{"id":355745,"date":"2026-09-02T20:16:36","date_gmt":"2026-09-02T19:16:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=355745"},"modified":"2026-09-02T20:16:36","modified_gmt":"2026-09-02T19:16:36","slug":"stara-sumava-a-posumavi-o-skolni-druzine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=355745","title":{"rendered":"STAR\u00c1 \u0160UMAVA A PO\u0160UMAV\u00cd: O \u0161koln\u00ed dru\u017ein\u011b"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u00datulky m\u011bly funkci p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm soci\u00e1ln\u00ed, dohl\u00ed\u017eely na d\u011bti \u0161kolou povinn\u00e9, staraly se o jejich bezpe\u010d\u00ed a sna\u017eily se je zabavit tak, aby zabr\u00e1nily p\u00e1ch\u00e1n\u00ed nepat\u0159i\u010dn\u00e9mu krimin\u00e1ln\u00edmu chov\u00e1n\u00ed. \u010cinnosti, kter\u00fdm se v t\u011bchto \u00fatulc\u00edch v\u011bnovali, byly velmi pestr\u00e9 a na tehdej\u0161\u00ed dobu pokrokov\u00e9.<\/h6>\n

V\u00fdchovy mimo vyu\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u00e1 v na\u0161\u00ed zemi dlouholetou tradici. Pozornost j\u00ed v\u011bnoval u\u017e Jan \u00c1mos Komensk\u00fd, kter\u00fd zd\u016fraz\u0148oval v\u00fdznam her a z\u00e1rove\u0148 upozor\u0148oval na mo\u017en\u00e9 p\u0159et\u011b\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed d\u011bt\u00ed dom\u00e1c\u00edmi \u00fakoly. Ve sv\u00e9m voln\u00e9m \u010dase se v\u00fdchov\u011b mimo vyu\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u011bnovali mnoz\u00ed osv\u00edcen\u00ed u\u010ditel\u00e9. Ti se sna\u017eili v\u00e9st d\u011bti k l\u00e1sce k p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b, u\u010dili je pozn\u00e1vat historii zem\u011b i sv\u00e9ho okol\u00ed, hr\u00e1li s nimi divadlo a rozv\u00edjeli jejich hudebn\u00ed nad\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdvoj za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, pokusy o \u201ehl\u00edd\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c bezprizorn\u00fdch d\u011bt\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdmi dobrovolnick\u00fdmi institucemi a\u017e po sou\u010dasnost.<\/p>\n

Nejprve do\u0161lo na konci 19. stolet\u00ed k zakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed \u00fatulk\u016f pro \u0161koln\u00ed ml\u00e1de\u017e, co\u017e byly \u00fastavy, z velk\u00e9 v\u011bt\u0161iny z\u0159izovan\u00e9 obc\u00ed, do kter\u00fdch byly p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1ny d\u011bti chud\u00fdch rodi\u010d\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed se o n\u011b nemohli postarat z d\u016fvodu nemoci, nebo pr\u00e1ce. Tyto \u00fatulky byly z\u0159izov\u00e1ny zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 pro chlapce i d\u00edvky.<\/p>\n

V Praze byly \u00fatulky d\u00edlem Josefa \u0160auera z Augenburgu, kter\u00fd si vzal za vzor podobn\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00edch v Bavorsku a Prusku. Na jeho popud v roce 1885 doporu\u010dila okresn\u00ed \u0161koln\u00ed rada m\u011bstsk\u00e9 rad\u011b pra\u017esk\u00e9 z\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed takov\u00e9to instituce. Dne 18.5.1886 byl tedy slavnostn\u011b otev\u0159en prvn\u00ed \u00fatulek pro chlapce a d\u00edvky na Vy\u0161ehrad\u011b. Brzy n\u00e1sledovaly dal\u0161\u00ed v Hole\u0161ovic\u00edch, v Karl\u00edn\u011b, na Hrad\u010danech nebo na Vinohradech. Zahrnovaly hry, cvi\u010den\u00ed, pln\u011bn\u00ed \u0161koln\u00edch povinnost\u00ed, v\u00fdlety, ale i \u010dinnosti v\u00fdtvarn\u00e9, hudebn\u00ed, liter\u00e1rn\u00ed, nebo vlastiv\u011bdn\u00e9. V\u011bnovaly se tak\u00e9 rozvoji r\u016fzn\u00fdch pracovn\u00edch dovednost\u00ed d\u011bt\u00ed, kter\u00e9 je pak mohly nasm\u011brovat k budouc\u00edmu povol\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Ho\u0161i se v\u011bnovali lepenk\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed, vyr\u00e1b\u011bn\u00ed ze d\u0159eva, pleten\u00ed ko\u0161\u00edk\u016f, d\u011bv\u010data pak \u0161it\u00ed, h\u00e1\u010dkov\u00e1n\u00ed, vy\u0161\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed, nebo v\u00fdrob\u011b um\u011bl\u00fdch kv\u011btin. N\u011bkter\u00e9 \u00fatulky m\u011bly zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed m\u00edstnosti pro svou pot\u0159ebu nap\u0159. vy\u0161ehradsk\u00fd \u00fatulek, jin\u00e9 byly um\u00edst\u011bny ve \u0161koln\u00edch u\u010debn\u00e1ch. Byla zachov\u00e1v\u00e1na snaha, aby ka\u017ed\u00fd z \u00fatulk\u016f m\u011bl sv\u00e9 h\u0159i\u0161t\u011b, n\u011bkter\u00e9, jako nap\u0159. \u00fatulek v Hole\u0161ovic\u00edch nebo Hrad\u010danech, m\u011bly dokonce svou zahr\u00e1dku na p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00ed kv\u011btin a zeleniny. D\u011bti \u00fatulky nav\u0161t\u011bvovaly po ukon\u010den\u00ed \u0161koln\u00edho vyu\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed a z\u016fst\u00e1vat zde mohly v zim\u011b do 6 hodin a v l\u00e9t\u011b do 7 hodin ve\u010der. V \u00fatulc\u00edch byla tak\u00e9 o zabezpe\u010den\u00ed alespo\u0148 jednoho j\u00eddla denn\u011b. D\u011bti mohly dostat kousek chleba, nebo v zim\u011b teplou pol\u00e9vku.<\/p>\n

