{"id":328149,"date":"2025-11-09T13:18:17","date_gmt":"2025-11-09T12:18:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=328149"},"modified":"2025-11-09T13:18:17","modified_gmt":"2025-11-09T12:18:17","slug":"z-archivu-a-kronik-svatomartinske-posviceni","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=328149","title":{"rendered":"Z ARCHIV\u016e A KRONIK: Svatomartinsk\u00e9 posv\u00edcen\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Co stoj\u00ed za t\u00edm, \u017ee oslavy svat\u00e9ho Martina z\u00edskaly mezi \u010desk\u00fdmi tradicemi tak v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00e9 postaven\u00ed? Zat\u00edmco mnoho jin\u00fdch posv\u00edcen\u00ed se slav\u00ed pouze lok\u00e1ln\u011b nebo \u00fapln\u011b upadlo v zapomn\u011bn\u00ed, svat\u00fd Martin se i v modern\u00ed podob\u011b udr\u017eel nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d generacemi, od pe\u010den\u00e9 husy po sklenku prvn\u00edho mlad\u00e9ho v\u00edna. Co d\u011bl\u00e1 tento podzimn\u00ed sv\u00e1tek tak v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00fdm?<\/h6>\n

Posv\u00edcen\u00ed, n\u011bkdy naz\u00fdvan\u00e9 hody nebo krm\u00e1\u0161, p\u0159edstavovalo v\u00fdznamnou ud\u00e1lost v \u017eivot\u011b \u010desk\u00fdch vesnic a m\u011bst. Martinsk\u00fd sv\u00e1tek b\u00fdval je\u0161t\u011b v 19. stolet\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm dnem skl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed \u00fa\u010dt\u016f, vyrovn\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1vazk\u016f v obci, pro \u010dele\u010f term\u00ednem ukon\u010den\u00ed slu\u017eebn\u00edho roku, ale tak\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost\u00ed pro obch\u016fzky \u017e\u00e1k\u016f a sv\u00e1tkem hodov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Selsk\u00e1 pranostika oti\u0161t\u011bn\u00e1 v roce 1710:<\/strong>
\nNa den sv. biskupa Martina<\/em>
\nmil\u00fd hospod\u00e1\u0159 a jeho dru\u017eina husy jed\u00ed, v\u00edno k tomu pij\u00edce<\/em>
\n\u0161t\u011bdr\u00e9ho Martina chv\u00e1l\u00edce<\/em>
\np\u00e1ni, \u017e\u00e1ci a kn\u011b\u017e\u00ed se raduj\u00ed<\/em>
\nneb se jim koledy p\u0159ibli\u017euj\u00ed.<\/em>
\nPacholci a d\u00edvky svobodu m\u00edvaj\u00ed,<\/em>
\na u jin\u00fdch p\u00e1n\u016f se zjedn\u00e1vaj\u00ed.<\/em><\/p>\n

Na svat\u00e9ho Martina kou\u0159\u00edv\u00e1 se z kom\u00edna. Nejen proto, \u017ee by m\u011bl p\u0159ijet na b\u00edl\u00e9m koni a krajinu p\u0159ikr\u00fdt sn\u011bhem. Tak\u00e9 proto, \u017ee v kuchyn\u00edch panoval \u010dil\u00fd ruch.<\/p>\n

Na venkov\u011b byl sv\u00e1tek svat\u00e9ho Martina jedn\u00edm z nejobl\u00edben\u011bj\u0161\u00edch sv\u00e1tk\u016f roku. Konala se posv\u00edcen\u00ed, d\u011bti i hospod\u00e1\u0159i \u010dekali na prvn\u00ed sn\u00edh, hospodyn\u011b pekly posv\u00edcenskou martinskou husu a martinsk\u00e9 rohl\u00edky nebo podkovy, zvan\u00e9 martiny, roh\u00e1\u010de, zah\u00fdb\u00e1ky, prost\u011b posv\u00edcen\u00ed jak se pat\u0159\u00ed. V ned\u011bli \u0161li v\u0161ichni do kostela na slavnostn\u00ed m\u0161i a po n\u00ed se pod\u00e1val ob\u011bd. Tvrd\u00ed se, \u017ee posv\u00edcensk\u00fd ob\u011bd byl nejbohat\u0161\u00ed v cel\u00e9m roce.<\/p>\n

V 18. a 19. stolet\u00ed se jedla pol\u00e9vka, r\u016fzn\u00e9 druhy masa v\u010detn\u011b pe\u010den\u00e9 husy, knedl\u00edky a zel\u00ed, smetanov\u00e9 om\u00e1\u010dky, spousta kol\u00e1\u010d\u016f a dal\u0161\u00edho pe\u010diva. K tomu nesm\u011bl chyb\u011bt dostatek piva. Ve\u010der b\u00fdvala tane\u010dn\u00ed z\u00e1bava pro ml\u00e1de\u017e, kter\u00e1 se \u010dasto prot\u00e1hla a\u017e do dal\u0161\u00edho dne. V pond\u011bl\u00ed se konala z\u00e1bava s n\u00e1zvem p\u011bkn\u00e1 neboli zlat\u00e1 hodinka, kter\u00e1 se je\u0161t\u011b dnes v n\u011bkter\u00fdch obc\u00edch dodr\u017euje. Lid\u00e9 se sch\u00e1zeli v hospod\u00e1ch s rozsv\u00edcen\u00fdmi sv\u00ed\u010dkami.<\/p>\n

