{"id":311833,"date":"2024-06-21T15:58:02","date_gmt":"2024-06-21T14:58:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=311833"},"modified":"2024-06-21T15:58:02","modified_gmt":"2024-06-21T14:58:02","slug":"165-vyroci-bitva-u-solferina-se-stala-impulsem-k-zalozeni-cerveneho-krize","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=311833","title":{"rendered":"165. V\u00ddRO\u010c\u00cd: Bitva u Solferina se stala impulsem k zalo\u017een\u00ed \u010cerven\u00e9ho k\u0159\u00ed\u017ee"},"content":{"rendered":"

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24. \u010dervna uplyne 165 let od bitvy u Solferina, kter\u00e1 se stala impulsem k\u00a0zalo\u017een\u00ed \u010cerven\u00e9ho k\u0159\u00ed\u017ee a z\u00e1sadn\u00ed zm\u011bn\u011b nahl\u00ed\u017een\u00ed na ochranu ob\u011bt\u00ed ozbrojen\u00fdch konflikt\u016f.<\/b><\/h6>\n

\"\"24. \u010dervna 1859 se pobl\u00ed\u017e severoitalsk\u00e9ho Solferina odehr\u00e1la jedna z\u00a0tis\u00edc\u016f bitev lidsk\u00e9 historie. St\u0159etlo se v\u00a0n\u00ed 300 tis\u00edc voj\u00e1k\u016f a po 15 hodin\u00e1ch boje z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 na bitevn\u00edm poli bez pomoci na 40 tis\u00edc ran\u011bn\u00fdch a um\u00edraj\u00edc\u00edch.<\/p>\n

Bitva u Solferina se nezapsala do historie uveden\u00fdmi \u010d\u00edsly, ale t\u00edm, \u017ee obraz jej\u00edch humanit\u00e1rn\u00edch n\u00e1sledk\u016f vedl \u0160v\u00fdcara\u00a0Henri Jeana Dunanta\u00a0<\/i>k\u00a0zorganizov\u00e1n\u00ed improvizovan\u00e9ho o\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u0161ech ran\u011bn\u00fdch \u2013 v\u00edt\u011bz\u016f i pora\u017een\u00fdch \u2013 a p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm k\u00a0my\u0161lence na to, jak podobn\u00fdm situac\u00edm p\u0159edej\u00edt. Rozhodl se zalo\u017eit organizaci, kter\u00e1 by v\u00a0dob\u011b v\u00e1lek o\u0161et\u0159ovala ran\u011bn\u00e9 bez ohledu na jejich p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161nost, a d\u00e1le navrhl, aby byla p\u0159ijata mnohostrann\u00e1 mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed \u00famluva, kter\u00e1 by zakotvila pravidla pro o\u0161et\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed ran\u011bn\u00fdch voj\u00e1k\u016f a ochranu zdravotn\u00edk\u016f.<\/p>\n

P\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1me si historick\u00fd okam\u017eik, kter\u00fd vedl k\u00a0zalo\u017een\u00ed organizace\u00a0\u010cerven\u00e9ho k\u0159\u00ed\u017ee<\/a><\/span><\/strong>\u00a0a p\u0159ijet\u00ed prvn\u00ed z\u00a0tzv.\u00a0\u017denevsk\u00fdch \u00famluv<\/a><\/span><\/strong>, z\u00e1kladu soudob\u00e9ho mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho humanit\u00e1rn\u00edho (v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9ho) \u00a0pr\u00e1va, okam\u017eik, kdy na bitevn\u00ed pole vstoupila lidskost.<\/p>\n

Tento okam\u017eik od z\u00e1kladu zm\u011bnil nahl\u00ed\u017een\u00ed na ochranu ob\u011bt\u00ed ozbrojen\u00fdch konflikt\u016f.<\/p>\n

