{"id":332726,"date":"2025-12-26T06:59:13","date_gmt":"2025-12-26T05:59:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=332726"},"modified":"2025-12-26T06:59:13","modified_gmt":"2025-12-26T05:59:13","slug":"stara-sumava-a-posumavi-stepanska-koleda","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=332726","title":{"rendered":"STAR\u00c1 \u0160UMAVA A PO\u0160UMAV\u00cd: \u0160t\u011bp\u00e1nsk\u00e1 koleda"},"content":{"rendered":"

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V \u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00edch byl druh\u00fd sv\u00e1tek v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed spojen p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm s koledou – ta kdysi souvisela s magick\u00fdmi pohansk\u00fdmi ob\u0159ady. V\u011bnovala se j\u00ed velk\u00e1 pozornost, proto\u017ee z darovan\u00fdch p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f se soudilo, co na koho \u010dek\u00e1. K\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed v\u0161ak postupn\u011b vytla\u010dilo pohansk\u00e9 ob\u0159ady a z koledov\u00e1n\u00ed se stala z\u00e1bava d\u011bt\u00ed a skryt\u00e1 \u017eebrota dosp\u011bl\u00fdch.<\/h6>\n

“Na \u0160t\u011bp\u00e1na nen\u00ed p\u00e1na”, tvrdilo star\u00e9 po\u0159ekadlo – na tento den toti\u017e kdysi za\u010d\u00ednal rok a m\u011bnila se i slu\u017eba vesnick\u00e9 chasy. I ve star\u00e9m \u0158\u00edm\u011b dost\u00e1vali otroci v tuto dobu p\u0159i saturn\u00e1li\u00edch do\u010dasnou svobodu. Vesel\u00ed souviselo s t\u00edm, \u017ee se vypl\u00e1cela celoro\u010dn\u00ed odm\u011bna, co\u017e byly krom\u011b pen\u011bz i natur\u00e1lie, \u0161aty a dary – nap\u0159\u00edklad p\u011bkn\u00e1 v\u00e1no\u010dka. K charakteristick\u00e9 atmosf\u00e9\u0159e venkovsk\u00fdch V\u00e1noc pat\u0159ilo past\u00fd\u0159sk\u00e9 vytrubov\u00e1n\u00ed. Pr\u00e1v\u011b past\u00fd\u0159i si toti\u017e jako obecn\u00ed zam\u011bstnanci chodili d\u016fm od domu pro v\u00fdplatu. Na jednom ze sv\u00fdch obr\u00e1zk\u016f z roku 1945 nazvan\u00e9m Slouha to zachytil Josef Lada: u rozz\u00e1\u0159en\u00e9ho okna stoj\u00ed na zasn\u011b\u017een\u00e9 n\u00e1vsi pokorn\u011b \u017eena s n\u016f\u0161\u00ed na z\u00e1dech a mu\u017e v ko\u017eichu vytrubuje past\u00fd\u0159skou fanf\u00e1ru.<\/p>\n

S koledou se v lidov\u00e9 tradici pojil druh\u00fd sv\u00e1tek v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed. Na \u0160t\u011bp\u00e1na se s p\u00edsni\u010dkou od domu k domu vyd\u00e1vali hlavn\u011b d\u011bti, ale tak\u00e9 nap\u0159\u00edklad u\u010ditel\u00e9 a dal\u0161\u00ed profese.<\/p>\n

V \u010cech\u00e1ch je starod\u00e1vn\u00fd oby\u010dej koled a koledov\u00e1n\u00ed dolo\u017een je\u0161t\u011b v p\u0159edhusitsk\u00fdch dob\u00e1ch. Vzd\u011blan\u00fd mnich Jan z Hole\u0161ova sepsal v B\u0159evnovsk\u00e9m kl\u00e1\u0161te\u0159e v\u00edce ne\u017e p\u0159ed p\u016fl tis\u00edcilet\u00edm spis \u0160t\u011bdr\u00fd ve\u010der, v n\u011bm\u017e zachytil v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed oby\u010deje a zvyky na\u0161ich p\u0159edk\u016f. Neopomn\u011bl popsat ani v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed p\u00edse\u0148, kter\u00e1 se tehdy zp\u00edvala: vele, vele, stoj\u00ed dubec uprost\u0159ed dvora. O mnoho mlad\u0161\u00ed nen\u00ed ani koleda Narodil se Kristus P\u00e1n, kter\u00e1 vznikla z latinsk\u00e9 duchovn\u00ed p\u00edsn\u011b Ave hierarchie coelestis (Bu\u010f pozdraveno, kn\u011b\u017estvo nebesk\u00e9).<\/p>\n

