{"id":28698,"date":"2015-08-19T06:40:00","date_gmt":"2015-08-19T05:40:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=28698"},"modified":"2015-08-19T06:41:00","modified_gmt":"2015-08-19T05:41:00","slug":"petr-stepanek-listopad-skoncil-televizni-krizi-aneb-o-jedne-pozoruhodne-knizce","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=28698","title":{"rendered":"PETR \u0160T\u011aP\u00c1NEK: Listopad skon\u010dil televizn\u00ed kriz\u00ed aneb O jedn\u00e9 pozoruhodn\u00e9 kn\u00ed\u017ece Petra \u017dantovsk\u00e9ho"},"content":{"rendered":"

D\u011bjiny se nep\u00ed\u0161ou samy, p\u00ed\u0161ou je lid\u00e9. Hlavn\u011b pr\u00fd v\u00edt\u011bzov\u00e9. Opravdu? Pro\u010d tedy o t\u00e9hle v\u011bci v\u00edt\u011bzov\u00e9 nenapsali ani \u0159\u00e1dku? Pro\u010d je o jedn\u00e9 z nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed na\u0161\u00ed novodob\u00e9 historie, tzv. televizn\u00ed \u010di spac\u00e1kov\u00e9 krizi, takov\u00e9 ticho po p\u011b\u0161in\u011b? Pro\u010d se k jej\u00edmu hodnocen\u00ed nikdy nevr\u00e1tila ani \u010cesk\u00e1 televize? Pro up\u0159esn\u011bn\u00ed dod\u00e1v\u00e1m, \u017ee za reflexi on\u011bch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed nepova\u017euji t\u011bch n\u011bkolik memo\u00e1rov\u00fdch kn\u00ed\u017eek tehdej\u0161\u00edch akt\u00e9r\u016f (t\u0159eba Ji\u0159\u00edho Balv\u00edna \u010di Marcely Marboe Hrabincov\u00e9), n\u00fdbr\u017e kritick\u00e9 historick\u00e9 zhodnocen\u00ed tehdej\u0161\u00edch ud\u00e1lost\u00ed a jejich zasazen\u00ed do spole\u010densko-politick\u00e9ho kontextu. Teprve nyn\u00ed to ud\u011blal Petr \u017dantovsk\u00fd v kn\u00ed\u017ece nazvan\u00e9 Medi\u00e1ln\u00ed manipulace a krize v \u010cT v roce 2000<\/strong>. Pro\u010d po tomto superzaj\u00edmav\u00e9m t\u00e9matu nikdo z novin\u00e1\u0159\u016f dosud nes\u00e1hl? Odpov\u011b\u010f je jednoduch\u00e1. Bylo by to sebezni\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed. Petr \u017dantovsk\u00fd to pojmenov\u00e1v\u00e1 hned zkraje:<\/p>\n

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Tzv. televizn\u00ed krize je naprosto exempl\u00e1rn\u00ed uk\u00e1zkou poru\u0161en\u00ed v\u0161ech z\u00e1sad novin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 profesionality a medi\u00e1ln\u00ed etiky, p\u0159inesla velice destruktivn\u00ed a znehodnocuj\u00edc\u00ed tendence do oblasti \u010desk\u00e9 \u017eurnalistiky a uk\u00e1zala, jak ob\u010dansky nedosp\u011bl\u00e1 a t\u00edm p\u00e1dem snadno manipulovateln\u00e1 je zna\u010dn\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st obyvatelstva. Tak\u00e9 uk\u00e1\u017ee, jak popisovan\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti v \u010cesk\u00e9 televizi negativn\u011b ovlivnily trend d\u016fv\u011bry resp. ned\u016fv\u011bry \u010desk\u00e9 ve\u0159ejnosti v media i samotnou politiku a jejich smysl.<\/em><\/p>\n

