{"id":313338,"date":"2024-07-08T16:35:23","date_gmt":"2024-07-08T15:35:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=313338"},"modified":"2024-07-08T16:36:44","modified_gmt":"2024-07-08T15:36:44","slug":"narodni-park-sumava-disturbance-jev-ktery-zajistuje-bohatstvi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=313338","title":{"rendered":"N\u00c1RODN\u00cd PARK \u0160UMAVA: Disturbance \u2013 jev, kter\u00fd zaji\u0161\u0165uje bohatstv\u00ed lesa"},"content":{"rendered":"
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V\u011btrn\u00e1 disturbance je na \u0160umav\u011b z\u00e1kladem t\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed – k\u016frovcov\u00e9. Foto Tom\u00e1\u0161 \u010camra<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

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Slovem disturbance v p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b ozna\u010dujeme n\u00e1hlou zm\u011bnu. Z biologick\u00e9ho hlediska se jedn\u00e1 o do\u010dasnou zm\u011bnu obvykl\u00fdch podm\u00ednek v p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b, kter\u00e1 v\u0161ak zp\u016fsobuje podstatnou zm\u011bnu v cel\u00e9m ekosyst\u00e9mu.<\/h6>\n

\"\"Na prvn\u00ed pohled tato definice vypad\u00e1 slo\u017eit\u011b, ale kdy\u017e se \u0159ekne ork\u00e1n Kyrill a n\u00e1sledn\u00e1 k\u016frovcov\u00e1 kalamita, slovo disturbance je hned jasn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. V\u00edtr a n\u00e1sledn\u00e1 k\u016frovcov\u00e1 gradace jsou toti\u017e nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi a nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi disturbancemi na \u0160umav\u011b, kter\u00e9 se cyklicky opakuj\u00ed po tis\u00edcilet\u00ed a les je na ty zm\u011bny p\u0159ipraven.<\/p>\n

\u201eNejsou to ale jedin\u00e9 disturbance, kter\u00e9 ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed lesn\u00ed ekosyst\u00e9my. Dal\u0161\u00edmi mohou b\u00fdt mokr\u00fd sn\u00edh a n\u00e1mraza. Pr\u00e1v\u011b n\u00e1mraza v\u00fdznamn\u011b p\u016fsob\u00ed nap\u0159\u00edklad na listnat\u00e9 stromy, t\u0159eba javory. Pod n\u00e1mrazou se toti\u017e l\u00e1mou a n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 zlomy jsou p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost\u00ed pro ur\u010dit\u00e9 druhy brouk\u016f a hub. Mezi disturbance pat\u0159\u00ed i ohe\u0148, kter\u00fd naru\u0161oval \u0161umavsk\u00e9 lesy hlavn\u011b v d\u00e1vn\u00e9 minulosti,<\/em>\u201c dopl\u0148uje Jaroslav \u010cervenka ze Spr\u00e1vy N\u00e1rodn\u00edho parku \u0160umava.<\/p>\n

Velkoplo\u0161n\u00e9 disturbance na \u0160umav\u011b p\u0159itom nejsou nic neobvykl\u00e9ho. Naopak, vyvr\u00e1cen\u00ed des\u00edtek nebo stovek tis\u00edc strom\u016f siln\u00fdm v\u011btrem b\u011bhem p\u00e1r hodin a n\u00e1sledn\u00e1 k\u016frovcov\u00e1 gradace je v horsk\u00fdch les\u00edch \u0160umavy p\u0159irozen\u00fdm a opakuj\u00edc\u00edm se jevem.<\/p>\n

\u201ePodle informac\u00ed o r\u016fstu strom\u016f zachycen\u00fdch v jejich letokruz\u00edch jsme zjistili, \u017ee dosp\u011bl\u00e9 smrky v posledn\u00ed dob\u011b odum\u00edraly v pr\u016fm\u011bru asi po 170 letech. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee stromy, kter\u00e9 ned\u00e1vno odum\u0159ely, vyrostly po disturbanc\u00edch, kter\u00e9 se odehr\u00e1ly p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b od konce 18. do konce 19. stolet\u00ed. B\u011bhem 20. stolet\u00ed jsme si na \u0160umav\u011b naopak velk\u00fdm disturbanc\u00edm odvykli, a tak\u00e9 proto byl dopad ned\u00e1vn\u00fdch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed tak v\u00fdrazn\u00fd,\u201c<\/em> komentuje v\u00fdsledky dendrochronologick\u00fdch anal\u00fdz Vojt\u011bch \u010cada z Fakulty lesnick\u00e9 a d\u0159eva\u0159sk\u00e9 \u010cZU v Praze.<\/p>\n

