{"id":314366,"date":"2024-07-18T10:05:09","date_gmt":"2024-07-18T09:05:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=314366"},"modified":"2024-07-18T10:05:09","modified_gmt":"2024-07-18T09:05:09","slug":"z-prvni-ruky-revolucni-metoda-ceskych-vedcu-odhalila-strukturu-chromozomu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=314366","title":{"rendered":"Z PRVN\u00cd RUKY: Revolu\u010dn\u00ed metoda \u010desk\u00fdch v\u011bdc\u016f odhalila strukturu chromozomu"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"\"Jako prvn\u00ed na sv\u011bt\u011b zobrazili cel\u00fd chromozom v p\u0159irozen\u00e9m stavu. V\u011bdc\u016fm z \u00dastavu p\u0159\u00edstrojov\u00e9 techniky AV \u010cR ve spolupr\u00e1ci s \u00dastavem experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed botaniky AV \u010cR se d\u00edky revolu\u010dn\u00ed metod\u011b poda\u0159ilo to, o co se pokou\u0161eli experti nejpresti\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00edch laborato\u0159\u00ed. Odhalen\u00ed povrchov\u00e9 struktury chromozomu s r\u016fzn\u00fdmi miniaturn\u00edmi v\u00fdb\u011b\u017eky a prostorov\u011b uspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00fdmi smy\u010dkami vl\u00e1ken m\u016f\u017ee v budoucnu ovlivnit nap\u0159\u00edklad medic\u00ednu nebo zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed. Nov\u00e1 zobrazovac\u00ed metoda je u\u017e te\u010f z\u00e1sadn\u00edm vylep\u0161en\u00edm pro v\u011bdeckou obec.<\/h6>\n

Po letech b\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed a pokus\u016f sv\u011btov\u00fdch laborato\u0159\u00ed, jak zobrazit biologick\u00e9 vzorky v p\u0159irozen\u00e9m stavu, p\u0159i\u0161li \u010de\u0161t\u00ed v\u011bdci s \u0159e\u0161en\u00edm. Nov\u011b vyvinut\u00e1 metoda A-ESEM otev\u00edr\u00e1 zcela nov\u00e9 mo\u017enosti zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed ne\u017eiv\u00e9, ale p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm \u017eiv\u00e9 hmoty.<\/p>\n

Dosud se pro zobrazen\u00ed prostorov\u00e9 struktury biologick\u00fdch i nebiologick\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f s rozli\u0161en\u00edm a\u017e miliontiny milimetru pou\u017e\u00edvala rastrovac\u00ed elektronov\u00e1 mikroskopie (SEM), p\u0159i kter\u00e9 se vzorky pozoruj\u00ed ve vysok\u00e9m vakuu. Proto musej\u00ed proj\u00edt \u00fapravami, je\u017e ale mohou po\u0161kodit jejich strukturu. A to vylu\u010duje jejich pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed v nativn\u00edm stavu.<\/p>\n

Jako auto, kter\u00e9 jezd\u00ed po vod\u011b a um\u00ed se pono\u0159it<\/h6>\n

Metoda A-ESEM, pokro\u010dil\u00e1 environment\u00e1ln\u00ed rastrovac\u00ed elektronov\u00e1 mikroskopie (A-ESEM; Advanced Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy), umo\u017e\u0148uje zkoumat prakticky v\u0161echny \u017eiv\u00e9 vzorky: rostlinn\u00e9 a \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b i \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00e9 bu\u0148ky v p\u0159irozen\u00e9m stavu, mal\u00e9 \u017eiv\u00e9 \u017eivo\u010dichy, houby, pl\u00edsn\u011b, rozto\u010de, proteiny, bakterie, a v\u011bdci se chystaj\u00ed i na viry. Nav\u00edc lze sledovat dynamick\u00e9 zm\u011bny vzork\u016f v d\u016fsledku zm\u011bny jejich teploty, vysych\u00e1n\u00ed, chemick\u00e9 reakce, fyzik\u00e1ln\u00edho p\u016fsoben\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\u201eKlasick\u00fd mikroskop lze p\u0159irovnat k luxusn\u00edmu automobilu, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e environment\u00e1ln\u00ed mikroskop je luxusn\u00edm automobilem v je\u0161t\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdbav\u011b, kter\u00fd nav\u00edc um\u00ed jezdit po vod\u011b a pot\u00e1p\u011bt se jako ponorka, zkr\u00e1tka m\u00e1 v\u0161echny funkce klasick\u00e9ho mikroskopu, a nav\u00edc \u0159adu dal\u0161\u00edch,\u201c<\/em> vysv\u011btluje Vil\u00e9m Ned\u011bla, vedouc\u00ed brn\u011bnsk\u00e9ho t\u00fdmu Environment\u00e1ln\u00ed elektronov\u00e9 mikroskopie \u00dastavu p\u0159\u00edstrojov\u00e9 techniky AV \u010cR, kter\u00fd metodu vyvinul.<\/p>\n

