{"id":286446,"date":"2025-08-29T16:43:37","date_gmt":"2025-08-29T15:43:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=286446"},"modified":"2025-08-29T16:43:37","modified_gmt":"2025-08-29T15:43:37","slug":"stara-sumava-a-posumavi-vesnicke-skoly","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=286446","title":{"rendered":"STAR\u00c1 \u0160UMAVA A PO\u0160UMAV\u00cd: Vesnick\u00e9 \u0161koly"},"content":{"rendered":"

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M\u00e1lot\u0159\u00eddn\u00ed \u0161koly vznikaly ji\u017e od dob vyd\u00e1n\u00ed V\u0161eobecn\u00e9ho \u0161koln\u00edho \u0159\u00e1du (1774). Tehdej\u0161\u00ed \u201enormativ\u201c d\u011bt\u00ed p\u0159ipadaj\u00edc\u00edho na jednoho u\u010ditele byl toti\u017e 80, av\u0161ak m\u00edsto pomocn\u00e9ho u\u010ditele bylo z\u0159\u00edzeno a\u017e p\u0159i dosa\u017een\u00ed po\u010dtu 100 d\u011bt\u00ed. V zim\u011b doch\u00e1zel do vsi “vandrovn\u00ed” u\u010ditel a u\u010dil ka\u017ed\u00fd t\u00fdden v jin\u00e9m staven\u00ed. Dost\u00e1val za jeden t\u00fdden a jedno d\u00edt\u011b 4 krejcary konven\u010dn\u00ed m\u011bny a v ka\u017ed\u00e9m dom\u011b, kde konal v\u00fduku, i stravu. Dokud nebyla zavedena povinn\u00e1 \u0161koln\u00ed doch\u00e1zka, chodilo v l\u00e9t\u011b do farn\u00ed \u0161koly jen m\u00e1lo d\u011bt\u00ed, \u010dasto v\u016fbec \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9.<\/h6>\n

V\u011bt\u0161\u00edch d\u011bt\u00ed bylo pot\u0159eba k poln\u00edm prac\u00edm \u010di k opatrov\u00e1n\u00ed mlad\u0161\u00edch sourozenc\u016f. Ti vzd\u00e1len\u011bj\u0161\u00ed bydlili p\u0159es t\u00fdden u p\u0159\u00e1tel \u010di p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdch a dom\u016f se vraceli jen na ned\u011bli. \u017d\u00e1ci, kte\u0159\u00ed p\u0159ich\u00e1zeli z t\u00e9ho\u017e sm\u011bru, \u010dek\u00e1vali na sebe cestou navz\u00e1jem, dokud nakonec ne\u0161li v\u0161ichni pohromad\u011b. Zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b za tuh\u00fdch \u0161umavsk\u00fdch zim to m\u011blo sv\u016fj nesporn\u00fd v\u00fdznam, pon\u011bvad\u017e n\u011bkdo mohl unaven po cest\u011b snadno zmrznout. Tak vznikala d\u00edky obt\u00ed\u017e\u00edm \u0161koln\u00ed doch\u00e1zky p\u0159\u00e1telstv\u00ed na cel\u00fd \u017eivot. Oble\u010den\u00ed bylo mnohdy i v t\u011bch zim\u00e1ch v\u011bru skrovn\u00e9. Zimn\u00ed pl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 m\u011bl m\u00e1lokdo, mnoho chlapc\u016f chod\u00edvalo do \u0161koly v d\u0159ev\u00e1c\u00edch, jak byli z domova zvykl\u00ed. K j\u00eddlu m\u011bli s sebou kraj\u00edc chleba nebo studen\u00fd knedl\u00edk s kouskem \u0161peku. Na podzim jim maminky podstr\u010dily do bra\u0161ny i p\u00e1r jablek \u010di hru\u0161ek. Hodn\u011b d\u011bt\u00ed nos\u00edvalo s sebou v bandasce pol\u00e9vku nebo sladovou \u010dernou k\u00e1vu, kter\u00e9 jim dobr\u00e1ck\u00fd \u0161koln\u00edk o p\u0159est\u00e1vce oh\u0159\u00e1l.<\/p>\n

