e9 zpo\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch frekvenc\u00ed a rovn\u011b\u017e pozorovan\u00fd v\u00fdrazn\u00fd \u00fatlum vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch frekvenc\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Aby tento hvizd mohla sonda na ob\u011b\u017en\u00e9 dr\u00e1ze zachytit, musel b\u00fdt zdrojov\u00fd blesk v\u00fdrazn\u011b siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e ob\u010dasn\u00e9 drobn\u00e9 v\u00fdboje zm\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 v letech 2021\u20132024 voz\u00edtkem Perseverance p\u0159\u00edmo na povrchu Marsu. Prvn\u00ed zpr\u00e1vu o jejich akustick\u00fdch a elektrick\u00fdch projevech podal mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed t\u00fdm autor\u016f kr\u00e1tce p\u0159edt\u00edm, ne\u017e \u010de\u0161t\u00ed v\u00fdzkumn\u00edci zve\u0159ejnili sv\u016fj objev detekce blesku z ob\u011b\u017en\u00e9 dr\u00e1hy okolo Marsu.<\/p>\n

Nov\u00e1 dvojice sond<\/h6>\n

T\u00fdmy z Matematicko-fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed fakulty UK a odd\u011blen\u00ed kosmick\u00e9 fyziky \u00dastavu fyziky atmosf\u00e9ry AV \u010cR jsou dlouhodob\u011b aktivn\u00ed v nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch kosmick\u00fdch projektech. Pod\u00edlej\u00ed se nap\u0159\u00edklad na n\u00e1vrhu p\u0159\u00edstroj\u016f pro dvojici sond mise M-MATISSE, kter\u00e1, bude-li vybr\u00e1na, by m\u011bla odstartovat v roce 2037, ob\u00edhat planetu Mars minim\u00e1ln\u011b po dobu dvou let a zkoumat jej\u00ed atmosf\u00e9ru, ionosf\u00e9ru a magnetosf\u00e9ru. \u201ePro hled\u00e1n\u00ed stop bleskov\u00fdch v\u00fdboj\u016f bude l\u00e9pe vybavena ne\u017e jej\u00ed p\u0159edch\u016fdkyn\u011b MAVEN,\u201c<\/em> poznamen\u00e1v\u00e1 spoluautorka studie a \u010dlenka V\u011bdeck\u00e9 studijn\u00ed skupiny Evropsk\u00e9 kosmick\u00e9 agentury pro misi M-MATISSE Ivana Kolma\u0161ov\u00e1 z \u00daFA AV \u010cR a MFF UK.<\/p>\n

Hvizd \u2013 tento jev lid\u00e9 poprv\u00e9 usly\u0161eli po\u010d\u00e1tkem 20. stolet\u00ed na telefonn\u00edch link\u00e1ch. Pozd\u011bji se uk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee jeho v\u00fdskyt je spojen s blesky na opa\u010dn\u00e9 polokouli. Mechanismus vzniku hvizd\u016f a vysv\u011btlen\u00ed, pro\u010d ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed frekvence doraz\u00ed pozd\u011bji, v\u0161ak popsal L. R. O. Storey a\u017e v roce 1953.<\/p>\n

Text a foto: (tz-av\u010dr)<\/strong><\/p>\n

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