\u201eVyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me softwary s um\u011blou inteligenc\u00ed, kter\u00e9 porad\u00ed, jak nastavit parametry, aby se vzorek nezni\u010dil. Vyu\u017eili jsme mnoha vlastn\u00edch inovac\u00ed a d\u00edky ultracitliv\u00fdm detektor\u016fm pozorujeme vzorky ve vysok\u00e9m tlaku plynu a ve vlhkosti a\u017e 100 %, tedy v enviroment\u00e1ln\u011b kompatibiln\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch \u2013 velice \u0161etrn\u011b, neubli\u017eujeme jim,\u201c<\/em> popisuje Vil\u00e9m Ned\u011bla.<\/p>\n

A-ESEM je ze v\u0161ech elektronov\u011b mikroskopick\u00fdch metod nejv\u00edce univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed, nav\u00edc ji lze pou\u017e\u00edt k p\u0159\u00edprav\u011b a dal\u0161\u00edm fyzik\u00e1ln\u011b-chemick\u00fdm anal\u00fdz\u00e1m vzork\u016f. Podle Vil\u00e9ma Ned\u011bly je dokonce rychlej\u0161\u00ed, levn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a vhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pro studium dynamick\u00fdch zm\u011bn biologick\u00fdch vzork\u016f ne\u017e kryo-elektronov\u00e1 mikroskopie, ocen\u011bn\u00e1 v roce 2017 Nobelovou cenou. \u201eTato nov\u00e1 metoda \u0159e\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00ed probl\u00e9m zd\u00e1nliv\u00e9 neslu\u010ditelnosti elektronov\u00e9 mikroskopie s p\u0159\u00edtomnost\u00ed vody v kapaln\u00e9m skupenstv\u00ed ve vzorku. Proto je vhodn\u00e1 pro zobrazov\u00e1n\u00ed \u017eiv\u00fdch organism\u016f a extr\u00e9mn\u011b citliv\u00fdch nanostruktur a nanopovrch\u016f v\u0161e ve vysok\u00e9m rozli\u0161en\u00ed,\u201c<\/em> \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Vil\u00e9m Ned\u011bla.<\/p>\n

D\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd objev pro zdrav\u00ed lid\u00ed i rostlin<\/h6>\n

Potenci\u00e1l nov\u00e9 metody ov\u011b\u0159ili v\u011bdci ve spolupr\u00e1ci s olomouck\u00fdm pracovi\u0161t\u011bm \u00dastavu experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed botaniky AV \u010cR studiem chromozom\u016f, tedy mikroskopick\u00fdch struktur, ve kter\u00fdch je ulo\u017eena d\u011bdi\u010dn\u00e1 informace.<\/p>\n

Chromozomy v pr\u016fb\u011bhu d\u011blen\u00ed bun\u011bk kondenzuj\u00ed v mikroskopick\u00e9 v\u00e1le\u010dkovit\u00e9 \u00fatvary. O odhalen\u00ed jejich nanostruktury se l\u00e9ta pokou\u0161ely v\u011bdeck\u00e9 t\u00fdmy z cel\u00e9ho sv\u011bta. Neusp\u011bly, proto\u017ee v\u0161echny dostupn\u00e9 metody vy\u017eadovaly drastick\u00e9 o\u0161et\u0159en\u00ed chemik\u00e1liemi, su\u0161en\u00ed, pokovov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010di mrazen\u00ed a n\u00e1slednou sublimaci ledu. A proto\u017ee povrchov\u00e1 vrstva chromozomu je extr\u00e9mn\u011b citliv\u00e1, byla p\u0159i takov\u00e9m zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed bu\u010f po\u0161kozena, nebo zcela odstran\u011bna.<\/p>\n

