{"id":277975,"date":"2025-04-28T17:39:53","date_gmt":"2025-04-28T16:39:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=277975"},"modified":"2025-04-28T17:39:53","modified_gmt":"2025-04-28T16:39:53","slug":"stara-sumava-a-posumavi-paleni-carodejnic","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=277975","title":{"rendered":"STAR\u00c1 \u0160UMAVA A PO\u0160UMAV\u00cd: P\u00e1len\u00ed \u010darod\u011bjnic"},"content":{"rendered":"

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P\u00e1len\u00ed \u010darod\u011bjnic, Valpur\u017eina noc, Filipojakubsk\u00e1 noc nebo Beltine ? Zvyk p\u00e1len\u00ed oh\u0148\u016f v p\u0159edve\u010der prvn\u00edho m\u00e1je nen\u00ed zmi\u0148ov\u00e1n v \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fdch staro\u010desk\u00fdch pramenech a podle \u010ce\u0148ka Z\u00edbrta vznikl pod n\u011bmeck\u00fdm vlivem. U\u017e v polovin\u011b 19. stolet\u00ed v\u0161ak byl tento zvyk zakazov\u00e1n jako pov\u011bre\u010dn\u00e1 praktika, stejn\u011b tak nemohl prob\u00edhat b\u011bhem druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky, kdy bylo zak\u00e1z\u00e1no p\u00e1lit venkovn\u00ed ohn\u011b. Problematick\u00fd byl i pro komunistick\u00fd re\u017eim, b\u011bhem kter\u00e9ho existovala snaha filipojakubsk\u00e9 ohn\u011b p\u0159ejmenovat na \u201evatry m\u00edru\u201c.<\/h6>\n

Posledn\u00ed dubnov\u00e1 noc je tradi\u010dn\u011b ve znamen\u00ed \u010dar, kouzel a oh\u0148\u016f. Podobn\u00fd sv\u00e1tek se slav\u00ed v mnoha evropsk\u00fdch zem\u00edch (Skotsko, Irsko, Wales, \u0160v\u00e9dsko, Finsko, Polsko, N\u011bmecko, Rakousko). Noc z 30. dubna na 1. kv\u011btna je dodnes \u017eiv\u00fd a velmi star\u00fd lidov\u00fd sv\u00e1tek. V\u0161echno nasv\u011bd\u010duje tomu, \u017ee vych\u00e1z\u00ed z nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edho keltsk\u00e9ho sv\u00e1tku Beltine. Fenom\u00e9nu Beltansk\u00fdch oh\u0148\u016f se podrobn\u011b v\u011bnuje Frazer, kter\u00fd ve Zlat\u00e9 ratolesti popisuje
\npodobu a pr\u016fb\u011bh t\u00e9to slavnosti na mnoha m\u00edstech Anglie, Skotska, Irska, \u0160v\u00e9dska i Tyrolska, Saska, Slezska \u010di Moravy.<\/p>\n

O p\u00e1len\u00ed oh\u0148\u016f vych\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edm ze starov\u011bk\u00e9ho pohanstv\u00ed p\u00ed\u0161e: \u201eVe st\u0159edn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti Skotsk\u00e9 vyso\u010diny planuly d\u0159\u00edve na prvn\u00edho m\u00e1je velice slavnostn\u011b ohn\u011b zvan\u00e9 beltansk\u00e9, p\u0159i nich\u017e byly stopy lidsk\u00fdch ob\u011bt\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b z\u0159eteln\u00e9 a nepochybn\u00e9. Zvyk p\u00e1lit tyto ohn\u011b p\u0159etrval na r\u016fzn\u00fdch m\u00edstech a\u017e do pozdn\u00edch let osmn\u00e1ct\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed a popis t\u011bchto ob\u0159ad\u016f z pera dobov\u00fdch autor\u016f sk\u00fdt\u00e1 tak pozoruhodn\u00fd a zaj\u00edmav\u00fd obraz starov\u011bk\u00e9ho pohanstv\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se dochovalo v na\u0161\u00ed zemi.\u201c Z v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00e9ho lze soudit, \u017ee prap\u016fvod p\u00e1len\u00ed \u010darod\u011bjnic sah\u00e1 a\u017e do starov\u011bku.<\/p>\n

A\u010dkoli n\u00e1zev Filipojakubsk\u00e1 noc odkazuje ke svat\u00e9mu Filipu a Jakubovi, co\u017e napov\u00edd\u00e1, \u017ee jde o sou\u010d\u00e1st k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti, lze z\u00e1klad dohledat ji\u017e v dob\u00e1ch p\u0159ed k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00edm. Oblibu a v\u00fdznam tohoto sv\u00e1tku nedok\u00e1zal zlomit ani vliv germ\u00e1nsk\u00e9 kultury a n\u00e1sledn\u00e1 christianizace, tento sv\u00e1tek byl jen p\u0159izp\u016fsoben c\u00edrkevn\u00edm pot\u0159eb\u00e1m.<\/p>\n