V person\u00e1ln\u00edm zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a veden\u00ed \u00fatulk\u016f byl zaznamen\u00e1m modern\u00ed po\u010din v p\u00e9\u010di o d\u011bti. Zabezpe\u010dovaly ji zde vychovatelky a odborn\u00ed u\u010ditel\u00e9. Vychovatelky z \u0159ad u\u010ditelek obecn\u00e9 \u0161koly musely vykonat zkou\u0161ku z vychovatelstv\u00ed, zp\u011bvu a \u010desk\u00e9ho jazyka. Dal\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdvojov\u00fdm mezn\u00edkem ve v\u00fdvoji mimo\u0161koln\u00ed v\u00fdchovy a rozvoji dru\u017ein byl vznik \u201epr\u00e1zdninov\u00fdch dru\u017ein\u201c. Tato my\u0161lenka vznikla v dob\u011b trv\u00e1n\u00ed prvn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky, kdy doch\u00e1zelo v p\u00e9\u010di o d\u011bti a ml\u00e1de\u017e k z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fdm probl\u00e9m\u016fm. Prvn\u00edm z nich byla pot\u0159eba roz\u0161i\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed \u00fatulk\u016f pro \u0161koln\u00ed d\u011bti v obecn\u00fdch \u0161kol\u00e1ch a druh\u00fdm pak p\u00e9\u010de o tyto d\u011bti v dob\u011b velk\u00fdch pr\u00e1zdnin, kdy mnoho d\u011bt\u00ed bylo bez jak\u00e9koli denn\u00ed organizovan\u00e9, nebo alespo\u0148 dozorovan\u00e9 p\u00e9\u010de.<\/p>\n

Situace vznikala v d\u016fsledku toho, \u017ee mnoho otc\u016f od rodin v r\u00e1mci mobilizace narukovalo do v\u00e1lky a p\u00e9\u010de o d\u011bti z\u016fst\u00e1vala pouze na matk\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 v t\u011b\u017ek\u00fdch \u010dasech mnohdy nezvl\u00e1daly z\u00e1kladn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010di o rodinu, nato\u017e pak v\u00fdchovu d\u011bt\u00ed a p\u00e9\u010di o jejich voln\u00fd \u010das. Ve \u0161kol\u00e1ch nar\u016fstaly probl\u00e9my s k\u00e1zn\u00ed d\u011bt\u00ed. A z\u00e1sadn\u00ed se jevila ot\u00e1zka, co s d\u011btmi o pr\u00e1zdnin\u00e1ch, aby jejich chov\u00e1n\u00ed nep\u0159erostlo v rizikov\u00e9 a\u017e krimin\u00e1ln\u00ed. .<\/p>\n

Velkou podporou pro rodiny d\u011bt\u00ed bylo i stravov\u00e1n\u00ed v dru\u017ein\u00e1ch, m\u011bstsk\u00e1 rada zabezpe\u010dila zdarma chl\u00e9b, ovoce, m\u00e1slo, tvaroh a dal\u0161\u00ed potraviny z dotac\u00ed a dobro\u010dinn\u00fdch d\u00e1rcovsk\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvk\u016f. \u010cinnost dru\u017ein byla ukon\u010dena 16. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed p\u0159ed zah\u00e1jen\u00edm \u0161koln\u00ed doch\u00e1zky. Mnoho zku\u0161enost\u00ed z provozov\u00e1n\u00ed letn\u00edch dru\u017ein si u\u010ditelstvo odneslo s sebou do sv\u00e9 \u0161koln\u00ed praxe. V roce 1931 byly \u00fatulky p\u0159ejmenov\u00e1ny na dru\u017einy pro \u0161koln\u00ed ml\u00e1de\u017e. Byly z\u0159izov\u00e1ny jako soci\u00e1ln\u00ed a v\u00fdchovn\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, podporovaly \u0161koln\u00ed v\u00fdchovu a umo\u017e\u0148ovaly matk\u00e1m chodit do pr\u00e1ce.<\/p>\n

