{"id":332937,"date":"2025-01-15T20:17:36","date_gmt":"2025-01-15T19:17:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=332937"},"modified":"2025-02-17T19:28:25","modified_gmt":"2025-02-17T18:28:25","slug":"ceska-republika-lide-zili-v-africe-i-daleko-od-rek-a-jezer-cesti-vedci-odhaluji-klimatickou-historii-sahelu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=332937","title":{"rendered":"ZE SV\u011aTA: Lid\u00e9 \u017eili v Africe i daleko od \u0159ek a jezer. \u010ce\u0161t\u00ed v\u011bdci odhaluj\u00ed klimatickou historii Sahelu"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Asi 50 km v\u00fdchodn\u011b od Nilu v dnes extr\u00e9mn\u011b such\u00e9 oblasti centr\u00e1ln\u00edho S\u00fad\u00e1nu objevili \u010de\u0161t\u00ed v\u011bdci zanikl\u00e9 vodn\u00ed prameny a u n\u011bkter\u00fdch z nich d\u016fkazy o lidsk\u00e9m os\u00eddlen\u00ed. Geoarcheologick\u00fd pr\u016fzkum a jeho v\u00fdsledky rekonstruuj\u00ed klimatick\u00e9 zm\u011bny ve v\u00fdchodn\u00edm Sahelu b\u011bhem posledn\u00edch 30 000 let a poskytuj\u00ed jedine\u010dn\u00e9 informace o lidsk\u00fdch aktivit\u00e1ch a v\u00fdvoji p\u0159\u00edrody v oblastech vzd\u00e1len\u00fdch od tehdej\u0161\u00edch \u0159ek a jezer.<\/h6>\n

\"\"\"\"Na po\u010d\u00e1tku holoc\u00e9nu, zhruba p\u0159ed 12 000 lety, do\u0161lo v severn\u00ed Africe ke zna\u010dn\u00e9mu zvlh\u010den\u00ed klimatu. V oblasti dne\u0161n\u00ed Sahary se tou dobou vyskytovala rozs\u00e1hl\u00e1 jezera a hust\u00e1 s\u00ed\u0165 \u0159ek. Zhruba p\u0159ed 5000 lety se v\u0161ak za\u010dalo klima velmi rychle zhor\u0161ovat a krajina se prom\u011bnila v nekone\u010dnou pou\u0161\u0165 a polopou\u0161\u0165, jakou zde zn\u00e1me dnes. Oblast v\u00fdchodn\u00edho Sahelu v\u0161ak nebyla ani p\u0159ed dramatick\u00fdm vysu\u0161en\u00edm klimatu zrovna pohostinn\u00e1 \u2013 byla to savana bez \u0159ek a jezer. Navzdory tomu zde po celou dobu \u017eili lid\u00e9. \u017divili se nejprve lovem a sb\u011brem a pozd\u011bji za\u010dali chovat dom\u00e1c\u00ed zv\u00ed\u0159ata. Ot\u00e1zkou z\u016fst\u00e1valo, jak v tomto prost\u0159ed\u00ed bez stabiln\u00edch vodn\u00edch zdroj\u016f mohli trvale s\u00eddlit.<\/p>\n

\u201eLid\u00e9 v \u0160akad\u00fadu museli m\u00edt jin\u00fd ekonomick\u00fd i soci\u00e1ln\u00ed syst\u00e9m ne\u017e prav\u011bk\u00e9 komunity vzkv\u00e9taj\u00edc\u00ed pobl\u00ed\u017e velk\u00fdch vodn\u00edch ploch. Zvl\u00e1dli se n\u011bjak p\u0159izp\u016fsobit m\u011bn\u00edc\u00edm se podm\u00ednk\u00e1m kv\u016fli klimatick\u00e9 zm\u011bn\u011b. A n\u00e1s zaj\u00edm\u00e1 jak,\u201c<\/em> p\u0159ibli\u017euje Ladislav Varadzin z Archeologick\u00e9ho \u00fastavu AV \u010cR, Praha, vedouc\u00ed v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9ho t\u00fdmu. \u201eMluv\u00edme o dlouh\u00e9 dob\u011b, kdy se Sahara stala savanou a pozd\u011bji zase pou\u0161t\u00ed.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

Klimatick\u00e1 historie ukryt\u00e1 v kamenech<\/h6>\n

Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed t\u00fdm veden\u00fd Ladislavem Varadzinem objevil v poho\u0159\u00ed \u0160akad\u00fad v S\u00fad\u00e1nu des\u00edtky lokalit, ve kter\u00fdch prok\u00e1zal existenci vodn\u00edch pramen\u016f v podob\u011b p\u011bnovcov\u00fdch sediment\u016f.<\/p>\n

\u201ePrameny byly aktivn\u00ed v \u010dasov\u00e9m intervalu 14 a\u017e 5 tis\u00edc let p\u0159ed sou\u010dasnost\u00ed, a proto\u017ee fungovaly pouze v podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch ur\u010dit\u00e9 intenzity a pravidelnosti de\u0161\u0165\u016f, pozn\u00e1n\u00ed jejich aktivity umo\u017e\u0148uje zrekonstruovat intenzitu monzunov\u00fdch de\u0161\u0165\u016f a na n\u011b v\u00e1zan\u00fdch environment\u00e1ln\u00edch proces\u016f,\u201c<\/em> vysv\u011btluje Jan Ho\u0161ek z \u010cesk\u00e9 geologick\u00e9 slu\u017eby, \u010dlen t\u00fdmu a hlavn\u00ed autor studie.<\/p>\n

