{"id":297465,"date":"2025-02-27T22:44:00","date_gmt":"2025-02-27T21:44:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=297465"},"modified":"2025-02-27T22:44:00","modified_gmt":"2025-02-27T21:44:00","slug":"stara-sumava-a-posumavi-masopustni-masky","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=297465","title":{"rendered":"STAR\u00c1 \u0160UMAVA A PO\u0160UMAV\u00cd: Masopustn\u00ed masky"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

V\u00fdvoj lidov\u00e9 kultury je nesm\u00edrn\u011b slo\u017eit\u00fd, proto se i podoba, zastoupen\u00ed a funkce jednotliv\u00fdch masopustn\u00edch ma\u0161kar region od regionu li\u0161\u00ed a v \u010dase prom\u011b\u0148uj\u00ed. P\u0159esto masopust byl a st\u00e1le je \u010dasem nev\u00e1zan\u00e9 z\u00e1bavy a mo\u017enost schovat se za anonymitu ma\u0161kary uvoln\u011bn\u00ed v\u0161ech z\u00e1bran je\u0161t\u011b umoc\u0148uje. V dne\u0161n\u00ed dob\u011b se mask\u00e1m na masopustn\u00edch pr\u016fvodech meze nekladou. Hlavn\u00ed n\u00e1pln\u00ed masopustu je p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm pobavit se a vymyslet si co nejorigin\u00e1ln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed p\u0159estrojen\u00ed.<\/h6>\n

Ze skute\u010dn\u011b tradi\u010dn\u00edho pojet\u00ed masopustu se do dne\u0161ka dochovaly pouze zlomky. Masopust v\u0161ak lid\u00e9 slavili ji\u017e ve st\u0159edov\u011bku. Lid\u00e9 se p\u0159evl\u00e9kali zpravidla do zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00edch masek, kter\u00e9 plnily svoji d\u016fle\u017eitou symboliku. \u010clov\u011bk na sebe spole\u010dn\u011b s p\u0159evlekem p\u0159evzal nejen zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00ed podobu, ale tak\u00e9 zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00ed vlastnosti a s\u00edlu. Masky p\u0159edstavovaly plodivost a poukazovaly tak\u00e9 na smrtelnost \u010dlov\u011bka. Lid\u00e9 tak vyjad\u0159ovali jakousi \u00factu k p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b.<\/p>\n

\u201eRaduj se ze \u017eivota, kter\u00fd jednou ne\u010dekan\u011b skon\u010d\u00ed\u2026\u201c T\u011bmito slovy lze vyj\u00e1d\u0159it v\u00fdznam masopustu, kter\u00fd p\u0159edch\u00e1z\u00ed obdob\u00ed \u010dty\u0159icetidenn\u00edho p\u016fstu p\u0159ed Velikonocemi. D\u0159\u00edve ne\u017e o Popele\u010dn\u00ed st\u0159ed\u011b zazn\u00ed ono zn\u00e1m\u00e9 \u201ePamatuj, \u017ee jsi prach a v prach se obr\u00e1t\u00ed\u0161!\u201c se lid\u00e9 rok co rok spole\u010dn\u011b vesel\u00ed, jed\u00ed a pij\u00ed, aby alespo\u0148 na p\u00e1r chvil zapomn\u011bli na ka\u017edodenn\u00ed starosti. Podle tradice jsou si o masopustu v\u0161ichni rovni a ka\u017ed\u00fd m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt t\u00edm, k\u00fdm chce.<\/p>\n

\u201eSk\u00e1kej, sk\u00e1kej, medv\u011bde, \u010dert pro tebe pojede s dr\u00e1tovan\u00fdm m\u011bchem. Stoj\u00ed za vo\u0159echem, s dr\u00e1tovan\u00fdm tal\u00ed\u0159em, bude\u0161 v pekle mal\u00ed\u0159em\u2026\u201c (\u010cen\u011bk Z\u00edbrt, 2006, str. 106)<\/p>\n

M\u00e1lokdo tu\u0161\u00ed, \u017ee ma\u0161kary se d\u0159\u00edve neproh\u00e1n\u011bly m\u011bsty a vesnicemi jen o masopustu, ale tak\u00e9 t\u0159eba v obdob\u00ed kolem V\u00e1noc, na letnice \u010di p\u0159i svatebn\u00edch a poh\u0159ebn\u00edch ritu\u00e1lech. I nespoutan\u00e9 vesel\u00ed v\u0161ak m\u00e1 v n\u011bkter\u00fdch regionech sv\u016fj ur\u010dit\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d. Nen\u00ed to sv\u00e1tek pro sv\u00e1tek, nejde jen o dobr\u00e9 j\u00eddlo a pit\u00ed, oby\u010deje, ob\u0159ady, gesta a pr\u016fpov\u00eddky maj\u00ed \u010dasto sv\u016fj vlastn\u00ed v\u00fdznam, masky maj\u00ed svou nezam\u011bnitelnou \u00falohu. Masopustn\u00ed obch\u016fzku \u010dasto vykon\u00e1v\u00e1 vybran\u00e1 skupina (nap\u0159. svobodn\u00ed ml\u00e1denci), a nem\u00e9n\u011b \u010dasto je obch\u016fzka spojena s ob\u0159adn\u00edm tancem a dal\u0161\u00edmi zvyky (symbolick\u00e1 orba apod.).<\/p>\n