O\u010dima britsk\u00fdch gentleman\u016f<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kriz\u00ed \u010cesk\u00e9 televize se po\u010d\u00e1tkem roku 2001 zab\u00fdvalo \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed Britsk\u00e9 helsinsk\u00e9 skupiny pro lidsk\u00e1 pr\u00e1va (British Helsinki Human Rights Group, BHHRG), kter\u00e1 sledovala v\u00fdvoj demokracie v evropsk\u00fdch postkomunistick\u00fdch zem\u00edch. Okruh lid\u00ed, se kter\u00fdmi brit\u0161t\u00ed gentlemani hovo\u0159ili, byl obrovsk\u00fd a zahrnoval z\u00e1stupce obou znesv\u00e1\u0159en\u00fdch stran v \u010cT, \u010dleny medi\u00e1ln\u00edch rad, \u010desk\u00e9 novin\u00e1\u0159e i vrcholov\u00e9 politiky cel\u00e9ho politick\u00e9ho spektra. Jejich obs\u00e1hl\u00e1, zasv\u011bcen\u00e1 a dob\u0159e vyargumentovan\u00e1 zpr\u00e1va v\u0161ak ob\u010dan\u016fm z\u016fstala dokonale utajena. Prakticky v\u0161echna \u010desk\u00e1 m\u00e9dia ji ignorovala. A nen\u00ed se vlastn\u011b co divit. V\u00fdsledky \u0161et\u0159en\u00ed britsk\u00fdch aktivist\u016f toti\u017e v\u016fbec nezapadaly do fale\u0161n\u00e9ho obrazu hrdinsk\u00fdch bojovn\u00edk\u016f za svobodu slova, kter\u00fd pro dom\u00e1c\u00ed ve\u0159ejnost vytvo\u0159ili se vzbou\u0159enci sp\u0159\u00edzn\u011bn\u00ed \u010de\u0161t\u00ed novin\u00e1\u0159i. P\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou z\u00e1jmu britsk\u00e9 helsinsk\u00e9 skupiny o \u010ceskou republiku sice byla televizn\u00ed krize, v\u00fdsledn\u00e1 zpr\u00e1va v\u0161ak nakonec nebyla ani tak o televizi, n\u00fdbr\u017e \u2013 docela logicky \u2013 o anom\u00e1li\u00edch na\u0161eho politick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu. I brit\u0161t\u00ed gentlemani toti\u017e velice z\u00e1hy narazili na \u010desk\u00e9 specifikum naz\u00fdvan\u00e9 nepolitick\u00e1 politika. Nemohlo jim toti\u017e uniknout, \u017ee jedna z\u00e1jmov\u00e1 politick\u00e1 skupina se v posledn\u00edch letech drala k moci nikoli standardn\u00ed cestou politick\u00e9 sout\u011b\u017ee, tedy ve volb\u00e1ch, n\u00fdbr\u017e mimoparlamentn\u00ed, mo\u017en\u00e1 p\u0159esn\u011bji dokonce \u201emimopolitickou\u201c cestou (ve smyslu ignorace platn\u00fdch pravidel hry), zato v\u0161ak s o to v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm medi\u00e1ln\u00edm humbukem. A \u017ee sv\u00e9 sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159e rok od roku vylep\u0161ovala. D\u0159ev\u00ed\u010dsk\u00e1 v\u00fdzva je\u0161t\u011b nikoho nezaujala, Impuls 99 vy\u0161um\u011bl do ztracena, D\u011bkujeme, odejd\u011bte! zaznamenalo jist\u00fd ohlas a televizn\u00ed rebelie z p\u0159elomu let 2000 \u2013 2001 u\u017e m\u011bla profesion\u00e1ln\u00ed organizaci, pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 finan\u010dn\u00ed z\u00e1zem\u00ed a p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm ukradenou televizn\u00ed obrazovku.<\/p>\n

Co na to Klaus?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"oblka<\/a>\u017dantovsk\u00fd v knize mimo jin\u00e9 cituje tehdej\u0161\u00ed slova V\u00e1clava Klause: \u201eJsem p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den, \u017ee pro na\u0161i zemi nen\u00ed nic hor\u0161\u00edho ne\u017e v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed zam\u011bstnaneck\u00e9 vzpoury, by\u0165 demagogicky schov\u00e1van\u00e9 za boj o svobodu slova. Odm\u00edt\u00e1m tak\u00e9 p\u0159edstavu n\u011bkter\u00fdch novin\u00e1\u0159\u016f a um\u011blc\u016f, \u017ee jsou n\u011bco v\u00edce ne\u017e ostatn\u00ed, \u017ee oni z\u00e1kony respektovat nemusej\u00ed. Ti, kte\u0159\u00ed dnes tak lehkomysln\u011b vypou\u0161t\u011bj\u00ed z l\u00e1hve d\u017eina ne\u00facty k z\u00e1kon\u016fm a k instituc\u00edm demokratick\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu, by se m\u011bli ve sv\u00e9 touze po moci a nen\u00e1visti ke sv\u00fdm politick\u00fdm soupe\u0159\u016fm zastavit a zamyslet.”<\/em><\/p>\n