V pond\u011bl\u00ed se tak\u00e9 odehr\u00e1valy z dne\u0161n\u00edho pohledu drastick\u00e9 oby\u010deje ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho zab\u00edjen\u00ed zv\u00ed\u0159at, jejich\u017e maso se pak ve\u010der v hospod\u011b upeklo a sn\u011bdlo. N\u011bkde st\u00ednali kohouta, jinde berana nebo shazovali kozla ze sk\u00e1ly \u010di z kosteln\u00ed v\u011b\u017ee. P\u0159ed zabit\u00edm zv\u00ed\u0159ete se v\u017edycky odehr\u00e1l symbolick\u00fd soud, p\u0159i n\u011bm\u017e se ob\u011bti vy\u010detla spousta zl\u00fdch skutk\u016f. To v\u0161e se d\u011blo za \u00fa\u010dasti div\u00e1k\u016f z cel\u00e9 obce i okol\u00ed. \u00datern\u00ed “sousedsk\u00e1” z\u00e1bava se dnes v\u011bt\u0161inou nedr\u017e\u00ed. Podle pam\u011btn\u00edk\u016f to b\u00fdvala p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost k tanci pro star\u0161\u00ed obyvatele vsi, a proto se hr\u00e1vala pomalej\u0161\u00ed hudba. Dozvukem hlavn\u00ed posv\u00edcensk\u00e9 z\u00e1bavy pak b\u00fdvala oslava konan\u00e1 n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed ned\u011bli, j\u00ed\u017e se \u0159\u00edkalo mlad\u00e9 posv\u00edcen\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Martinsk\u00e9 posv\u00edcen\u00ed bylo (stejn\u011b jako masopust) obl\u00edben\u00fdm term\u00ednem pro po\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1snub a svateb. Tato oslava se naz\u00fdvala svatomartinsk\u00e1 s\u00fdpka nebo bojkova svatba a trvala i n\u011bkolik dn\u016f. Pr\u016fb\u011bh t\u011bchto oslav nebyl v\u017edy zrovna hladk\u00fd. Zejm\u00e9na n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed chasn\u00edci zvl\u00e1dli hned prop\u00edt v\u0161echny vyd\u011blan\u00e9 pen\u00edze. Z renesan\u010dn\u00ed doby se dochovalo i n\u011bkolik \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edch zpr\u00e1v o nez\u0159\u00edzen\u00e9m chov\u00e1n\u00ed tzv. mart\u00ednk\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed p\u0159it\u00e1hli do m\u011bsta, kde p\u0159epadali a loupili, proto\u017ee jim do\u0161li pen\u00edze.<\/p>\n

D\u0159\u00edve byla martinsk\u00e1 husa posledn\u00ed pe\u010den\u00ed p\u0159ed \u0161estit\u00fddenn\u00edm adventn\u00edm postem. Upe\u010den\u00e1 husi\u010dka m\u011bla i sv\u016fj \u0159\u00e1d, jak se pod\u011blit o prope\u010den\u00e9 maso. Nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed sluha dost\u00e1val v\u017edy k\u0159\u00eddla. Pr\u00fd proto, aby p\u0159i pr\u00e1ci l\u00edtal jako \u010damrda. Vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed sluha se t\u011b\u0161il ze stehna, ale hospod\u00e1\u0159ovi pat\u0159il cel\u00fd zbytek husy v pek\u00e1\u010di. V\u011b\u0159ilo se, \u017ee k\u016f\u017ee z hus\u00edch nohou m\u00e1 z\u00e1zra\u010dn\u00e9 l\u00e9\u010div\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky. Vlo\u017e\u00edme-li ji do st\u0159ev\u00edc\u016f pod chodidla, nebudou se nejm\u00e9n\u011b cel\u00fd rok potit. Kousek k\u016f\u017ee mezi prsty se postar\u00e1 o to, aby se neobjevilo \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 ku\u0159\u00ed oko. Sklize\u0148 i v\u00fdmlat byly u konce a \u010deledi kon\u010d\u00edvala sjednan\u00e1 slu\u017eba, dost\u00e1vala mzdu a hledala nov\u00e9ho hospod\u00e1\u0159e, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b o rok prodlu\u017eovala dohodu. V tento den se uzav\u00edraly smlouvy mezi obc\u00ed a obecn\u00edm past\u00fd\u0159em, ov\u010d\u00e1kem, ponocn\u00fdm a dal\u0161\u00edmi lidmi. Kon\u00e1valy se dobyt\u010d\u00ed \u010di v\u00fdro\u010dn\u00ed trhy. Toho dne se hodn\u011b slavilo. P\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00ed, p\u0159\u00e1tel\u00e9 i zn\u00e1m\u00ed se sch\u00e1zeli, aby si povypr\u00e1v\u011bli o v\u0161em co toho roku za\u017eili a co je potkalo.<\/p>\n