Vesnick\u00e9 \u0161koly m\u011bly od sv\u00e9ho po\u010d\u00e1tku zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed v\u00fdznam, zaji\u0161\u0165ovaly z\u00e1kladn\u00ed vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed prost\u00fdm lidem, kte\u0159\u00ed k n\u011bmu po dlouhou dobu nem\u011bli p\u0159\u00edstup. Dochovan\u00e9 dobov\u00e9 prameny n\u00e1m d\u00e1vaj\u00ed mo\u017enost nahl\u00e9dnout do vesnick\u00e9 \u0161koly 19. stolet\u00ed, a my tak v\u00edme, co se v t\u00e9 dob\u011b vyu\u010dovalo, jak byly vybaveny t\u0159\u00eddy nebo jak\u00e9 spole\u010densk\u00e9 postaven\u00ed m\u011bl na vesnici pan u\u010ditel.<\/p>\n

\u010cesk\u00fd spisovatel K. V. Rais, narozen\u00fd roku 1859, vzpom\u00edn\u00e1 na svou \u0161koln\u00ed doch\u00e1zku a \u0161koln\u00ed budovu takto: \u201eVp\u0159edu byl byt \u201astar\u00e9ho\u2018 pana u\u010ditele, d\u00e1l t\u0159et\u00ed t\u0159\u00edda, schody na p\u016fdu, pokoj\u00ed\u010dek kom\u00edna, a v kamenn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edstavku t\u0159\u00edda prv\u00e1, j\u00ed\u017e se chodilo i do druh\u00e9; odd\u011bleny byly slabou p\u0159ep\u00e1\u017ekou, co\u017e u\u010din\u011bno, kdy\u017e se \u0161kola stala trojt\u0159\u00eddn\u00ed. D\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9 z\u00e1chody st\u00e1ly na dvore\u010dku za chl\u00e9vem a vypadalo to tam! Podobn\u00fd z\u00e1pis \u0161koln\u00ed nakreslil jsem v knize \u201aZapadl\u00ed vlastenci\u2018. V nevysok\u00e9 t\u0159\u00edd\u011b o t\u0159ech oknech byla vpravo ode dve\u0159\u00ed \u010dern\u00e1 kachlov\u00e1 kamna, je\u017e st\u011bnou zasahovala i do t\u0159\u00eddy druh\u00e9; jedna nevelk\u00e1 tabula byla na podstavci, druh\u00e1 \u201as p\u0159edpisem\u2018 visela na h\u00e1c\u00edch naho\u0159e na tr\u00e1m\u011b a \u0161kol\u00e1\u010dkov\u00e9 opisuj\u00edce p\u0159edpis, museli \u2013 zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b ti p\u0159edn\u00ed \u2013 hlavy notn\u011b zdv\u00edhat. Asi deset dlouh\u00fdch, \u00fazk\u00fdch, star\u00fdch lavic vypl\u0148ovalo t\u0159\u00eddu tak, \u017ee po stran\u00e1ch zb\u00fdvaly jen \u00fazk\u00e9 uli\u010dky. V zim\u011b, kdy\u017e se d\u011bti p\u0159ihrnuly, st\u00e1valy i v t\u011bch uli\u010dk\u00e1ch a tak\u00e9 podlaha vp\u0159edu b\u00fdvala obsazena. Na st\u011bn\u00e1ch visely: v \u010dele k\u0159\u00ed\u017e, vzadu podobizna panovn\u00edka je\u0161t\u011b mladistv\u00e9ho, dva biblick\u00e9 obrazy, zasklen\u00e9 to pr\u00e9mie, tu\u0161\u00edm, \u017ee hradeck\u00e9ho \u201aD\u011bdictv\u00ed mali\u010dk\u00fdch\u2018, n\u011bjak\u00e1 mapa a pozd\u011bji tak\u00e9 velik\u00e9 nezar\u00e1movan\u00e9 obrazy s mno\u017estv\u00edm pomalovan\u00fdch zv\u00ed\u0159\u00e1tek i rostlin. \u017de jsem byl mali\u010dk\u00fd, sed\u00e1val jsem v prv\u00e9 lavici na prav\u00e9m kraji.\u201c<\/p>\n

Mezi b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 \u0161koln\u00ed pom\u016fcky ka\u017ed\u00e9ho prv\u0148\u00e1\u010dka krom\u011b aktovky a slabik\u00e1\u0159e pat\u0159ila b\u0159idlicov\u00e1 tabulka s houbi\u010dkou, pis\u00e1tko (\u201ekam\u00ednek\u201c) a jin\u00e9 psac\u00ed pot\u0159eby. B\u0159idlicov\u00e9 tabulky byly postupn\u011b nahrazov\u00e1ny pap\u00edrov\u00fdmi se\u0161ity a\u017e po 1. sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lce.<\/p>\n