V inkriminovan\u00e9 dob\u011b jsem byl \u2013 stejn\u011b jako \u017dantovsk\u00fd \u2013 \u010dlenem Rady pro rozhlasov\u00e9 a televizn\u00ed vys\u00edl\u00e1n\u00ed (RRTV). M\u011bli jsme tak mo\u017enost nahl\u00e9dnou do tehdej\u0161\u00edho d\u011bn\u00ed hodn\u011b zbl\u00edzka. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 ov\u0161em plat\u00ed, \u017ee kompetenc\u00ed RRTV se tehdej\u0161\u00ed krize dot\u00fdkala pouze okrajov\u011b. V centru d\u011bn\u00ed byla jin\u00e1 medi\u00e1ln\u00ed rada, toti\u017e Rada \u010cesk\u00e9 televize.<\/p>\n

Typologie vzbou\u0159enc\u016f<\/strong><\/p>\n

Samotn\u00e9 vzbou\u0159ence a jejich motivaci lze rozd\u011blit p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b do t\u0159\u00ed skupin. Do prvn\u00ed skupiny pat\u0159ili n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed redakto\u0159i, zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b ti mlad\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed si opravdu mysleli, \u017ee d\u011blaj\u00ed spr\u00e1vnou v\u011bc, \u017ee stoj\u00ed na spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 stran\u011b a \u017ee opravdu bojuj\u00ed za nez\u00e1vislost \u010cesk\u00e9 televize a svobodu slova. V jejich motivaci se snoubila naivita a hloupost ml\u00e1d\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se d\u00e1 strhnout stejn\u011b snadno jako zmanipulovat, s podlehnut\u00edm atmosf\u00e9\u0159e opo\u017ed\u011bn\u00e9 \u010di sp\u00ed\u0161e nastavovan\u00e9 revoluce. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed z nich u\u017e dnes v\u011bd\u00ed, \u017ee hr\u00e1li kompars v kuse, kter\u00fd re\u017e\u00edroval n\u011bkdo jin\u00fd. Kdo? Politi\u010dt\u00ed aktivist\u00e9, u nich\u017e ani na vte\u0159inu net\u0159eba pochybovat, \u017ee jejich motivace byla \u010dist\u011b politick\u00e1. Pro n\u011bkoho to asi bude siln\u00e1 k\u00e1va, ale pro tvrd\u00e9 j\u00e1dro t\u00e9hle skupiny byla krize \u010cesk\u00e9 televize prost\u0159edkem ke zm\u011bn\u011b mocensk\u00fdch pom\u011br\u016f v zemi. Za jin\u00fdch okolnost\u00ed se tomu obvykle \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 st\u00e1tn\u00ed p\u0159evrat. Pro dosa\u017een\u00ed sv\u00fdch c\u00edl\u016f nev\u00e1hali u\u017e\u00edt jak\u00fdchkoli prost\u0159edk\u016f, proto hnali lidi do ulic. T\u0159et\u00ed skupinu pak tvo\u0159ili lid\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed bojovali za sv\u016fj ekonomick\u00fd z\u00e1jem. \u010cesk\u00e1 televize s rozpo\u010dtem (tehdy) t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 p\u011bt miliard korun (dnes sedm miliard), nejasn\u00fdmi hodnot\u00edc\u00edmi krit\u00e9rii a slab\u00fdmi kontroln\u00edmi mechanismy je p\u0159ita\u017eliv\u00fdm zdrojem ob\u017eivy pro \u0159adu z\u00e1jmov\u00fdch skupin. Prim mezi nimi v\u017edycky hr\u00e1ly osoby, kter\u00e9 lze \u0159adit sp\u00ed\u0161e k levicov\u00fdm liber\u00e1l\u016fm, socialist\u016fm \u010di tzv. ob\u010dansk\u00fdm aktivist\u016fm v t\u00e9 podivn\u00e9 \u010desk\u00e9 \u201enepoliticko politick\u00e9\u201c podob\u011b. Samostatnou podmno\u017einu t\u00e9hle skupiny pak tvo\u0159ili lid\u00e9, pro kter\u00e9 se vzpoura stala v\u00edtan\u00fdm kryt\u00edm pro jejich de facto krimin\u00e1ln\u00ed praxi spojenou s tzv. racketeeringem, tj. organizovan\u00fdm obchodov\u00e1n\u00edm s informacemi.<\/p>\n