Sedimenty t\u011bchto d\u00e1vn\u00fdch pramen\u016f nav\u00edc v mnoh\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech obsahuj\u00ed i archeologick\u00e9 artefakty a mikroskopick\u00e9 poz\u016fstatky tehdej\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrody, co\u017e poskytuje cenn\u00e9 a jedine\u010dn\u00e9 informace o lidsk\u00fdch aktivit\u00e1ch a v\u00fdvoji p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed v oblastech vzd\u00e1len\u00fdch od tehdej\u0161\u00edch \u0159ek a jezer.<\/p>\n

Lid\u00e9 uvnit\u0159 savan<\/h6>\n

T\u00fdm expert\u016f popsal tak\u00e9 t\u0159i archeologick\u00e1 nalezi\u0161t\u011b s poz\u016fstatky lidsk\u00e9ho os\u00eddlen\u00ed a \u010dinnosti.<\/p>\n

\u201eNej\u010dast\u011bji jsme nach\u00e1zeli kamennou industrii, keramiku, opracovan\u00e9 sko\u0159\u00e1pky p\u0161tros\u00edch vajec a ozdoby z nich a tak\u00e9 velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00edch kost\u00ed a dal\u0161\u00edho potravinov\u00e9ho odpadu. To v\u0161e n\u00e1m umo\u017e\u0148uje poznat zp\u016fsob \u017eivota a ekonomick\u00e9 a spole\u010densk\u00e9 strategie tehdej\u0161\u00edch lid\u00ed,\u201c<\/em> \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Ladislav Varadzin.<\/p>\n

Ukazuje se, \u017ee tito lid\u00e9 byli skute\u010dn\u00fdmi mistry v p\u0159izp\u016fsoben\u00ed se m\u00edstn\u00edm podm\u00ednk\u00e1m. \u201ePou\u017e\u00edvali k tomu \u0159adu strategi\u00ed, ale v\u0161e bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 jen za podm\u00ednek udr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed pom\u011brn\u011b n\u00edzk\u00e9ho po\u010dtu obyvatel a n\u00edzk\u00e9 slo\u017eitosti spole\u010densk\u00e9ho uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed, co\u017e jim poskytovalo ur\u010ditou flexibilitu. To ale neznamen\u00e1, \u017ee by jejich kulturn\u00ed \u017eivot byl nem\u011bnn\u00fd. Pr\u00e1v\u011b naopak, v m\u00edstn\u00edch unik\u00e1tn\u011b zachovan\u00fdch a nesm\u00edrn\u011b dlouhodob\u00fdch z\u00e1znamech sledujeme n\u011bkolik radik\u00e1ln\u00edch zm\u011bn kulturn\u00edch forem,<\/em>\u201c dod\u00e1v\u00e1 Ladislav Varadzin.<\/p>\n

\u201eP\u0159\u00edrodov\u011bdn\u00fd v\u00fdzkum, kter\u00fd je ned\u00edlnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed projektu, neoby\u010dejn\u011b konkr\u00e9tn\u011b odhaluje vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed podm\u00ednky \u017eivota t\u011bchto lid\u00ed. Ukazuje se, \u017ee p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed podm\u00ednky nastavovaly lidem jasn\u00e9 mantinely, ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 tak\u00e9, \u017ee v nich lid\u00e9 dok\u00e1zali m\u011bnit pravidla hry,\u201c<\/em> dopl\u0148uje Jan Ho\u0161ek.<\/p>\n

Prvn\u00ed studie klimatick\u00e9 historie Sahelu<\/h6>\n

V\u00fdsledky tohoto geoarcheologick\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu jsou pr\u016flomov\u00e9, proto\u017ee jako prvn\u00ed p\u0159edkl\u00e1daj\u00ed kontinu\u00e1ln\u00ed klimatickou historii ve v\u00fdchodn\u00edm Sahelu, kter\u00fd pat\u0159\u00ed k ekologicky nejk\u0159eh\u010d\u00edm \u010d\u00e1stem sv\u011bta. D\u00edky tomu, \u017ee studie zapl\u0148uje b\u00edl\u00e9 m\u00edsto, umo\u017e\u0148uje tak\u00e9 poprv\u00e9 porovnat a propojit zn\u00e1m\u00e9 klimatick\u00e9 k\u0159ivky mezi v\u00fdchodn\u00ed a severov\u00fdchodn\u00ed Afrikou. To v\u0161e dovoluje l\u00e9pe pochopit v\u00fdchoz\u00ed klimatick\u00e9 a ekologick\u00e9 podm\u00ednky, v nich\u017e existovaly lidsk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti na \u00fazem\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00edho S\u00fad\u00e1nu, od prav\u011bk\u00fdch lovc\u016f-sb\u011bra\u010d\u016f a\u017e po nejstar\u0161\u00ed liter\u00e1rn\u00ed civilizace k\u00fa\u0161itsk\u00fdch kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed a n\u00e1sledn\u00fdch k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fdch a muslimsk\u00fdch spole\u010dnost\u00ed. Sou\u010dasn\u011b to umo\u017e\u0148uje pochopit okolnosti zm\u011bn jejich zp\u016fsobu \u017eivota nebo migrace. V\u00fdsledky tak\u00e9 tvo\u0159\u00ed z\u00e1sadn\u00ed referen\u010dn\u00ed paleoklimatick\u00fd materi\u00e1l pro cel\u00fd v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Sahel.<\/p>\n

Studie je jedn\u00edm z v\u00fdstup\u016f Projektu \u0160akad\u00fad: Alternativn\u00ed formy kulturn\u00ed adaptace na st\u0159edoholocenn\u00ed vysu\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed severn\u00ed Afriky Ladislava Varadzina, kter\u00fd podpo\u0159ila Akademie v\u011bd \u010cR pr\u00e9mi\u00ed Lumina quaeruntur.<\/p>\n

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Text a foto: (tz-av\u010dr)<\/strong><\/p>\n

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