B\u011bhem Valpur\u017einy noci \u010darod\u011bjnice na sv\u00e9m shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed tan\u010d\u00ed, hoduj\u00ed a raduj\u00ed se ze v\u0161eho zl\u00e9ho co nap\u00e1chaly. Pot\u00e9 se rozejdou \u010di rozlet\u00ed na ko\u0161\u0165atech po okol\u00ed, aby \u0161kodily lidem dobytku i budouc\u00ed \u00farod\u011b. \u00dakolem ka\u017ed\u00e9 “spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 hospodyn\u011b” bylo od nekalost\u00ed \u010darod\u011bjnic a \u010f\u00e1bl\u016f ochr\u00e1nit sebe, svou rodinu i hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed. Na ochranu musely b\u00fdt dve\u0159e domu opat\u0159en\u00e9 k\u0159\u00ed\u017eem a d\u016fm musel b\u00fdt vykropen sv\u011bcenou vodou. P\u0159ed vrata domu i chl\u00e9vu se polo\u017eila \u0159ezanka, vyr\u00fdpnut\u00e9 drny. D\u0159\u00edve ne\u017e mohla \u010darod\u011bjnice vstoupit dovnit\u0159, musela p\u0159epo\u010d\u00edtat v\u0161echna st\u00e9bla, co\u017e j\u00ed trvalo a\u017e do r\u00e1na, kdy jej\u00ed moc pominula. P\u0159ed vrata a na dv\u016fr se zapichovaly pruty a pichlav\u00e9 trn\u00ed, aby se \u010darod\u011bjnice poranila, na ochranu p\u0159ed nimi se zapichovaly i vidle a ko\u0161\u0165ata, pod drny se d\u00e1valo vejce. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 se muselo db\u00e1t na to, aby z domu nikdo neodnesl n\u011bjak\u00fd p\u0159edm\u011bt, nebo\u0165 by do n\u011bj mohla vstoupit temn\u00e1 magick\u00e1 noc.<\/p>\n

Na zahn\u00e1n\u00ed \u010darod\u011bjnic mu\u017ei pr\u00e1skali na n\u00e1vsi bi\u010dem, st\u0159\u00edleli z pu\u0161ek a hl\u00eddali velk\u00fd ohe\u0148 (ochrannou vatru). Postupem \u010dasu se z t\u011bchto oh\u0148\u016f st\u00e1valo “p\u00e1len\u00ed \u010darod\u011bjnic”. Zapalovala se smoln\u00e1 ko\u0161\u0165ata a vyhazovala se do v\u00fd\u0161ky, aby lid\u00e9 let\u00edc\u00ed \u010darod\u011bjnice vid\u011bli, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b p\u0159\u00edmo srazili k zemi a hned ji v ohni up\u00e1lili. Popel z t\u011bchto oh\u0148\u016f m\u011bl m\u00edt zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed moc pro zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed \u00farody. N\u011bkdy se p\u0159es ohe\u0148 sk\u00e1kalo kv\u016fli zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed ml\u00e1d\u00ed a plodnosti a v\u011b\u0159ilo se, \u017ee se pr\u00e1v\u011b tuto noc otev\u00edraj\u00ed m\u00edsta s ukryt\u00fdm pokladem. Aby se hledaj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159ed temn\u00fdmi silami ubr\u00e1nil, musel m\u00edt p\u0159i sob\u011b kv\u011bt z kaprad\u00ed, sv\u011bcenou k\u0159\u00eddu, hostii a dal\u0161\u00ed p\u0159edm\u011bty.<\/p>\n

Snaha p\u0159ekr\u00fdt tento ryze pohansk\u00fd sv\u00e1tek boje dobra se zlem k\u0159es\u0165anskou symbolikou vedl k tomu, \u017ee je\u0161t\u011b v pr\u016fb\u011bhu st\u0159edov\u011bku byl sv\u00e1tek zasv\u011bcen apo\u0161tol\u016fm Filipu a Jakubovi, aby jejich v\u00fdznam pohansk\u00fd ritu\u00e1l zast\u00ednil. Odtud vych\u00e1z\u00ed i pojmenov\u00e1n\u00ed Filipojakubsk\u00e1 noc.<\/p>\n

Traduje se, \u017ee v \u010cech\u00e1ch existovala sleti\u0161t\u011b \u010darod\u011bjnic neboli lokality, kde se d\u0159\u00edve “sl\u00e9t\u00e1valy” \u010darod\u011bjnice pomazan\u00e9 kouzeln\u00fdmi mastmi (recept z knihy Magia Naturalis z roku 1560 uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee tato mast se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z tuku nevinn\u00e9ho hocha, aloe, om\u011bje, durmanu, rul\u00edku, topolov\u00e9ho listu a kadidla).<\/p>\n

Zn\u00e1m\u00fdmi m\u00edsty sabat\u016f byly nap\u0159. brdsk\u00e1 hora Ple\u0161ivec, Haltrava v Chodsku, Beskydy, Petrovy kameny v Jesen\u00edk\u00e1ch, T\u0159\u00edstoli\u010dn\u00edk na \u0160umav\u011b. V\u011bt\u0161inou to b\u00fdvala m\u00edsta proklet\u00e1 nebo s ponurou minulost\u00ed, nap\u0159. kde b\u00fdvala popravi\u0161t\u011b.<\/p>\n

Pod r\u016fzn\u00fdmi jm\u00e9ny se tak skr\u00fdv\u00e1 v\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed jara, oslava p\u0159\u00edrody a plodiv\u00e9 s\u00edly.<\/p>\n

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Zdroj:<\/strong> Z\u00edbrt, \u010c.: Staro\u010desk\u00e9 v\u00fdro\u010dn\u00ed oby\u010deje, pov\u011bry, slavnosti a z\u00e1bavy proston\u00e1rodn\u00ed pokud o nich vypravuj\u00ed p\u00edsemn\u00e9 pam\u00e1tky a\u017e po n\u00e1\u0161 v\u011bk, Frazer, J. G.: Zlat\u00e1 ratolest<\/p>\n

P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n

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