Neblah\u00e9 d\u011bdictv\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n

Co je d\u011bdictv\u00edm tzv. televizn\u00ed krize? Jak skon\u010dila? Takhle to hodnot\u00ed \u017dantovsk\u00fd:<\/p>\n

Skon\u010dila v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00edm faktick\u00e9 nez\u00e1konnosti, \u00fa\u010delov\u011b vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00e9 legislativy, nedoz\u00edrn\u00e9 manipulace ve\u0159ejn\u00fdm m\u00edn\u011bn\u00edm, ml\u010dky akceptovan\u00e9 nemor\u00e1lnosti, profesn\u00edho a etick\u00e9ho kolapsu v\u011bt\u0161iny \u010desk\u00e9 novin\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 obce, ale p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00edm z\u00e1kulisn\u00edch politick\u00fdch rejd\u016f, jejich\u017e dlouhodob\u00fdm d\u016fsledkem je st\u00e1le se sni\u017euj\u00edc\u00ed d\u016fv\u011bra ve\u0159ejnosti v m\u00e9dia i samu politiku. V zemi, kde p\u0159estalo platit, \u017ee vl\u00e1dne ten, kdo vyhraje ve svobodn\u00fdch volb\u00e1ch a firmu \u0159\u00edd\u00ed ten, kdo byl podle z\u00e1kona k tomu ustanoven, nelze mluvit o pr\u00e1vu, spravedlnosti, svobod\u011b rovnosti a ob\u010dansk\u00fdch ctnostech, n\u00fdbr\u017e o pr\u00e1vu siln\u011bj\u0161\u00edho, bezskrupul\u00f3zn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho a schopn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho rafinovan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed manipulace s ve\u0159ejnost\u00ed. V tomto smyslu skon\u010dil listopadov\u00fd \u00e9tos roku 1989 nikoli po\u010d\u00e1tkem druh\u00e9 dek\u00e1dy nov\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed, jak \u0159\u00edk\u00e1v\u00e1 V\u00e1clav Klaus, n\u00fdbr\u017e u\u017e v obdob\u00ed televizn\u00ed vzpoury. Jej\u00ed akt\u00e9\u0159i po\u0161lapali v\u0161e, co bylo na listopadov\u00e9m odkazu cenn\u00e9 a hodnotn\u00e9: p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm pr\u00e1vo na nik\u00fdm neuml\u010dovanou v\u00fdm\u011bnu n\u00e1zor\u016f, mo\u017enost svobodn\u00e9ho rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed a respekt v\u016f\u010di pr\u00e1vu. D\u016fsledkem je sou\u010dasn\u00fd def\u00e9tismus, mocensk\u00fd vzestup neideov\u00fdch, samo\u00fa\u010deln\u00fdch podnikatelsk\u00fdch subjekt\u016f, jim\u017e politika slou\u017e\u00ed jen k dosa\u017een\u00ed jejich vlastn\u00edch prof\u00e1nn\u00edch c\u00edl\u016f.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u017dantovsk\u00e9ho kn\u00ed\u017eka opravdu stoj\u00ed za p\u0159e\u010dten\u00ed, nebo\u0165 je to prvn\u00ed a zat\u00edm jedin\u00e9 seriozn\u00ed analytick\u00e9 ohl\u00e9dnut\u00ed za uzlov\u00fdm okam\u017eikem na\u0161\u00ed novodob\u00e9 historie. Pokud v\u00e1s tato problematika zaj\u00edm\u00e1, mohu v\u00e1s odk\u00e1zat tak\u00e9 na rozhovor, kter\u00fd jsme o spac\u00e1kov\u00e9 krizi \u2013 ale i o \u017dantovsk\u00e9ho kn\u00ed\u017ece \u2013 vedli p\u0159ed kamerami s b\u00fdval\u00fdm tajemn\u00edkem prezidenta republiky Ladislavem Jaklem v r\u00e1mci cyklu Debatn\u00ed klub<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Petr \u0160T\u011aP\u00c1NEK, publicista, b\u00fdval\u00fd m\u00edstop\u0159edseda Rady pro rozhlasov\u00e9 a televizn\u00ed vys\u00edl\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n

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