V\u0161echny st\u00e1ty a bojuj\u00edc\u00ed strany sv\u011bta<\/b>\u00a0jsou ji\u017e v\u00edce ne\u017e p\u016fldruh\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed v\u00e1z\u00e1ny povinnost\u00ed o\u0161et\u0159ovat ran\u011bn\u00e9 a nemocn\u00e9 civilisty i bojovn\u00edky pouze podle nal\u00e9havosti jejich zran\u011bn\u00ed \u010di nemoci. Nebere se tedy v\u00a0\u00favahu, jestli p\u00e9\u010di pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed v\u00edt\u011bzov\u00e9 nebo pora\u017een\u00ed, \u00fato\u010dn\u00edci nebo obr\u00e1nci, mu\u017ei \u010di \u017eeny, nez\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed ani na jejich p\u0159edchoz\u00edm chov\u00e1n\u00ed. Z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed jen na jejich zdravotn\u00edm stavu. Stejn\u011b tak jsou v\u0161echny st\u00e1ty a bojuj\u00edc\u00ed strany povinny chr\u00e1nit zdravotn\u00edky a zdravotnick\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed bez ohledu na to, koho o\u0161et\u0159uj\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Pozd\u011bji byla ochrana roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ena i dal\u0161\u00ed skupiny ob\u011bt\u00ed ozbrojen\u00fdch konflikt\u016f. A i pro n\u011b \u2013 v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 zajatce \u010di civilisty \u2013 plat\u00ed stejn\u00e1 z\u00e1sada nestrannosti: pokud ji\u017e nebojuj\u00ed nebo nebojovali nikdy, jsou chr\u00e1n\u011bni p\u0159ed \u00fatokem a n\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed jim pomoc bez ohledu na to, s k\u00fdm sympatizuj\u00ed, jak\u00e9 jsou rasy, vyzn\u00e1n\u00ed, na \u010d\u00ed stran\u011b stoj\u00ed nebo koho podporuj\u00ed (jinak, ne\u017e p\u0159\u00edmou \u00fa\u010dast\u00ed na ozbrojen\u00e9m konfliktu).<\/p>\n

165 let lidstvo konsenzu\u00e1ln\u011b vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed pravidla pro veden\u00ed v\u00e1lek chr\u00e1n\u00edc\u00ed ty, kte\u0159\u00ed nejsou na bojov\u00e9 \u010dinnosti p\u0159\u00edmo \u00fa\u010dastni nebo z\u00a0n\u00ed byli vy\u0159azeni. V\u0161echny st\u00e1ty a bojuj\u00edc\u00ed strany jsou povinny normy mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho humanit\u00e1rn\u00edho pr\u00e1va za\u00a0v\u0161ech<\/i>\u00a0<\/b>okolnost\u00ed nejen zachov\u00e1vat, ale tak\u00e9 p\u016fsoben\u00edm na ty, na kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed vliv, zajistit jejich zachov\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

I kdy\u017e se p\u0159edstavitel\u00e9 st\u00e1t\u016f a ozbrojen\u00fdch sil k t\u011bmto pravidl\u016fm verb\u00e1ln\u011b hl\u00e1s\u00ed, nejsou v\u017edy napl\u0148ov\u00e1na. Jejich poru\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed, a\u0165 ji\u017e z nev\u011bdomosti nebo \u00famysln\u011b, ale ztr\u00e1c\u00edme v\u0161ichni. Jsou-li dodr\u017eov\u00e1na, je sm\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed snadn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a m\u00edr, kter\u00fd po ka\u017ed\u00e9 v\u00e1lce nakonec p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed, se doc\u00edl\u00ed snadn\u011bji a bude sp\u00ed\u0161e trval\u00fd.<\/p>\n

Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed hnut\u00ed \u010cerven\u00e9ho k\u0159\u00ed\u017ee a \u010cerven\u00e9ho p\u016flm\u011bs\u00edce, kter\u00e9 se zrodilo ze solferinsk\u00e9ho utrpen\u00ed, nejen pom\u00e1h\u00e1 trp\u00edc\u00edm ve v\u00e1lk\u00e1ch bez rozd\u00edlu, ale napom\u00e1h\u00e1 i v\u0161em akt\u00e9r\u016fm ke spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 aplikaci humanit\u00e1rn\u00edho pr\u00e1va.<\/p>\n

Zasa\u010fme se v\u0161ichni spole\u010dn\u011b o to, aby\u00a0Lidskost (humanita) byla udr\u017eena na \u017eivu\u00a0<\/i>. Dnes je to zapot\u0159eb\u00ed stejn\u011b, mo\u017en\u00e1 i v\u00edce, jako p\u0159ed 165 lety.<\/p>\n

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Marek JUKL, prezident \u010cesk\u00e9ho \u010derven\u00e9ho k\u0159\u00ed\u017ee<\/strong><\/p>\n

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