{"id":313965,"date":"2024-07-19T15:34:13","date_gmt":"2024-07-19T14:34:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=313965"},"modified":"2024-07-19T15:35:03","modified_gmt":"2024-07-19T14:35:03","slug":"ceska-republika-osada-prvnich-zemedelcu-ukazuje-jak-zili-lide-na-ceskem-uzemi-pred-7000-lety","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=313965","title":{"rendered":"\u010cESK\u00c1 REPUBLIKA: Osada prvn\u00edch zem\u011bd\u011blc\u016f ukazuje, jak \u017eili lid\u00e9 na \u010desk\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed p\u0159ed sedmi tis\u00edci lety"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Novou neolitickou osadu u Kutn\u00e9 Hory objevili badatel\u00e9 z Archeologick\u00e9ho \u00fastavu AV \u010cR, Praha. Unik\u00e1tn\u00ed je v tom, \u017ee v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch tis\u00edcilet\u00edch na jej\u00edm m\u00edst\u011b nevznikla \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 jin\u00e1 s\u00eddli\u0161t\u011b a d\u00edky tomu se m\u00edsto perfektn\u011b zachovalo \u2013 v\u010detn\u011b p\u016fdorys\u016f \u010dty\u0159 dlouh\u00fdch dom\u016f.<\/h6>\n

\"\"\u017divot prvn\u00edch neolitick\u00fdch obyvatel nebyl jednoduch\u00fd a byl pevn\u011b spjat s p\u0159\u00edrodou. J\u00eddlo si zaji\u0161\u0165ovali p\u011bstov\u00e1n\u00edm, chovem dobytka, ale i sb\u011brem anebo lovem. P\u0159esto\u017ee z dne\u0161n\u00edho pohledu vypad\u00e1 pr\u00e1ce na poli bez pluhu a pouze pomoc\u00ed d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00fdch n\u00e1stroj\u016f t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nep\u0159edstaviteln\u011b, byly tyto komunity \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 \u2013 b\u011bhem n\u011bkolika stalet\u00ed se roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ily po v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b Evropy a p\u0159evrstvily p\u016fvodn\u00ed lovce a sb\u011bra\u010de.<\/p>\n

Prav\u011bc\u00ed lid\u00e9 se us\u00eddlili v Dob\u0159eni u Kutn\u00e9 Hory na sam\u00e9m okraji oblasti s dostate\u010dn\u011b \u00farodnou p\u016fdou a vhodn\u00fdm klimatem pro prav\u011bk\u00e9 zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\u201eVe vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch nadmo\u0159sk\u00fdch v\u00fd\u0161k\u00e1ch, tedy zhruba nad 400 m. n. m., se s\u00eddli\u0161t\u011b tohoto obdob\u00ed objevuj\u00ed jen z\u0159\u00eddka. Z\u0159ejm\u011b i d\u00edky tomu se osada zachovala a nebyla p\u0159evrstvena mlad\u0161\u00edmi stavbami,\u201c<\/em> vysv\u011btluje Daniel Pila\u0159 z Archeologick\u00e9ho \u00fastavu AV \u010cR, Praha, kter\u00fd lokalitu zkoumal.<\/p>\n

Domy jako \u00fato\u010di\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed zimou a de\u0161t\u011bm<\/h6>\n

Dosud nezn\u00e1mou osadu z mlad\u0161\u00ed doby kamenn\u00e9 postavily p\u0159ed v\u00edce ne\u017e 7000 lety komunity nejstar\u0161\u00edch zem\u011bd\u011blc\u016f, kter\u00e9 se na \u010desk\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed dostaly z jihov\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evropy. Archeologov\u00e9 na\u0161li p\u016fdorysy \u010dty\u0159 dlouh\u00fdch dom\u016f \u2013 typick\u00fdch staveb sv\u00e9 doby. P\u0159esto\u017ee se domy jako takov\u00e9 do dne\u0161n\u00ed doby nezachovaly, je mo\u017en\u00e9 p\u0159i v\u00fdzkumu naj\u00edt j\u00e1my po jejich sloupech.<\/p>\n

\u201eDomy b\u00fdvaly \u0161irok\u00e9 mezi 4 a\u017e 6 m a dlouh\u00e9 od 10 do 40 m. Sloupy jsou stav\u011bny nejhust\u011bji ve vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch \u0159ad\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 tvo\u0159ily st\u011bny domu. Sloupy v nich ob\u010das st\u00e1ly i t\u011bsn\u011b vedle sebe. Jejich vnit\u0159n\u00ed \u0159ady maj\u00ed mezi sebou ale v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed rozestupy \u2013 v\u011bt\u0161inou v\u00edce ne\u017e metr \u2013 tak\u017ee se mezi nimi dalo bez probl\u00e9mu pohybovat,\u201c<\/em> popisuje Daniel Pila\u0159.<\/p>\n