Po skon\u010den\u00ed 2. sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky v roce 1945 byla velk\u00e1 snaha co nejrychleji obnovit \u010deskoslovensk\u00e9 \u0161kolstv\u00ed a d\u00e1t mu nov\u00fd v\u00fdvojov\u00fd sm\u011br. y. Nastala nov\u00e1 f\u00e1ze v\u00fdvoje spjat\u00e1 se socialistick\u00fdm budov\u00e1n\u00edm nov\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu. Dru\u017einy t\u00edm byly znovu zprovozn\u011bny, aby se v dob\u011b po vyu\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed mohly starat o v\u00fdchovu pra\u017esk\u00fdch d\u011bt\u00ed a ml\u00e1de\u017ee. V pov\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 dob\u011b do\u0161lo k velk\u00e9mu n\u00e1r\u016fstu po\u010dtu dru\u017ein, jejich\u017e \u00fakolem bylo poskytnout d\u011btem odbornou organizovanou v\u00fdchovnou p\u00e9\u010di.<\/p>\n

C\u00edlem bylo ochr\u00e1nit d\u011bti p\u0159ed \u0161kodliv\u00fdmi vlivy, pomoci jim p\u0159i zpracov\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed dom\u00e1c\u00edch \u00faloh, vychov\u00e1vat je po str\u00e1nce mravn\u00ed, vyp\u011bstovat u nich \u010distotnost a pevn\u00fd charakter. Byly zavedeny nov\u00e9 formy mimo\u0161koln\u00ed v\u00fdchovy, podporovan\u00e9 nap\u0159\u00edklad vznikem pion\u00fdrsk\u00e9 organizace v roce 1949. Do dru\u017ein ml\u00e1de\u017ee byly p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1ny d\u011bti ve v\u011bku 6-15 let. Otev\u0159eny byly dle pot\u0159eb \u0161koly, nejd\u00e9le v\u0161ak od 8 do 18 hodin ve\u010der. Pracovala zde v\u017edy jedna u\u010ditelka na jedno odd\u011blen\u00ed s maxim\u00e1ln\u00edm po\u010dtem 30 d\u011bt\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Na z\u00e1klad\u011b v\u00fdnosu ze srpna 1950 mohli b\u00fdt do dru\u017einy p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed \u017e\u00e1ci, jejich\u017e matky \u201ejsou zam\u011bstn\u00e1ny mimo dom\u00e1cnost, pop\u0159. jsou zam\u011bstn\u00e1ny krom\u011b obstar\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed dom\u00e1cnosti i jin\u00fdmi pracemi\u201c a \u017e\u00e1ci, \u201eu nich\u017e vzd\u00e1lenost domova od \u0161koln\u00ed budovy, nesch\u016fdnost cesty nebo dopravn\u00ed pom\u011bry vylu\u010duj\u00ed dvoj\u00ed denn\u00ed doch\u00e1zku nebo ji \u010din\u00ed ne\u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed\u201c. Cel\u00e1 \u0159ada dru\u017einov\u00fdch aktivit m\u011bla \u017e\u00e1ky podn\u011bcovat ke vstupu do Pion\u00fdrsk\u00e9 organizace \u010cSM. Do v\u00fdchovn\u00e9ho programu spadaly d\u00e1le besedy (besedy s pion\u00fdry, pracuj\u00edc\u00edmi, pam\u011btn\u00edky, um\u011blci) a vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed vychovatelek, jejich\u017e c\u00edlem bylo \u201eprohlubov\u00e1n\u00ed politick\u00e9 a mravn\u00ed v\u00fdchovy \u017e\u00e1k\u016f\u201c. Nechyb\u011bla ani v\u00fdzdoba n\u00e1st\u011bnek, jeliko\u017e jak sm\u011brnice ud\u00e1vala: \u201eDob\u0159e \u0159\u00edzen\u00e9 zpravodajstv\u00ed vychov\u00e1v\u00e1 \u017e\u00e1ky k vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9 kritice a sebekritice.\u201c<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Zdroj:<\/strong> OPATA, Rudolf. Celodenn\u00ed v\u00fdchovn\u00fd syst\u00e9m: n\u00e1stin historie a perspektiv v\u00fdvoje. Praha: SPN, 1973. Pedagogick\u00e1 teorie a praxe. BL\u00c1HA, V\u00e1clav. V\u00fdchova mimo vyu\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed na z\u00e1kladn\u00edch \u0161kol\u00e1ch. Praha: SPN, 1984. Pedagogick\u00e1 teorie a praxe P\u00c1NKOV\u00c1 Mark\u00e9ta, (2015, 2). V\u00fdchova v obdob\u00ed totalit a muzejn\u00ed podsb\u00edrky N\u00e1rodn\u00edho pedagogick\u00e9ho muzea a knihovny J. A. Komensk\u00e9ho. Historia Scholastika, Str.67-82.<\/p>\n

P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

  \u00datulky <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":384612,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"gallery","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[111],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/02\/ram-o-druzine.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/355745"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=355745"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/355745\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":384613,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/355745\/revisions\/384613"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/384612"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=355745"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=355745"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=355745"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}