\u00daryvek z V\u00edde\u0148sk\u00fdch novin z roku 1939:
\nPro\u010d bylo zavedeno posv\u00edcen\u00ed martinsk\u00e9, o tom se vypravuje tato pov\u011bst (podle Jos. Sv\u00e1tka): Kdysi vyjel si \u010desk\u00fd kn\u00ed\u017ee Old\u0159ich lovit do les\u016f k\u0159ivokl\u00e1tsk\u00fdch, kde se v\u0161ak odlou\u010dil od sv\u00e9 dru\u017einy a zm\u00e1tl si cestu v hust\u00e9m lese. Trouben\u00ed jeho p\u0159ivolalo uhl\u00ed\u0159e z nedalek\u00e9 osady, kde pr\u00e1v\u011b slavili posv\u00edcen\u00ed. Uhl\u00ed\u0159 vyvedl kn\u00ed\u017eete, jeho\u017e neznal, z lesa, a pozval ho do sv\u00e9 chatr\u010de na husu. Kn\u00ed\u017ee, kter\u00fd se vyd\u00e1val za kn\u00ed\u017eec\u00edho komorn\u00edka Janka, p\u0159ijal pozv\u00e1n\u00ed uhl\u00ed\u0159ovo a po\u017eiv husy posv\u00edcensk\u00e9 a pobaviv se v chatr\u010di jeho, pozval ho, aby ho v Praze na hrad\u011b nav\u0161t\u00edvil. Uhl\u00ed\u0159 to sl\u00edbil za tou v\u00fdminkou, \u017ee mu tam pan Janek d\u00e1 t\u00e9\u017e up\u00e9ci husu. Potom vyvedl kn\u00ed\u017eete z les\u016f. Kn\u00ed\u017ee se\u0161el se brzy se svou dru\u017einou a vesele j\u00ed vypr\u00e1v\u011bl, co se mu p\u0159ihodilo. V den sv. Martina dostavil se uhl\u00ed\u0159 skute\u010dn\u011b na hrad Pra\u017esk\u00fd a popt\u00e1val se po panu Jankovi. Dvo\u0159an\u00e9, jsouce ji\u017e na jeho p\u0159\u00edchod p\u0159ipraveni, uvedli ho ke kn\u00ed\u017eeti, s n\u00edm\u017e u\u017easl\u00fd uhl\u00ed\u0159 potom stoloval a na huse si pochutnal. Na pam\u00e1tku tohoto vysvobozen\u00ed sv\u00e9ho z lesa a srde\u010dn\u00e9 pohostinstv\u00ed \u010desk\u00fdch uhl\u00ed\u0159\u016f ustanovil kn\u00ed\u017ee Old\u0159ich, aby ka\u017ed\u00e9ho roku slavil se den sv. Martina pe\u010denou husou a z toho ustanoven\u00ed m\u011blo po\u010d\u00e1tek posv\u00edcen\u00ed martinsk\u00e9.<\/em><\/p>\n

Podle profesora \u010ce\u0148ka Z\u00edbrta si v \u010cech\u00e1ch ve 14. stolet\u00ed martinskou koledou p\u0159ilep\u0161ovali nejen chud\u00ed \u017e\u00e1ci a kanovn\u00edci, ale tak\u00e9 katov\u00e9 (roku byla 1390 \u00fa\u010dast zak\u00e1z\u00e1na). Koledovali po domech z\u00e1mo\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00edch m\u011b\u0161\u0165an\u016f a ve sv\u00fdch koled\u00e1ch, z nich\u017e se n\u011bkter\u00e9 z 15. stolet\u00ed zachovaly, se dovol\u00e1vali \u0161t\u011bdrosti sv\u00fdch spoluob\u010dan\u016f podle sv. biskupa Martina, kter\u00fd se s pros\u00edc\u00edm \u017eebr\u00e1kem rozd\u011blil o sv\u016fj vlastn\u00ed pl\u00e1\u0161\u0165. Postupem doby martinsk\u00e1 koleda v \u010cech\u00e1ch a na Morav\u011b vymizela.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Zdroj:<\/strong> \u0160OTTNEROV\u00c1 Dagmar. Lidov\u00e9 tradice: p\u016fvod lidov\u00fdch tradic, zvyky, pov\u011bry, pranostiky, \u0159\u00edkadla a hry. Olomouc: Rubico, 2009. VONDRU\u0160KOV\u00c1 Alena. \u010cesk\u00fd lidov\u00fd a c\u00edrkevn\u00ed rok. Brno: MOBA, 2015.<\/p>\n

P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

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