Nejroz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u0161koln\u00ed pom\u016fckou se v 2. polovin\u011b 19. stolet\u00ed staly \u0161koln\u00ed obrazy zn\u00e1zor\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed p\u00edsmena abecedy, jednoduch\u00e9 po\u010dty a geometrii, zv\u00ed\u0159ata a rostliny, zem\u011bpisn\u00e9 mapy (p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm Rakouska-Uherska, Evropy a Palestiny), v\u00fdrobn\u00ed postupy atd.<\/p>\n

Na obecn\u00e9 \u0161kole se vyu\u010dovalo psan\u00ed, \u010dten\u00ed, n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed, po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed se z\u00e1klady geometrie, vyu\u010dovac\u00ed jazyk (\u010de\u0161tina nebo n\u011bm\u010dina), p\u0159\u00edrodopis, zem\u011bpis, d\u011bjepis, kreslen\u00ed, zp\u011bv, ru\u010dn\u00ed pr\u00e1ce a t\u011blocvik (povinn\u00fd pro chlapce a nepovinn\u00fd pro d\u00edvky).<\/p>\n

Jejich vztah ke \u0161kole jako instituci, ktrer\u00e1 m\u00e1 b\u00fdt p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm autoritativn\u00ed a vnutit d\u011btem poslu\u0161nost a \u0159\u00e1d, ilustruje vzpom\u00ednka spisovatele Antala Sta\u0161ka, kter\u00fd se narodil roku 1843: \u201eJednou za zimn\u00edho r\u00e1na obl\u00e9kla maminka \u201e\u0161penzr\u201c s varh\u00e1nkami, jak\u00fd selky tenkr\u00e1te nos\u00edvaly, vzala mne mal\u00e9ho, sotva p\u011btilet\u00e9ho za ruku, dovedla v sn\u011bhov\u00e9 metelici do \u0161koly, stoj\u00edc\u00ed na dolen\u00edm konci na\u0161\u00ed vesnice, a odevzdala kantorovi se slovy: \u201ePane u\u010diteli, jen ho hodn\u011b \u0159e\u017eou!\u201c”.<\/p>\n

\u0160koln\u00ed doch\u00e1zka ov\u0161em nebyla \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd med. O t\u011blesn\u00fdch trestech ve \u0161kol\u00e1ch se dodnes vedou diskuze, i p\u0159esto, \u017ee jsou d\u00e1vno zak\u00e1zan\u00e9. Ov\u0161em je\u0161t\u011b v minul\u00e9m stolet\u00ed u\u010ditel\u00e9 sv\u00e9 \u017e\u00e1ky b\u011b\u017en\u011b fyzicky trestali. N\u011bkter\u00e9 v\u00fdchovn\u00e9 postupy, nejen t\u011blesn\u00e9 tresty, v\u0161ak vzbuzovaly velk\u00fd odpor \u017e\u00e1k\u016f i ve\u0159ejnosti u\u017e v \u00e9\u0159e \u201estar\u00e9\u201c \u0161koly, nemluv\u011b o dob\u011b pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n

T\u011blesn\u00e9 n\u00e1sil\u00ed v\u0161ak ve \u0161kol\u00e1ch nebylo v\u017edy jen v\u00fdsadou u\u010ditel\u016f ve vztahu k \u017e\u00e1k\u016fm a student\u016fm. V \u00e9\u0159e \u201estar\u00e9\u201c \u0161koly doch\u00e1zelo ob\u010das i k opa\u010dn\u00fdm \u00fatok\u016fm. T\u00edm se tak\u00e9 zd\u016fvod\u0148oval po\u017eadavek br\u00e1t p\u0159i p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed nov\u00fdch pedagog\u016f ohled na jejich fyzick\u00e9 s\u00edly. Po zru\u0161en\u00ed t\u011blesn\u00fdch trest\u016f p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f napaden\u00ed u\u010ditele ubylo, ani tehdy v\u0161ak zcela nezmizely.<\/p>\n

Zlom v praktikov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011blesn\u00fdch trest\u016f u d\u011bt\u00ed nastal a\u017e s p\u0159\u00edchodem renesance a humanismu. I v t\u00e9to dob\u011b byl kladen d\u016fraz na k\u00e1ze\u0148 a mor\u00e1lku, ov\u0161em d\u011bti se podle dobov\u00fdch p\u0159edstav m\u011bly trestat pouze m\u00edrn\u011b a jenom ve velmi v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech. Pomalu se za\u010dalo zlep\u0161ovat postaven\u00ed d\u00edt\u011bte ve spole\u010dnosti.<\/p>\n