\u201eInformace o reakc\u00edch strom\u016f na disturbance posledn\u00edch t\u0159\u00ed stalet\u00ed m\u00e1me zachyceny na velk\u00e9m souboru vzork\u016f nejen z \u00fazem\u00ed N\u00e1rodn\u00edho parku \u0160umava, ale i N\u00e1rodn\u00edho parku Bavorsk\u00fd les, i z nedot\u010den\u00fdch prales\u016f \u0160umavy\u201c<\/em> dopl\u0148uje Jaroslav \u010cervenka.<\/p>\n

V\u011btrn\u00e1 a n\u00e1sledn\u011b k\u016frovcov\u00e1 disturbance tak \u0160umavu v budoucnosti jednozna\u010dn\u011b \u010dek\u00e1. Jednu z t\u011bch opravdu velk\u00fdch jsme za\u017eili v lednu roku 2007, kdy na \u0160umavu vtrhl ork\u00e1n Kyrill a v nadch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edch zhruba p\u011bti letech prob\u00edhala k\u016frovcov\u00e1 gradace. N\u00e1sledovaly pak dal\u0161\u00ed, m\u00e9n\u011b intenzivn\u00ed disturbance \u2013 ork\u00e1n Herwart, Nyklas a n\u011bkolik lok\u00e1ln\u00edch bou\u0159\u00ed, po kter\u00fdch z\u016fstalo ur\u010dit\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed vyvr\u00e1cen\u00fdch a zlomen\u00fdch strom\u016f, kter\u00e9 se v z\u00e1sahov\u00fdch oblastech vyt\u011b\u017eily, v bezz\u00e1sahov\u00fdch lokalit\u00e1ch z\u016fstaly a n\u00e1sledovaly k\u016frovcov\u00e9 epizody.<\/p>\n

\u201eNa takov\u00e9to disturbance jsou horsk\u00e9 smr\u010diny dob\u0159e p\u0159ipraveny. Smrk si vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed banku zmlazen\u00ed, z\u00e1sobu mal\u00fdch stromk\u016f, kter\u00e9 dlouhou dobu \u010dekaj\u00ed na svoji \u0161anci r\u016fst. Jedn\u00e1 se o stovky, sp\u00ed\u0161e tis\u00edce mlad\u00fdch stromk\u016f na hektar, kter\u00fdm disturbance p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed sv\u011btlo a \u0161anci vyr\u016fst \u201c<\/em> vysv\u011btluje Jaroslav \u010cervenka.<\/p>\n

Ka\u017ed\u00e1 takov\u00e1 disturbance po sob\u011b zanech\u00e1 ur\u010dit\u00e9 d\u011bdictv\u00ed, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e jedn\u00edm z nich je tlej\u00edc\u00ed d\u0159evo \u2013 bohatstv\u00ed lesa. \u201eKa\u017ed\u00e1 forma mrtv\u00e9ho stromu, a\u0165 u\u017e je to stoj\u00edc\u00ed kmen, le\u017e\u00edc\u00ed kmen, nebo v\u00fdvrat, vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd \u017eivotn\u00ed prostor pro r\u016fzn\u00e9 druhy hub, mechorost\u016f, li\u0161ejn\u00edk\u016f, brouk\u016f, pt\u00e1k\u016f a dal\u0161\u00edch organism\u016f. Tlej\u00edc\u00ed d\u0159evo vrac\u00ed zp\u011bt do p\u016fdy \u017eiviny a slou\u017e\u00ed tak\u00e9 jako d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 stanovi\u0161t\u011b pro novou generaci lesa. Na tlej\u00edc\u00edch kmenech se b\u011b\u017en\u011b uchyt\u00e1vaj\u00ed semena smrk\u016f, kter\u00e9 vykl\u00ed\u010d\u00ed a mohou vyr\u016fst v opravdov\u00e9 velik\u00e1ny. Mimo to tlej\u00edc\u00ed d\u0159evo zadr\u017euje vodu, kter\u00e1 z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 v lokalit\u011b a to bu\u010f p\u0159\u00edmo v samotn\u00e9m d\u0159ev\u011b, nebo ve form\u011b mal\u00fdch t\u016fn\u00ed, kter\u00e9 vznikaj\u00ed u popadan\u00fdch kmen\u016f. Zkr\u00e1tka, les tlej\u00edc\u00ed d\u0159evo pot\u0159ebuje,\u201c<\/em> uzav\u00edr\u00e1 Jaroslav \u010cervenka.<\/p>\n

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(tz-np\u0161)<\/strong><\/p>\n

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K\u016frovcov\u00e1 disturbance na \u0160umav\u011b se pravideln\u011b opakuje. Foto Tom\u00e1\u0161 \u010camra<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\n

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  Slovem <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":313339,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"gallery","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[69],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/08\/Vetrna-disturbance-je-na-Sumave-zakladem-te-dalsi-kurovcove.-Foto-Tomas-Camra.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/313338"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=313338"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/313338\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":313351,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/313338\/revisions\/313351"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/313339"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=313338"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=313338"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=313338"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}