V masopustn\u00edch pr\u016fvodech se vyskytuj\u00ed p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b masky zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00ed, dvojice \u017eenich a nev\u011bsta, t\u011bhotn\u00e9 \u017eeny, \u017eid\u00e9, cig\u00e1ni a cig\u00e1nky, masky p\u0159edstavuj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edky r\u016fzn\u00fdch povol\u00e1n\u00ed, poh\u00e1dkov\u00e9 bytosti a masky karnevalov\u00e9. Samotn\u00e9 slovo maska (z latinsk\u00e9ho masca) znamen\u00e1 du\u0161i zem\u0159el\u00e9ho.<\/p>\n

Zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00ed masky maj\u00ed v sob\u011b skryt\u00fd magick\u00fd, plodonosn\u00fd v\u00fdznam. Pat\u0159\u00ed mezi n\u011b p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm medv\u011bd, kozel, koza, k\u016f\u0148 (klibna, \u0161iml), turo\u0148 (b\u00fdk), beran, slepice, kohout, prase, novodob\u011b \u010d\u00e1p s panenkou v povijanu. Medv\u011bd, kozel a turo\u0148 p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed plodivou s\u00edlu, kult mate\u0159stv\u00ed, totemov\u00e9 zv\u00ed\u0159e. Jejich povinnost\u00ed je tan\u010dit s hospodyn\u011bmi a dosp\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00edmi d\u00edvkami \u2013 aby byly plodn\u00e9 (aby m\u011bly d\u011bti). Maska medv\u011bda je roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e1 v Evrop\u011b ve slovansk\u00fdch i germ\u00e1nsk\u00fdch zem\u00edch. Funkci m\u00e1 v\u0161ude stejnou. Nejstar\u0161\u00ed dolo\u017eenou podobou medv\u011bd\u00ed masky je figura obalen\u00e1 hrachovinou, pozd\u011bji \u017eitnou sl\u00e1mou a nakonec ko\u017ee\u0161inou.<\/p>\n

Po p\u0159\u00edchodu do staven\u00ed medv\u011bd zatan\u010dil s dom\u00e1c\u00ed dcerou t\u0159ikr\u00e1t dokola, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e \u0159\u00edkal: “Toto na konop\u011b, toto na len”. V ka\u017ed\u00e9m dom\u011b dostala chasa po kuse slaniny, kter\u00e1 se napichovala na ro\u017ee\u0148. Z medv\u011bda otrh\u00e1valy hospodyn\u011b hrachovinu a p\u0159id\u00e1valy ji do hus\u00edch a slepi\u010d\u00edch hn\u00edzd, aby nesly hodn\u011b vajec. Plodonosnou funkci m\u00e1 tak\u00e9 masopust, kter\u00fd se v pr\u016fvodech vyskytuje \u010dasto i vedle medv\u011bda. Symbolick\u00e9 je u medv\u011bda i to, \u017ee je to zv\u00ed\u0159e, kter\u00e9 se probouz\u00ed ze zimn\u00edho sp\u00e1nku (motiv p\u0159echodu ze zimy do jara).<\/p>\n

Ze Znojemska je zn\u00e1m\u00e1 maska medv\u011bd masopust, na Klatovsku Bakchus, na Vala\u0161sku poh\u0159eben\u00e1\u0159, na Vyso\u010din\u011b slam\u011bn\u00edk (jinde slam\u00e1k, slam\u011b\u0148\u00e1k), ve st\u0159edn\u00edch \u010cech\u00e1ch hrachovec. S medv\u011bdem chod\u00ed \u010dasto medv\u011bd\u00e1\u0159 nebo-li vodi\u010d medv\u011bda.<\/p>\n

K\u016f\u0148 je pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b nejstar\u0161\u00ed maskou. Tradi\u010dn\u00ed je chozen\u00ed s kon\u011bm (klibnou, br\u016fnou), kter\u00e9 bylo d\u0159\u00edve typick\u00e9 pro p\u0159edmikul\u00e1\u0161sk\u00e9, novoro\u010dn\u00ed a t\u0159\u00edkr\u00e1lov\u00e9 obch\u016fzky.<\/p>\n