Mezi nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed tresty ve \u0161kol\u00e1ch tehdy pat\u0159ilo st\u00e1n\u00ed na hanb\u011b, z\u00e1pis do knihy hanby a bit\u00ed metlou. K bit\u00ed se zpravidla p\u0159istupovalo a\u017e v krajn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edpadech, kdy se \u017e\u00e1k nenapravil ani po napomenut\u00ed, st\u00e1n\u00ed na hanb\u011b i z\u00e1pisu do knihy hanby. Tak\u00e9 za lhan\u00ed \u010dekal \u017e\u00e1ky t\u011blesn\u00fd trest. Z dobov\u00fdch p\u00edsemn\u00fdch zpr\u00e1v v\u00edme, \u017ee ve \u0161kole byl u\u010ditelem bit i mal\u00fd, desetilet\u00fd \u017e\u00e1k Josef Jungmann v roce 1783, kdy\u017e zlobil.<\/p>\n

Osv\u00edcensk\u00e1 pedagogick\u00e1 literatura za\u010dala postupn\u011b t\u011blesn\u00e9 trest\u00e1n\u00ed d\u011bt\u00ed ve \u0161kol\u00e1ch odsuzovat. Ned\u011blo se tak ov\u0161em kv\u016fli blahu a spokojenosti d\u011bt\u00ed, ale kv\u016fli tomu, \u017ee u\u010ditel\u00e9 \u010d\u00edm d\u00e1l \u010dast\u011bji d\u011bti trestali kv\u016fli sv\u00e9mu vlastn\u00edmu uspokojen\u00ed. A pr\u00e1v\u011b na to osv\u00edcenci pohl\u00ed\u017eeli s nelibost\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Je\u0161t\u011b \u0161koln\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d z roku 1805 v\u0161ak t\u011blesn\u00e9 trest\u00e1n\u00ed \u017e\u00e1k\u016f p\u0159ipou\u0161t\u011bl. Teprve v roce 1822 byly omezeny guberni\u00e1ln\u00edm na\u0159\u00edzen\u00edm. Definitivn\u011b m\u011bly b\u00fdt t\u011blesn\u00e9 tresty u n\u00e1s ve \u0161kol\u00e1ch zak\u00e1z\u00e1ny v roce 1870 (v Polsku k tomuto kroku p\u0159istoupili jako ve v\u016fbec prvn\u00ed zemi ji\u017e v roce 1783). V praxi v\u0161ak u\u010ditel\u00e9 \u017e\u00e1ky bili a\u017e do poloviny minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed. Postupem \u010dasu t\u011blesn\u00e9 tresty nahradilo trest\u00e1n\u00ed jin\u00e9 \u2013 nap\u0159\u00edklad pomoc\u00ed \u0161patn\u00fdch zn\u00e1mek, pozn\u00e1mek, \u0159editelsk\u00fdch d\u016ftek nebo sn\u00ed\u017een\u00fdch zn\u00e1mek z chov\u00e1n\u00ed. K\u00e1ze\u0148 zkr\u00e1tka na \u0161kol\u00e1ch mus\u00ed b\u00fdt, to se v\u00ed od prad\u00e1vna!<\/p>\n

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Zdroj:<\/strong> \u0160TVER\u00c1K, V. Stru\u010dn\u00e9 d\u011bjiny pedagogiky. Praha, 1983. Popis obecn\u00e9ho \u0161kolstv\u00ed v Kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed \u010desk\u00e9m, Praha 1889; V\u00e1clav M\u00fcLLER, Pr\u00e1vn\u00ed z\u00e1klad n\u00e1rodn\u00edho \u0161kolstv\u00ed v \u010cech\u00e1ch, Praha 1911. K\u00c1DNER, Otakar, D\u011bjiny pedagogiky. V\u00fdvoj teori\u00ed pedagogick\u00fdch od konce stolet\u00ed osmn\u00e1ct\u00e9ho, d\u00edl III., svazek I. – II., Praha 1912 a 1924.
\n\u0160afr\u00e1nek J.: \u0160koly \u010desk\u00e9 I. (862-1848). Praha 1913 V\u0161eobecn\u00fd \u0161koln\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d (1774) a K\u00e1zn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d (1788)<\/p>\n

P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n

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