{"id":345117,"date":"2026-04-22T19:24:43","date_gmt":"2026-04-22T18:24:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=345117"},"modified":"2026-04-22T19:24:43","modified_gmt":"2026-04-22T18:24:43","slug":"stara-sumava-a-posumavi-svaty-jiri-a-jeho-lidova-tradice","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=345117","title":{"rendered":"STAR\u00c1 \u0160UMAVA A PO\u0160UMAV\u00cd: Svat\u00fd Ji\u0159\u00ed a jeho lidov\u00e1 tradice"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Svat\u00fd Ji\u0159\u00ed je hrdina k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fdch legend, ryt\u00ed\u0159 udatn\u011b bojuj\u00edc\u00ed nejen za Kristovo u\u010den\u00ed, ale jako st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fd gentleman symbolicky osvobozuj\u00edc\u00ed orient\u00e1ln\u00ed princeznu z moci draka. Podle k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 v\u011brouky byl \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdm voj\u00e1kem, kter\u00fd \u017eil ve 3. stolet\u00ed a poch\u00e1zel z dne\u0161n\u00edho Turecka.<\/h6>\n

V \u010cesk\u00e9 republice je mu zasv\u011bcena \u0159ada kostel\u016f. P\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm ty, kter\u00e9 byly zakl\u00e1d\u00e1ny v prvopo\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed. Svat\u00fd Ji\u0159\u00ed b\u00fdv\u00e1 zobrazov\u00e1n jako st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fd ryt\u00ed\u0159 ve zbroji s kop\u00edm, kter\u00fd sed\u00ed na koni a zab\u00edj\u00ed draka. Pat\u0159\u00ed ke 14 svat\u00fdm pomocn\u00edk\u016fm, je ochr\u00e1ncem opevn\u011bn\u00fdch s\u00eddel a str\u00e1\u017en\u00fdch m\u00edst, patronem \u0159ady ryt\u00ed\u0159sk\u00fdch \u0159\u00e1d\u016f, skaut\u016f, voj\u00e1k\u016f, \u0159ezn\u00edk\u016f, zbroj\u00ed\u0159\u016f ad. a tak\u00e9 nemocn\u00fdch. Od nejran\u011bj\u0161\u00edch dob byl vz\u00fdv\u00e1n jako patron proti moru, lep\u0159e, syfilisu, jedovat\u00fdm had\u016fm a \u010darod\u011bjnic\u00edm. Jeho atributem je ryt\u00ed\u0159 na koni osvobozuj\u00edc\u00ed princeznu, kter\u00fd zab\u00edj\u00ed draka pohanstv\u00ed. Boj s drakem symbolizuje boj dobra se zlem. Drak stejn\u011b jako had je obecn\u011b ch\u00e1p\u00e1n jako symbol zla, a to nejen v na\u0161\u00ed kultu\u0159e, ale u\u017e v nejstar\u0161\u00edch n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edch sv\u011bta.<\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o drakovi a state\u010dn\u00e9m Ji\u0159\u00edm, kter\u00fd osvobodil kr\u00e1lovskou dceru: Legenda prav\u00ed, \u017ee obyvatelstvo libyjsk\u00e9ho Silene terorizovala obluda, kter\u00e1 vyl\u00e9zala z mok\u0159in, m\u011bla k\u0159\u00eddla, dlouh\u00fd zakroucen\u00fd ocas, zelenou krokod\u00fdl\u00ed k\u016f\u017ei a sv\u00fdm jedovat\u00fdm dechem oslepovala v\u0161e \u017eiv\u00e9. Obyvatel\u00e9 museli ka\u017ed\u00fd den na chv\u00edli vypudit draka z hn\u00edzda kv\u016fli vod\u011b. Aby tak mohli u\u010dinit, nab\u00edzeli drakovi lidskou ob\u011b\u0165, kterou ur\u010dil los. Netrvalo dlouho a los padl i na kr\u00e1snou kr\u00e1lovskou dceru Alkyonu. Ji\u0159\u00ed, kter\u00fd jel na sv\u00fdch cest\u00e1ch pr\u00e1v\u011b kolem, se postavil drakovi a osvobodil princeznu. Obyvatel\u00e9 Silene se pot\u00e9 z vd\u011b\u010dnosti nechali pok\u0159t\u00edt a p\u0159ijali k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Na \u0160umav\u011b byl sv\u00e1tek svat\u00e9ho Ji\u0159\u00ed ve znamen\u00ed oslav. Do hor p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed jaro v\u017edy o n\u011bco pozd\u011bji, a tak byl tento den ch\u00e1p\u00e1n i jako jak\u00fdsi zlom mezi posledn\u00edmi z\u00e1chv\u011bvy zimy a pln\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edchodem jara. Dobytek vypou\u0161t\u011bn\u00fd na pastvu byl nazdoben v\u011bnci z lu\u010dn\u00edch kv\u011bt\u016f s \u010derven\u00fdmi stu\u017ekami. \u010cerven\u00e1 m\u011bla zv\u00ed\u0159ata ochra\u0148ovat p\u0159ed zl\u00fdmi silami. Tak\u00e9 se \u010dasto dobytek pol\u00e9val sv\u011bcenou vodou. Hospod\u00e1\u0159i si t\u00edmto ritu\u00e1lem cht\u011bli zajistit hojnost ml\u00e9ka, masa, vlny, ale i budouc\u00edch ml\u00e1\u010fat.<\/p>\n