Domy se skl\u00e1daly a\u017e ze t\u0159\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed. Zat\u00edmco nejmen\u0161\u00ed domy m\u011bly jen jednu \u010d\u00e1st a byly dlouh\u00e9 kolem 10 metr\u016f, ve v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch trojd\u00edln\u00fdch domech mohl jeden segment slou\u017eit ke sladov\u00e1n\u00ed (tato \u010d\u00e1st m\u00edv\u00e1 patro) anebo jako centr\u00e1ln\u00ed m\u00edsto ke shroma\u017e\u010fov\u00e1n\u00ed (s rozvoln\u011bn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed strukturou sloup\u016f).<\/p>\n

Experti st\u00e1le diskutuj\u00ed o tom, zda neolitick\u00e9 dlouh\u00e9 domy patro m\u011bly, \u010di nikoli. N\u011bkter\u00e9 budovy maj\u00ed toti\u017e \u010d\u00e1st sloup\u016f zdvojenou \u2013 ta mohla slou\u017eit jako jednoduch\u00fd zp\u016fsob k postaven\u00ed druh\u00e9ho patra. Tento jev se v\u017edy objevuje jen u jedn\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti domu.<\/p>\n

V dom\u011b mohlo \u017e\u00edt a\u017e kolem 40 osob, v\u011bt\u0161inou jsou ale odhady podstatn\u011b ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed \u2013 \u0161lo asi o 10\u201320 lid\u00ed (v z\u00e1vislosti na velikosti domu).<\/p>\n

\u201eK vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed dom\u016f je nutn\u00e9 poznamenat, \u017ee je\u0161t\u011b doned\u00e1vna se v\u011bt\u0161ina denn\u00edch \u010dinnost\u00ed odehr\u00e1vala mimo d\u016fm a dovnit\u0159 se lid\u00e9 p\u0159esouvali kv\u016fli zim\u011b anebo de\u0161ti. V l\u00e9t\u011b se tak v\u011bt\u0161ina \u010dinnost\u00ed odehr\u00e1vala venku, od p\u0159\u00edpravy j\u00eddla po \u0159emesla. V neposledn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b proto, \u017ee v domech bylo prost\u011b \u0161ero,\u201c<\/em> \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Daniel Pila\u0159. V zim\u011b naopak domy nab\u00edzely dobr\u00e9 \u00fato\u010di\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed chladem a de\u0161t\u011bm. V t\u011bchto m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch se lid\u00e9 mohli n\u011bkter\u00fdm \u0159emesl\u016fm v\u011bnovat i uvnit\u0159 dom\u016f.<\/p>\n

Odpadn\u00ed j\u00e1my jako okno do ka\u017edodenn\u00edho \u017eivota<\/h6>\n

Krom\u011b dom\u016f jsou d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm n\u00e1lezem i okoln\u00ed j\u00e1my \u2013 slou\u017eily k t\u011b\u017eb\u011b hl\u00edny a n\u00e1sledn\u011b byly zapln\u011bny odpadem. Pr\u00e1v\u011b odpad tak tvo\u0159\u00ed okno do ka\u017edodenn\u00edho \u017eivota neolitick\u00fdch lid\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\u201ePomoc\u00ed modern\u00edch anal\u00fdz mohou archeologov\u00e9 v sou\u010dasnosti zkoumat, co tehdej\u0161\u00ed lid\u00e9 jedli, jak p\u0159esn\u011b pou\u017e\u00edvali sv\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje a v neposledn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b jak p\u0159ed 7000 lety vypadalo \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed,\u201c<\/em> vysv\u011btluje Daniel Pila\u0159.<\/p>\n

Experti na\u0161li v j\u00e1m\u00e1ch nej\u010dast\u011bji keramiku \u2013 pou\u017e\u00edvala se ka\u017ed\u00fd den k va\u0159en\u00ed, serv\u00edrov\u00e1n\u00ed, ale i skladov\u00e1n\u00ed. Nav\u00edc \u0161lo o spot\u0159ebn\u00ed zbo\u017e\u00ed a kdy\u017e se rozbila, lid\u00e9 ji snadno nahradili novou. Ob\u010das v j\u00e1m\u00e1ch kon\u010dily i pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje \u2013 pazourkov\u00e9 \u010depele, brou\u0161en\u00e9 sekery a kamenn\u00e9 ml\u00fdnky.<\/p>\n

