{"id":296701,"date":"2025-01-31T22:12:38","date_gmt":"2025-01-31T21:12:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=296701"},"modified":"2025-01-31T22:12:38","modified_gmt":"2025-01-31T21:12:38","slug":"z-archivu-a-kronik-hromnice","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=296701","title":{"rendered":"Z ARCHIV\u016e A KRONIK: Hromnice"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Tak\u00e9 Karel \u010capek se v roce 1929 vyjad\u0159oval k po\u010das\u00ed A samoz\u0159ejm\u011b ironicky:<\/h6>\n
\u201e\u010clov\u011bk, kter\u00fd se stal zahradn\u00edkem, vyhled\u00e1v\u00e1 se z\u00e1libou star\u00e9 pam\u011btn\u00edky. Jsou to obstar\u0161\u00ed a pon\u011bkud roztr\u017eit\u00ed lid\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00e9ho jara \u0159\u00edkaj\u00ed, \u017ee takov\u00e9 jaro je\u0161t\u011b nepamatuj\u00ed. Je-li chladno, prohla\u0161uj\u00ed, \u017ee tak studen\u00e9 jaro nepamatuj\u00ed: \u201eJednou, tomu je \u0161edes\u00e1t let, bylo v\u00e1m tak teplo, \u017ee na Hromnice kvetly fialky.\u201d<\/em> Naproti tomu, je-li trochu tepleji, tvrd\u00ed pam\u011btn\u00edci, \u017ee tak tepl\u00e9 jaro nepamatuj\u00ed: \u201eJednou, tomu je \u0161edes\u00e1t let, jsme se na svat\u00e9ho Josefa vozili po s\u00e1\u0148k\u00e1ch.\u201d<\/em> Zkr\u00e1tka i ze sv\u011bdectv\u00ed star\u00fdch pam\u011btn\u00edk\u016f je zjevno, \u017ee v ohledu po\u010das\u00ed panuje v na\u0161em klimatu nespoutan\u00e1 libov\u016fle a \u017ee se proti tomu prost\u011b ned\u00e1 nic d\u011blat.\u201c<\/h6>\n

V lidov\u00e9m k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed jsou Hromnice sv\u00e1tkem p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edho jara a tak\u00e9 posledn\u00edm dnem k odstrojen\u00ed strome\u010dku a v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdzdoby, pokud je je\u0161t\u011b m\u00e1te. Podle na\u0161ich p\u0159edk\u016f u\u017e z chladn\u00e9 zimy zb\u00fdv\u00e1 jen ta slab\u0161\u00ed polovina a p\u0159\u00edroda se pomalu probouz\u00ed, aby uk\u00e1zala prvn\u00ed sn\u011b\u017eenky.<\/p>\n

N\u00e1zev hromnice je slovo odvozen\u00e9 od sv\u00ed\u010dek, kter\u00fdm se \u0159\u00edk\u00e1valo hromni\u010dky a rovn\u011b\u017e je lidov\u00fdm n\u00e1zvem c\u00edrkevn\u00edho sv\u00e1tku. V minulosti tento sv\u00e1tek pro\u0161el \u0159adou zm\u011bn v\u010detn\u011b sv\u00e9ho pojmenov\u00e1n\u00ed. K\u0159es\u0165an\u00e9 si v tento den p\u0159ipom\u00ednali v\u00fdznamnou ud\u00e1lost ze \u017eivota Svat\u00e9 rodiny. Jak je v Nov\u00e9m z\u00e1kon\u011b ps\u00e1no, Josef s Mari\u00ed \u010dty\u0159ic\u00e1t\u00fd den p\u0159inesli sv\u00e9ho syna Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e do jeruzal\u00e9msk\u00e9ho chr\u00e1mu, aby ho zasv\u011btili Bohu a sou\u010dasn\u011b jej tak\u00e9 symbolicky vykoupili z povinnosti kn\u011b\u017esk\u00e9 slu\u017eby, kter\u00e9 se m\u011bli pod\u0159\u00eddit v\u0161ichni prvorozen\u00ed synov\u00e9. Marie v tu dobu rovn\u011b\u017e zavr\u0161ila \u010dty\u0159icetidenn\u00ed o\u010distu po porodu, jak bylo v t\u00e9 dob\u011b zvykem. P\u0159i ob\u0159adu se setkali s prorokem Simeonem, kter\u00fd v d\u00edt\u011bti poznal o\u010dek\u00e1van\u00e9ho Mesi\u00e1\u0161e.<\/p>\n

Na pam\u011b\u0165 t\u011bchto ud\u00e1lost\u00ed je sv\u00e1tek v \u0159eck\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed pojmenov\u00e1n Hypapanti, to jest setk\u00e1n\u00ed. V setk\u00e1n\u00ed d\u00edt\u011bte a starce lze vid\u011bt setk\u00e1n\u00ed zanikaj\u00edc\u00edho pohansk\u00e9ho sv\u011bta a nov\u00e9ho za\u010d\u00e1tku v Kristu, setk\u00e1n\u00ed upadaj\u00edc\u00edho obdob\u00ed Star\u00e9 smlouvy a nov\u00e9ho obdob\u00ed c\u00edrkve n\u00e1rod\u016f. Pozd\u011bji jako sv\u00e1tek Ob\u011btov\u00e1n\u00ed P\u00e1n\u011b nebo O\u010di\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed Panny Marie.<\/p>\n