V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e byly 21. dubna slaveny tzv. Parilie, slavnosti na po\u010dest boha pastevectv\u00ed Pala. To je pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b jeden z d\u016fvod\u016f, pro\u010d je sv. Ji\u0159\u00ed dodnes u mnoha evropsk\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b Slovan\u016f, zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b pak ji\u017en\u00edch, pova\u017eov\u00e1n za patrona pastevc\u016f a ochr\u00e1nce dobytka. Stoj\u00ed t\u00e9\u017e za zm\u00ednku, \u017ee podle pov\u011bsti byl takt\u00e9\u017e 21. dubna zalo\u017een Romulem \u0158\u00edm. Druh\u00fdm aspektem je samotn\u00e9 jm\u00e9no Ji\u0159\u00ed (\u0159ec. Georgios), jeho\u017e v\u00fdznam je zem\u011bd\u011blec, co\u017e tak\u00e9 nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt n\u00e1hodn\u00e9. Na\u0161i p\u0159edkov\u00e9 na svat\u00e9ho Ji\u0159\u00ed \u0161li po hadech, nebo\u0165 su\u0161en\u00e9 had\u00ed maso pom\u00e1halo od bolest\u00ed zub\u016f, zimnice a v\u0159ed\u016f. A pokud ho sn\u011bdli \u010derstv\u00e9 je\u0161t\u011b t\u00fd\u017e den, porozum\u011bli \u0159e\u010di zv\u00ed\u0159at.<\/p>\n

Na svat\u00e9ho Ji\u0159\u00ed nalezen\u00fd \u010dty\u0159l\u00edstek je siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e v jin\u00e9 dny, m\u00e1 kouzelnou moc a spln\u00ed \u00fapln\u011b v\u0161echna p\u0159\u00e1n\u00ed. \u0160oupnut\u00fd pod pol\u0161t\u00e1\u0159 svobodn\u00e9 d\u00edvky p\u0159ivede do snu budouciho man\u017eela. Za\u0161it\u00fd do halenky nebo ko\u0161ile zaru\u010duje nositeli \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed, l\u00e1sku a ochranu p\u0159ed zlem po cel\u00fd n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed rok. Trochu brut\u00e1ln\u00ed kouzlo provozovali chlapci. Na svat\u00e9ho Ji\u0159\u00ed chytili a zabili \u017e\u00e1bu, jej\u00ed\u017e mrtvolku nechali n\u011bkolik dn\u00ed v mraveni\u0161ti. Pot\u00e9 si z dohola obran\u00e9ho skeletu vzali kosti\u010dku a m\u011bli tzv. ji\u0159\u00ed\u010dka. Kdy\u017e se j\u00edm pak nen\u00e1padn\u011b dotkli sv\u00e9 vyvolen\u00e9, ur\u010dit\u011b ji dostali za \u017eenu. Sk\u0159ehotaj\u00ed-li \u017e\u00e1by na svat\u00e9ho Ji\u0159\u00ed, v\u011b\u0161t\u00ed zimu. Svat\u00fd Ji\u0159\u00ed zv\u00edt\u011bzil nad san\u00ed, zv\u00edt\u011bz\u00ed i nad zimou.
\nLidov\u00e9 vrstvy jej uct\u00edvali jako sv\u011btce jara a jako jednoho z nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch patron\u016f. Ochra\u0148oval dobytek a kon\u011b, bd\u011bl nad pocestn\u00fdmi, jezdci, zajatci, voj\u00e1ky chr\u00e1nil proti poran\u011bn\u00ed, moru, poku\u0161en\u00ed a p\u0159i hore\u010dce. Ochra\u0148oval zemi, stromy, \u00farodu a jaro.<\/p>\n