\u201eKrom\u011b t\u011bchto b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f v j\u00e1m\u00e1ch ob\u010das nach\u00e1z\u00edme i zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 p\u0159edm\u011bty ilustruj\u00edc\u00ed ka\u017edodenn\u00ed \u017eivot: oho\u0159elou hlin\u011bnou ze\u010f, kter\u00e1 byla \u201auklizena\u2018 do j\u00e1my, \u010di hlin\u011bn\u00e9 pece k va\u0159en\u00ed j\u00eddla,\u201c<\/em> p\u0159ibli\u017euje Daniel Pila\u0159.<\/p>\n

Experti se v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch a letech budou v\u011bnovat zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed dat, kter\u00e9 v ter\u00e9nu nashrom\u00e1\u017edili, nap\u0159\u00edklad pomoc\u00ed radiokarbonov\u00e9ho a luminiscen\u010dn\u00edho datov\u00e1n\u00ed, anal\u00fdzy fytolit\u016f, prav\u011bk\u00fdch d\u0159evin, ale i pracovn\u00edch stop na n\u00e1stroj\u00edch a v\u00fdzkumu genetiky rostlin. Na zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed se tak bude pod\u00edlet \u0161irok\u00fd t\u00fdm odborn\u00edk\u016f z r\u016fzn\u00fdch obor\u016f.<\/p>\n

Prozkoumanou plochu nyn\u00ed archeologov\u00e9 p\u0159edaj\u00ed stavb\u011b. Prav\u011bkou osadu p\u0159ekryje krav\u00edn a automatick\u00e1 doji\u010dka. S nads\u00e1zkou lze \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee Dob\u0159e\u0148 tak dr\u017e\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blskou kontinuitu u\u017e 7000 let.<\/p>\n

\u2022<\/h1>\n
\u010cechy jedn\u00edm z center neolitick\u00e9 st\u0159edn\u00ed Evropy<\/h6>\n

Prvn\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blci p\u0159i sv\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edchodu nevstupovali do neproniknuteln\u00e9ho pralesa, kter\u00fd je\u0161t\u011b \u201enepoznal sekeru\u201c. Po tis\u00edce let jej toti\u017e zjevn\u011b c\u00edlen\u011b vypalovali lovci a sb\u011bra\u010di, aby si udr\u017eeli vhodnou zv\u011b\u0159. P\u0159\u00edchod neolitu ale krajinu i tak z\u00e1sadn\u011b poznamenal. Osady toti\u017e nepot\u0159ebovaly jen materi\u00e1l na stavbu dom\u016f a plochu pro pole, ale i neust\u00e1l\u00fd p\u0159\u00edsun palivov\u00e9ho d\u0159eva anebo krmiva pro dobytek. \u010cinnost lid\u00ed tak krajinu v\u00fdrazn\u011b odlesnila, zp\u016fsobila prom\u011bnu druh\u016f rostlin, kter\u00e9 v jejich okol\u00ed rostly, a v neposledn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b donesli obyvatel\u00e9 rostliny nov\u00e9 \u2013 p\u011bstovan\u00e9 obilniny a lu\u0161t\u011bniny toti\u017e p\u016fvodn\u011b poch\u00e1zely z Bl\u00edzk\u00e9ho v\u00fdchodu.<\/p>\n

Takto velkoplo\u0161n\u011b zkouman\u00fdch s\u00eddli\u0161\u0165 jako Dob\u0159e\u0148 jsou v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice des\u00edtky. Lokalit, kde zjevn\u011b neolitick\u00e1 s\u00eddli\u0161t\u011b jsou, ale nebyla zat\u00edm z\u00e1sadn\u011b archeologicky zkoum\u00e1na, jsou stovky. \u010cechy byly ve star\u0161\u00edm neolitu jedn\u00edm z center st\u0159edn\u00ed Evropy, m\u00edstem s jednou z nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch koncentrac\u00ed pam\u00e1tek z tohoto obdob\u00ed. Spole\u010dn\u011b s dlouhou tradic\u00ed je tak \u010cR v\u00fdznamnou zem\u00ed ohledn\u011b celoevropsk\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu star\u0161\u00edho neolitu.<\/p>\n

Evropsky v\u00fdznamnou lokalitou jsou nap\u0159\u00edklad Bylany, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm d\u00edky sv\u00e9mu rozsahu (byla tam nalezeno cca 150 dlouh\u00fdch dom\u016f), ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 byly jednou z prvn\u00edch lokalit, kde bylo takto rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 neolitick\u00e9<\/p>\n

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Text a foto: (tz-av\u010dr)<\/strong><\/p>\n

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