Typick\u00fdm motivem masopustn\u00edch pr\u016fvod\u016f je symbolick\u00e9 zab\u00edjen\u00ed masky zv\u00ed\u0159ete, n\u011bkdy i n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 o\u017eiven\u00ed. Je symbolem p\u0159echodu v hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9m roku. Plodonosn\u00fd v\u00fdznam m\u00e1 i svatebn\u00ed p\u00e1r, tedy \u017eenich s nev\u011bstou, a t\u011bhotn\u00e1 \u017eena. Symbolizuj\u00ed nad\u011bji na nov\u00fd \u017eivot. (Mnohdy je p\u0159edstavitelem nev\u011bsty mu\u017e a \u017eenicha \u017eena.) Proto se hlavn\u011b o masopustu konaly svatebn\u00ed ob\u0159ady.<\/p>\n

\u017did\/Kram\u00e1\u0159 – postava paroduj\u00edc\u00ed tehdej\u0161\u00ed potuln\u00e9 obchodn\u00edky a kram\u00e1\u0159e. Nezam\u011bniteln\u00e1 maska m\u00e1 dlouh\u00fd kab\u00e1t kaftan, klobouk, velk\u00fd nos a pejzy. Prod\u00e1v\u00e1 a kupuje, smlouv\u00e1, bere m\u00edru na \u0161aty apod. Cik\u00e1n – podobn\u011b jako \u017eid prov\u00e1d\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 nep\u0159\u00edstojnosti, sna\u017e\u00ed se dostat do kurn\u00edku na vejce a slepice…<\/p>\n

Mezi charakteristick\u00e9 znaky archaick\u00fdch masopustn\u00edch masek pat\u0159ila znakov\u00e1 komunikace, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b z\u00e1stupn\u00fd jazyk, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm muml\u00e1n\u00ed a h\u00fdk\u00e1n\u00ed, zvuk roh\u016f m\u011bl zajistit ochranu p\u0159ed zl\u00fdmi mocnostmi. V\u011bt\u0161ina barev na mask\u00e1ch a kost\u00fdmech m\u011bla symbolicky-znakov\u00fd v\u00fdznam, jako p\u0159\u00edklad zm\u00edn\u00edm \u010dervenou a \u010dernou. \u010cerven\u00fd pigment na tv\u00e1\u0159\u00edch zna\u010dil ml\u00e1d\u00ed a vitalitu, pokud byl nanesen na cel\u00e9m obli\u010deji \u2013 kr\u00e1su t\u00e9to postavy. Rud\u00e1 barva se objevovala nejen v otev\u0159en\u00fdch tlam\u00e1ch, vyplazen\u00fdch jazyc\u00edch \u010dert\u016f, ale tak\u00e9 na jazyc\u00edch a falech zv\u00ed\u0159at, kter\u00e1 symbolizuj\u00ed kult plodnosti. \u010cern\u00e1 barva symbolizovala u v\u011bt\u0161iny pohansk\u00fdch kultur negativn\u00ed s\u00edly \u2013 \u010derty a peklo, na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b v\u0161ak poskytovala ochranu p\u0159ed p\u016fsoben\u00edm d\u00e9mon\u016f. \u010cern\u00e9 obli\u010deje m\u011bly ma\u0161kary Slam\u00e1k\u016f, tak\u00e9 tv\u00e1\u0159e p\u0159ihl\u00ed\u017eej\u00edc\u00edch p\u0159edstavovaly p\u0159\u00edmou \u201ev\u00fdzvu\u201c k za\u010dern\u011bn\u00ed\u2026barvivo se z\u00edsk\u00e1valo ze saz\u00ed sm\u00edchan\u00fdch s olejem nebo s\u00e1dlem.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Zdroj:<\/strong> BRO\u017d Miroslav, HOU\u017dVI\u010cKA, V\u00e1clav, NOVOTN\u00dd, Luk\u00e1\u0161.- Otisky historie v region\u00e1ln\u00edch identit\u00e1ch obyvatel v pohrani\u010d\u00ed. Praha: Sociologick\u00fd \u00fastav AV \u010cR, 2007 FROLEC, V\u00e1clav. \u010cas \u017eivota. Rodinn\u00e9 a spole\u010densk\u00e9 sv\u00e1tky v \u017eivot\u011b \u010dlov\u011bka. Brno: Blok, 1985<\/p>\n

P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

  V\u00fdvoj <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":338559,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"gallery","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[111],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/27\/ram-masky.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/297465"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=297465"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/297465\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":338558,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/297465\/revisions\/338558"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/338559"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=297465"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=297465"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=297465"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}