Dnes tento sv\u00e1tek c\u00edrkev slav\u00ed jako Uveden\u00ed P\u00e1n\u011b do chr\u00e1mu. Sv\u00e1tek p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 ud\u00e1lost z evangeli\u00ed (Lk 2,22-38), kdy Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161ova matka Maria p\u0159inesla podle \u017eidovsk\u00e9ho oby\u010deje sv\u00e9ho syna 40. dne po narozen\u00ed do jeruzal\u00e9msk\u00e9ho chr\u00e1mu, aby jej zasv\u011btila jako prvorozen\u00e9ho Bohu. Zde se setk\u00e1v\u00e1 s prorokyn\u00ed Annou a spravedliv\u00fdm Simeonem, kter\u00fd Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e nazval \u201esv\u011btlem k osv\u00edcen\u00ed n\u00e1rod\u016f\u201c. Od tohoto Simeonova proroctv\u00ed o Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161i-sv\u011btle poch\u00e1z\u00ed zvyk, kter\u00fd se za\u010dal \u0161\u00ed\u0159it z\u0159ejm\u011b od 11. stolet\u00ed: v tento den se sv\u011btily sv\u00ed\u010dky \u201ehromni\u010dky\u201c, kter\u00e9 se b\u011bhem bou\u0159ek zap\u00e1len\u00e9 d\u00e1valy do oken a m\u011bly spolu s modlitbou chr\u00e1nit p\u0159ed bleskem.<\/p>\n

K Hromnic\u00edm se v\u00e1\u017ee spousta lidov\u00fdch pranostik a zvyk\u016f, kter\u00e9 se li\u0161\u00ed podle zem\u011b, kde se slav\u00ed. Co se t\u00fdk\u00e1 j\u00eddla, maj\u00ed v\u0161ak jedno spole\u010dn\u00e9. Jak \u0159\u00edkaj\u00ed Francouzi, p\u0159ipravte se na jour des cr\u00eapes \u2013 pod\u00e1vaj\u00ed se pala\u010dinky! Tento a mnoho podobn\u00fdch zvyk\u016f \u010dasto upadly v zapomn\u011bn\u00ed, ale tradi\u010dn\u00ed pokrm, pala\u010dinky, si lid\u00e9 dop\u0159\u00e1vaj\u00ed dodnes. Pala\u010dinky m\u011bly \u00fadajn\u011b l\u00e1kat lidi do kostela od pohansk\u00fdch zvyk\u016f a tak\u00e9 jsou spojov\u00e1ny se symbolikou zlat\u00e9ho disku, kter\u00fd p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 slunce. Symbol sv\u011btla se poj\u00ed i se r\u010den\u00edm: \u201eNa Hromnice o hodinu v\u00edce.\u201c P\u0161eni\u010dn\u00e1 mouka na t\u011bsto by m\u011bla b\u00fdt z p\u0159edchoz\u00ed sklizn\u011b a d\u00edky konzumaci pala\u010dinek v den Hromnic bude vydatn\u00e1 sklize\u0148 n\u00e1sledovat i v p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00edm roce.<\/p>\n

Sv\u00e1tek prov\u00e1zela od sam\u00e9ho po\u010d\u00e1tku (datuje se do 5. stolet\u00ed) symbolika sv\u011btla a sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed bylo proces\u00ed se sv\u00ed\u010dkami. \u017dehn\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u00edc\u00ed v kostele bylo zavedeno a\u017e v 10. stolet\u00ed. Dle historick\u00fdch letopis\u016f zapalovali lid\u00e9 sv\u011bcen\u00e9 sv\u00edce jako ochranu proti temn\u00e9mu obdob\u00ed a proti hromobit\u00ed. Je\u0161t\u011b relativn\u011b ned\u00e1vno se sv\u00ed\u010dky hromni\u010dky zapalovaly p\u0159i bou\u0159ce s prosbou o ochranu. Prosti lid\u00e9 si v minulosti neum\u011bli vysv\u011btlit podstatu p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch \u017eiveln\u00fdch pohrom, proto kolem nich vytvo\u0159ili celou \u0159adu m\u00fdt\u016f a pov\u011br. Zap\u00e1len\u00e9 sv\u00ed\u010dky se tak\u00e9 \u010dasto stav\u011bly k lo\u017ei um\u00edraj\u00edc\u00edho. Sv\u011bcen\u00ed sv\u00ed\u010dek nebylo jedinou tradic\u00ed, kter\u00e1 s oslavou Hromnic souvisela. Sv\u011btily se tak\u00e9 stud\u00e1nky a prameny vod, d\u00edky \u010demu\u017e se zajistil dostatek vody a vl\u00e1hy na cel\u00fd dal\u0161\u00ed rok.<\/p>\n