Sv\u00e1tek sv. Ji\u0159\u00ed byl pova\u017eov\u00e1n za po\u010d\u00e1tek vegeta\u010dn\u00edho cyklu a d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd mezn\u00edk hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho roku. Ten den nesm\u011bli lid\u00e9 br\u00e1t vodu ze studn\u00ed, nebo\u0165 se v\u011b\u0159ilo, \u017ee obsahuje jedy, kter\u00e9 otev\u0159en\u00e1 zem\u011b vyd\u00e1v\u00e1. Zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed pozornost se v\u011bnovala ochran\u011b zdrav\u00ed kon\u00ed. Vina\u0159i se v dubnu p\u0159ed sv. Ji\u0159\u00edm ob\u00e1vali mraz\u016f, kter\u00e9 by mohli zni\u010dit r\u00e9vov\u00fd kv\u011bt. Zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed moc se p\u0159ipisovala n\u011bkter\u00fdm rostlin\u00e1m sb\u00edran\u00fdm ten den (jetelov\u00e9mu l\u00edstku, nalezen\u00e9mu o tomto sv\u00e1tku, kter\u00fd p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161el \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed, za\u0161\u00edval se do od\u011bv\u016f a u\u017e\u00edval se v milostn\u00e9 magii) a zv\u00ed\u0159at\u016fm (had\u016fm, \u017e\u00e1b\u00e1m, mlok\u016fm \u010di je\u0161t\u011brk\u00e1m). Usu\u0161en\u00e9 maso z hada se pou\u017e\u00edvalo v lidov\u00e9m l\u00e9\u010ditelstv\u00ed had\u00ed jazyk zavrt\u00e1vali \u010deled\u00edni a formani do bi\u010d\u016f, aby m\u011bli \u010derstv\u00e9 kon\u011b.<\/p>\n

Sv. Ji\u0159\u00ed b\u00fdval nej\u010dast\u011bji zobrazov\u00e1n jako st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fd ryt\u00ed\u0159 na koni zab\u00edjej\u00edc\u00ed sa\u0148. Proto si sv\u00e1tostku \u010di pen\u00edzek se sv\u011btcem nosili jako amulet a ochranu p\u0159ed poran\u011bn\u00edm zejm\u00e9na voj\u00e1ci a myslivci. Sv\u011btec byl v\u0161ak patronem tak\u00e9 roln\u00edk\u016f, sedl\u00e1k\u016f, kov\u00e1\u0159\u016f, bedn\u00e1\u0159\u016f a sedl\u00e1k\u016f. Svatoji\u0159sk\u00fd sv\u00e1tek byl v\u00fdznamn\u00fd i z hospod\u00e1\u0159sko-pr\u00e1vn\u00edho hlediska. Poddan\u00ed ten den odv\u00e1d\u011bli vrchnosti d\u00e1vky.<\/p>\n

V den sv\u00e1tku svat\u00e9ho Ji\u0159\u00ed se oby\u010dejn\u011b konaly obch\u016fzky po hranic\u00edch katastru za \u00fa\u010dasti p\u0159edstaven\u00fdch obce, p\u0159i nich\u017e se kontrolovaly a v\u00e1pnem b\u00edlily mezn\u00edky. U ka\u017ed\u00e9ho z nich nav\u00edc vypl\u00e1celi mlad\u00e9 hospod\u00e1\u0159e nebo hochy n\u011bkolika ranami, aby si dob\u0159e zapamatovali, kde mezn\u00edky le\u017e\u00ed. To ostatn\u011b nebylo a\u017e tak t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9, jeliko\u017e takov\u00fdchto ran b\u00fdvalo rovn\u00fdch \u0161edes\u00e1t. Poch\u016fzka kon\u010dila posezen\u00edm v m\u00edstn\u00edm hostinci. Pro pr\u016fb\u011bh sv\u00e1tku je charakteristick\u00e9 sb\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed bylin, kter\u00e9 prob\u00edh\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161inou v p\u0159edve\u010der sv\u00e1tku nebo brzy r\u00e1no. Byliny takto nasb\u00edran\u00e9 maj\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed magickou a l\u00e9\u010debnou moc. B\u011bhem dne prob\u00edh\u00e1 i ob\u0159adn\u00e9 houp\u00e1n\u00ed d\u00edvek na lanov\u00fdch houpa\u010dk\u00e1ch p\u0159iv\u00e1zan\u00fdch k v\u011btv\u00edm strom\u016f. P\u0159i tom se p\u011bj\u00ed p\u00edsn\u011b maj\u00edc\u00ed jasn\u011b milostn\u00fd podtext.<\/p>\n

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Zdroj:<\/strong> Profantov\u00e1 (2000), Martin Profant: Encyklopedie slovansk\u00fdch boh\u016f a m\u00fdt\u016f. Praha. Pracn\u00fd, P.: \u010cesk\u00fd kalend\u00e1\u0159 sv\u011btc\u016f. Praha 1994. Van\u010d\u00edk, Franti\u0161ek: Specifick\u00e9 ve v\u00fdro\u010dn\u00edch zvyc\u00edch na krajn\u00edm jihu \u010cech. In: \u010cesk\u00fd lid, 58 (1971) Vl\u010dek, Anton\u00edn: Jarn\u00ed zvyky na Klatovsku. In: \u010cesk\u00fd lid, 76 (1989)<\/p>\n

P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n

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