\u201eTeprve nov\u011b vyvinut\u00e1 metoda A-ESEM odhalila, \u017ee povrch kondenzovan\u00fdch chromozom\u016f je poset\u00fd \u010detn\u00fdmi v\u00fdb\u011b\u017eky, smy\u010dkami chromatinov\u00fdch vl\u00e1ken o pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 velikosti kolem 30 nm. Takov\u00e9 prostorov\u00e9 uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed povrchu chromozom\u016f nebylo dosud pozorov\u00e1no. Nav\u00edc je velmi pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee se n\u00e1m poda\u0159ilo zobrazit i nepatrn\u00e9, jen 12 nm velk\u00e9 nukleozomy, na kter\u00fdch je jako na c\u00edvky navinuta molekula DNA,\u201c<\/em> dopl\u0148uje rostlinn\u00fd genetik Jaroslav Dole\u017eel, vedouc\u00ed olomouck\u00e9ho t\u00fdmu \u00dastavu experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed botaniky AV \u010cR.<\/p>\n

Z\u00edskan\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky p\u0159isp\u00edvaj\u00ed k pochopen\u00ed molekul\u00e1rn\u00ed struktury mikroskopick\u00fdch \u00fatvar\u016f \u2013 chromozom\u016f \u2013, kter\u00e9 p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed d\u011bdi\u010dnou informaci z rodi\u010d\u016f na potomstvo. Zat\u00edmco u \u010dlov\u011bka jsou jejich poruchy p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou d\u011bdi\u010dn\u00fdch chorob, u zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch plodin vedou ke sn\u00ed\u017een\u00e9 plodnosti a v\u00fdnosu. Odhalen\u00ed povrchov\u00e9 struktury chromozom\u016f poskytuje nov\u00fd pohled na strukturu d\u011bdi\u010dn\u00e9ho apar\u00e1tu, umo\u017en\u00ed identifikaci poruch v jeho uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed a p\u0159isp\u011bje k v\u00fdvoji syntetick\u00fdch organism\u016f s um\u011ble vytvo\u0159enou d\u011bdi\u010dnou informac\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Uplatn\u011bn\u00ed nov\u00e9 metody<\/h6>\n

Dosa\u017eiteln\u00e9 rozli\u0161en\u00ed A-ESEM je p\u0159i podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch studia chromozom\u016f srovnateln\u00e9 s rozli\u0161en\u00edm klasick\u00e9ho \u201evakuov\u00e9ho\u201c rastrovac\u00edho elektronov\u00e9ho mikroskopu (SEM), co\u017e m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt podle Vil\u00e9ma Ned\u011bly zcela z\u00e1sadn\u00ed vliv na v\u00fdvoj sv\u011btov\u00e9ho trhu s elektronov\u00fdmi mikroskopy. \u201eMo\u017enost spojen\u00ed A-ESEM s dal\u0161\u00edmi zobrazovac\u00edmi technikami, v\u010detn\u011b sv\u011bteln\u00e9 mikroskopie, umo\u017en\u00ed v\u011bdc\u016fm zobrazov\u00e1n\u00ed a funk\u010dn\u00ed anal\u00fdzu nejen chromozom\u016f, ale i dal\u0161\u00edch biologick\u00fdch objekt\u016f v p\u0159irozen\u00e9m stavu. Jak\u00e9 praktick\u00e9 dopady bude p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00e9 \u0161irok\u00e9 nasazen\u00ed nov\u00e9 metody A-ESEM m\u00edt, v tuto chv\u00edli nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 ani odhadnout. V \u00dastavu p\u0159\u00edstrojov\u00e9 techniky Akademie v\u011bd \u010cR jsme ka\u017edop\u00e1dn\u011b p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010deni, \u017ee jde o jeden z nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch objev\u016f, kter\u00e9 byly u\u010din\u011bny na p\u016fd\u011b na\u0161\u00ed instituce, a revolu\u010dn\u00edm krokem vp\u0159ed pro elektronovou mikroskopii jako takovou,\u201c<\/em> uzav\u00edr\u00e1 Vil\u00e9m Ned\u011bla. V\u00fdsledky mnohalet\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu brn\u011bnsk\u00fdch a olomouck\u00fdch v\u011bdc\u016f publikoval<\/strong><\/a> \u010dasopis Scientific Reports, kter\u00fd je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed nakladatelstv\u00ed vyd\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edho jeden ze sv\u011btov\u011b nejpresti\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00edch v\u011bdeck\u00fdch \u010dasopis\u016f Nature.<\/p>\n

(tz-av\u010dr)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Jako prvn\u00ed <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":314369,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"gallery","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[70],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/18\/z-ruky-metoda.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/314366"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=314366"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/314366\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":314368,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/314366\/revisions\/314368"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/314369"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=314366"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=314366"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=314366"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}