Pro lid to byl tak\u00e9 sv\u00e1tek v\u00e1\u017enosti. Bylo zak\u00e1zan\u00e9 jak\u00e9koli radov\u00e1n\u00ed se, tancov\u00e1n\u00ed a oslavy. Nesm\u011blo se vtipkovat a jinak se bavit. Povolen\u00fd byl ale po\u0159\u00e1dn\u00fd hluk a rachot. A\u0165 u\u017e jste m\u011bli v ruce sekeru, kladivo nebo ko\u0161t\u011b, museli jste s n\u00edm po\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b bouchat. Jedin\u011b tak jste mohli vyhnat zl\u00e9 duchy a jin\u00e9 duchy temnoty.
\nV tento den hospody\u0148ky nesm\u011bly nic za\u0161\u00edvat. V\u011b\u0159ilo se, \u017ee by \u0161pi\u010dka jehly mohla v budoucnosti p\u0159ivolat bou\u0159ky a blesky. D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 bylo tak\u00e9 po zim\u011b vyt\u00e1hnout pluh a vyorat prvn\u00ed br\u00e1zdu, d\u00e1t tak p\u016fd\u011b najevo, \u017ee by se m\u011bla p\u0159ipravovat na jaro, proto\u017ee zima pomalu kon\u010d\u00ed. Pro lep\u0161\u00ed \u00farodu se do br\u00e1zdy d\u00e1valy kousky chleba a s\u00fdra.<\/p>\n

Trochu z\u00e1hadn\u00e9 je p\u0159\u00edslov\u00ed o sk\u0159ivanovi. Sk\u0159ivani pat\u0159\u00ed k ta\u017en\u00fdm pt\u00e1k\u016fm, p\u0159ezimuj\u00ed v Africe \u010di na jihu Evropy a k n\u00e1m se vracej\u00ed nejd\u0159\u00edve v polovin\u011b \u00fanora. To odporuje pranostice, \u017ee na Hromnice si mus\u00ed sk\u0159ivan vrznout, i kdyby m\u011bl zmrznout. Kde ud\u011blali na\u0161i p\u0159edkov\u00e9 chybu? Odborn\u00edci se domn\u00edvaj\u00ed, \u017ee tato prastar\u00e1 pranostika vznikla n\u011bkdy p\u0159ed zm\u011bnou kalend\u00e1\u0159e. V roce 1582 toti\u017e napravil pape\u017e \u0158eho\u0159 XIII. chybu tehdej\u0161\u00edho juli\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho kalend\u00e1\u0159e, kter\u00e1 st\u00e1le nar\u016fstala a \u010dinila u\u017e pln\u00fdch deset dn\u00ed (kalend\u00e1\u0159 se rozch\u00e1zel o 1 den za ka\u017ed\u00fdch 128 let). \u0158eho\u0159 XIII. se rozhodl deset dn\u00ed \u00fapln\u011b vypustit, aby se srovnal kalend\u00e1\u0159 s faktick\u00fdm stavem, a zavedl, \u017ee p\u0159estupn\u00fd rok se v\u017edy na konci stolet\u00ed vynech\u00e1 a z\u016fstane jen jednou za 400 let (1600, 2000, 2400, atd.). T\u00edm se chyba neobnov\u00ed.<\/p>\n

V \u010cech\u00e1ch se zm\u011bna zavedla v roce 1584, na Morav\u011b je\u0161t\u011b pozd\u011bji. Tato \u00faprava se naz\u00fdv\u00e1 gregori\u00e1nsk\u00fd kalend\u00e1\u0159. Hromnice se posunuly o deset dn\u00ed nazp\u00e1tek a sk\u0159ivan u\u017e nem\u011bl \u0161anci pranostiku dodr\u017eet. Tak vznikl sk\u0159iv\u00e1nk\u016fv paradox, kter\u00fd se v lidov\u00e9m pod\u00e1n\u00ed udr\u017eel a\u017e do dne\u0161n\u00edch dn\u016f.<\/p>\n

Je dobr\u00e9 ob\u010das si p\u0159ipomenout lidov\u00e9 tradice a pranostiky. Je v nich ulo\u017eena zku\u0161enost lidsk\u00e9ho rodu zhu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e1 do jedn\u00e9 \u010di dvou v\u011bt a do prost\u00fdch zvyk\u016f. P\u0159i vyhl\u00ed\u017een\u00ed jara je velmi dobrou zpr\u00e1vou ka\u017ed\u00e1 nad\u011bje, \u017ee zima u\u017e m\u00e1 na kah\u00e1nku.<\/p>\n

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P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

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  Tak\u00e9 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":335984,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"gallery","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[74],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/31\/ram-hromnice.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/296701"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=296701"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/296701\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":335983,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/296701\/revisions\/335983"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/335984"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=296701"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=296701"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=296701"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}