V na\u0161ich zem\u00edch se stejn\u011b jako jinde koledovalo a zp\u00edvaly se v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed p\u00edsn\u011b od adventu do Hromnic. Prvn\u00ed koledn\u00edci se objevovali ji\u017e o sv\u00e1tku sv. Mikul\u00e1\u0161e. \u017d\u00e1ci farn\u00edch \u0161kol chodili na mikul\u00e1\u0161skou koledu i se sv\u00fdmi spr\u00e1vci. Nosili s sebou velkou figuru biskupa. Sami si obl\u00e9kali bohat\u011b zdoben\u00e9 \u0161aty, jezdili na kon\u00edch a vozech. V roce 1429 zp\u00edvali na Starom\u011bstsk\u00e9 radnici o sv. Mikul\u00e1\u0161i s “biskupem” \u017e\u00e1ci od sv. Mikul\u00e1\u0161e, z T\u00fdna, od sv. Michala, Havla, Jilj\u00ed a Ha\u0161tala. Vykoledovali si po 2 gro\u0161\u00edch z denn\u00edch pen\u011bz.<\/p>\n

Koledn\u00edci to v\u0161ak v Praze nem\u011bli lehk\u00e9. Nap\u0159\u00edklad v roce 1447 “purkmistrov\u00e9 a kon\u0161el\u00e9 oboj\u00edho m\u011bsta p\u0159ik\u00e1zali v\u0161echn\u011bm rektoruom \u0161koln\u00edm i far\u00e1\u0159uom jich, aby na den sv. Mikul\u00e1\u0161e \u017e\u00e1ci nechodili v \u0161atech n\u00e1dhern\u00fdch ani v p\u00e1sech pozlacen\u00fdch nebo st\u0159\u00edbrn\u00fdch, s z\u00e1ponami, u v\u011bnc\u00edch perlov\u00fdch, ale prost\u011b, kte\u0159\u00ed cht\u00ed, v sv\u00fdch \u0161atech anebo m\u011b\u0161t\u011bn\u00ednsk\u00fdch suknic\u00edch nedrah\u00fdch, a ov\u0161em na kon\u00edch aby nejezdili, jak n\u011bkdy js\u00fa \u010dinievali; a to zachovati ulo\u017eili v bud\u00faciech \u010dasech tak choditi pod poslu\u0161enstviem pansk\u00fdm”. Lidem se ale nazdoben\u00ed koledn\u00edci l\u00edbili, a tak se v\u017edy na\u0161el zp\u016fsob, jak p\u0159\u00edsn\u00fd z\u00e1kaz p\u00e1n\u016f kon\u0161el\u016f a univerzity zd\u00e1rn\u011b obej\u00edt. Je\u0161t\u011b v polovin\u011b 14. stolet\u00ed na koledu chodili i pra\u017e\u0161t\u00ed prel\u00e1ti, kanovn\u00edci a ostatn\u00ed duchovenstvo.<\/p>\n

Za vl\u00e1dy Karla IV. m\u011bl pra\u017esk\u00fd arcibiskup a vysoc\u00ed c\u00edrkevn\u00ed hodnost\u00e1\u0159i zaru\u010den pevn\u00fd koledn\u00ed plat. Arcibiskup byl povinen “d\u00e1ti prel\u00e1t\u016fm a kanovn\u00edk\u016fm 4 kopy, slu\u017eebn\u00edk\u016fm kostela, tj. vik\u00e1\u0159\u016fm a olt\u00e1\u0159n\u00edk\u016fm a jin\u00fdm 2 kopy, \u017eok\u016fm a k\u016frn\u00edm 20 a bonifant\u016fm 10 gro\u0161\u016f, ov\u0161em jen t\u011bm, kte\u0159\u00ed osobn\u011b do domu arcibiskupova p\u0159i\u0161li a koledn\u00ed zp\u011bv p\u0159ed n\u00edm vykonali”. Koledovali i spr\u00e1vci farn\u00edch \u0161kol, m\u011bst\u0161t\u00ed pacholci, bi\u0159ici, pivovar\u0161t\u00ed d\u011bln\u00edci. Na koledu chodili i prostitutky! \u00da\u010dast p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edk\u016f opovr\u017een\u00edhodn\u00fdch profes\u00ed na ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00edch oslav\u00e1ch nakonec vedla v roce 1390 k vyd\u00e1n\u00ed na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, je\u017e jim \u00fa\u010dast na koled\u00e1ch zapov\u011bd\u011blo. Koleda v\u0161ak bez toho m\u011bla \u010d\u00edm d\u00e1l nev\u00e1zan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed charakter.<\/p>\n

Nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed proto omezila i \u00fa\u010dast kn\u011b\u017e\u00ed. Ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed kn\u011b\u017esk\u00fd stav to nesl nelib\u011b, proto\u017ee tak byl ochuzen o mo\u017enost v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00edho p\u0159iv\u00fdd\u011blku. Bylo tehdy zvykem, \u017ee “\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9 koledy” byly kon\u00e1ny na zp\u016fsob proces\u00ed kn\u011b\u017e\u00ed a \u017e\u00e1k\u016f. Kn\u011b\u017e\u00ed nesli obraz Krist\u016fv, jej\u017e obyvatel\u00e9 domu l\u00edbali. \u017d\u00e1ci, oble\u010den\u00ed v b\u00edl\u00e9 roucho, nesli ho\u0159\u00edc\u00ed sv\u00edce a kadidlem vyku\u0159ovali domy. Za to dost\u00e1vali dary. Kn\u011b\u017e\u00ed p\u0159itom zp\u00edvali latinsk\u00e9 p\u00edsn\u011b jako Ecce Maria genuit nobis salvatorem, Judea et Jerusalem nolite timere nebo Heac est dies.<\/p>\n

Zp\u011bv pra\u017esk\u00fdch koledn\u00edk\u016f m\u00edval velmi dobrou \u00farove\u0148, k \u010demu\u017e hlavn\u011b p\u0159isp\u011blo zaveden\u00ed ars musica jako jednoho z povinn\u00fdch obor\u016f na vysok\u00e9m u\u010den\u00ed pra\u017esk\u00e9m. V lidov\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed v\u0161ak \u010dast\u011bji ne\u017e latinsk\u00e9 chor\u00e1ly zazn\u00edvaly \u010desk\u00e9 zp\u011bvy se sv\u011btskou tematikou. Karel IV. zavedl instituci k\u016frn\u00edch \u017e\u00e1k\u016f, jejich\u017e hlasy se o v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed dob\u011b po stolet\u00ed oz\u00fdvaly nejen z kostel\u016f, ale i na tr\u017ei\u0161t\u00edch a v hospod\u00e1ch. Koleda toti\u017e byla d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm zdrojem p\u0159\u00edjm\u016f v\u011b\u010dn\u011b hladov\u00fdch \u017e\u00e1k\u016f. Nikdo se o v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00edch sv\u00e1tc\u00edch za skrytou \u017eebrotu nestyd\u011bl. V\u017edy\u0165 kdysi i Jan Hus zp\u00edval na k\u016fru, koledoval a \u017eebral na pra\u017esk\u00fdch ulic\u00edch. A podle star\u00e9ho zvyku odevzd\u00e1val v\u00fdslu\u017eku star\u0161\u00edm student\u016fm a pokorn\u011b \u010dekal na sv\u016fj d\u00edl.<\/p>\n

Novou renesanci pro\u017eila \u010desk\u00e1 koleda v 18. stolet\u00ed. V 19. stolet\u00ed nechyb\u011bly mezi koledami ani kram\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 a p\u00edsm\u00e1ck\u00e9 p\u00edsn\u011b. Oblibu koled nezmen\u0161ily ani \u010detn\u00e9 z\u00e1kazy vyhla\u0161ovan\u00e9 z kazatelen. Zp\u011bv koledn\u00edk\u016f nej\u010dast\u011bji doprov\u00e1zela harfa, housle, klarinet nebo fl\u00e9tna a v Podkrkono\u0161\u00ed trum\u0161ajt. Koledn\u00edci zp\u00edvali \u010desky o narozen\u00ed Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161ka, cest\u011b do Betl\u00e9ma a kr\u00e1lovsk\u00fdch darech, vin\u0161ovali, d\u011bkovali (p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b hrozili) za koledu. Na Vala\u0161sku chodily d\u011bti o \u0160t\u011bdr\u00e9m dnu do kostela k jesli\u010dk\u00e1m a p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ely Jezul\u00e1tku nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed d\u00e1rky. Mal\u00fd Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161ek nedostal jen o\u0159\u00ed\u0161ky, jablka, k\u0159\u00ed\u017ealy, med, brynzu, smetanu a kroupy, ale i hezkou v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed p\u00edsni\u010dku. D\u011bti p\u0159ed jesli\u010dkami tan\u010dily a zp\u00edvaly:
\nJe\u017e\u00ed\u0161ek mali\u010dk\u00fd pas\u00e1\u010dk\u016fm se sm\u00e1l, sm\u00e1l<\/em>
\nna ten jejich tanec sh\u016fry se d\u00edval, val<\/em>
\na v\u0161em po\u017eehn\u00e1n\u00ed bez me\u0161k\u00e1n\u00ed dal, dal.<\/em>
\nD\u00e1rky z\u016fstaly u jesli\u010dek p\u0159es Bo\u017e\u00ed hod a na sv\u00e1tek sv. \u0160t\u011bp\u00e1na je dostaly t\u0159i nejchud\u0161\u00ed d\u011bti z vesnice.<\/p>\n

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Zdroj:<\/strong> Mal\u00e1 ENCYKLOPEDIE V\u00c1NOC, Valburga Vav\u0159inov\u00e1, vydalo nakladatelstv\u00ed Libri, Praha 2001<\/p>\n

P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n

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