{"id":277649,"date":"2024-04-22T15:07:09","date_gmt":"2024-04-22T14:07:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=277649"},"modified":"2024-04-22T15:07:09","modified_gmt":"2024-04-22T14:07:09","slug":"stara-sumava-o-svatem-jiri-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=277649","title":{"rendered":"STAR\u00c1 \u0160UMAVA: O svat\u00e9m Ji\u0159\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b zem\u00ed se sv\u00e1tek svat\u00e9ho Ji\u0159\u00ed slav\u00ed 23. dubna. V \u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00edch, na Slovensku a v Polsku se sv\u00e1tek svat\u00e9ho Ji\u0159\u00ed slav\u00ed a\u017e 24. dubna, proto\u017ee na 23. dubna p\u0159ipad\u00e1 den umu\u010den\u00ed svat\u00e9ho Vojt\u011bcha, a tak se sv\u00e1tek svat\u00e9ho Ji\u0159\u00ed posunul o den pozd\u011bji. Prvn\u00ed zm\u00ednky o n\u011bm poch\u00e1zej\u00ed z 5. stolet\u00ed. Rozs\u00e1hle o n\u011bm referuje Zlat\u00e1 legenda ze 13. stolet\u00ed, , jej\u00edm\u017e autorem byl dominik\u00e1nsk\u00fd mnich a pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed biskup Jacobus de Voragine.<\/h6>\n

Toto d\u00edlo pojedn\u00e1v\u00e1 o \u017eivotech svat\u00fdch a t\u00e9\u017e se zde uv\u00e1d\u00ed legenda o sv. Ji\u0159\u00edm, k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9m ryt\u00ed\u0159i a jeho boji o osvobozen\u00ed m\u011bsta p\u0159ed zl\u00fdm drakem, kter\u00fd zde po\u017e\u00edral lidi. Zlat\u00e1 legenda se n\u00e1sledn\u011b stala popul\u00e1rn\u00ed a ne jen s n\u00ed se \u0161\u00ed\u0159il kult sv. Ji\u0159\u00ed i samotn\u00fd kult k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9ho ryt\u00ed\u0159e, kter\u00e9mu byl p\u0159edlohou. Kult sv. Ji\u0159\u00ed se za\u010dal rychle \u0161\u00ed\u0159it z Palestiny i do dal\u0161\u00edch zem\u00ed. Ve 13. stolet\u00ed se stal patronem mnoha evropsk\u00fdch m\u011bst, nap\u0159\u00edklad Janova nebo Ben\u00e1tek. Sv. Ji\u0159\u00ed se v\u0161ak stal p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v roce 1222 za Jind\u0159icha III. ochr\u00e1ncem hrd\u00e9 Anglie. Na vlajce anglick\u00e9ho kr\u00e1le se \u010derven\u00fd k\u0159\u00ed\u017e v b\u00edl\u00e9m poli poprv\u00e9 objevil u\u017e koncem 13. stolet\u00ed. Zn\u00e1m\u00fd Podvazkov\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d byl v polovin\u011b 14. stolet\u00ed zalo\u017een tak\u00e9 pod svatoji\u0159skou ochranou.<\/p>\n

V mnoha zem\u00edch byly Ji\u0159\u00edmu zasv\u011bceny nejpresti\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u0159\u00e1dy a vyznamen\u00e1n\u00ed, pod jeho jm\u00e9nem se stav\u011bly v\u00fdzna\u010dn\u00e9 kostely a chr\u00e1my. Tato obecn\u00e1 obliba neminula ani \u010cechy. V Modr\u00e9 u Velehradu byl svatoji\u0159sk\u00fd kostel vybudov\u00e1n u\u017e v 9. stolet\u00ed. K nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00edm stavb\u00e1m pat\u0159\u00ed rom\u00e1nsk\u00e9 bazilika sv. Ji\u0159\u00ed na Pra\u017esk\u00e9m hrad\u011b s hroby nejstar\u0161\u00edch historick\u00fdch dolo\u017een\u00fdch P\u0159emyslovc\u016f. Tak\u00e9 na ho\u0159e \u0158\u00edp stoj\u00ed rotunda sv. Ji\u0159\u00ed.<\/p>\n

V lidov\u00e9m pov\u011bdom\u00ed je svat\u00fd Ji\u0159\u00ed br\u00e1n jako posel jara. P\u0159ij\u00ed\u017ed\u00ed na koni, sv\u00fdm kop\u00edm zah\u00e1n\u00ed posledn\u00ed zbytky zimy a na louky pln\u00fdmi hrstmi rozhazuje \u017elut\u00e9 duk\u00e1ty pampeli\u0161ek. Doprov\u00e1z\u00ed jej hejna vla\u0161tovek a ji\u0159i\u010dek. Nebo\u0165, jak tvrd\u00ed lidov\u00e1 pranostika: Na svat\u00e9ho Ji\u0159\u00ed vla\u0161tovky ji\u017e v\u00ed\u0159\u00ed. Podle lidov\u00fdch pranostik se pr\u00e1v\u011b na sv\u00e1tek sv. Ji\u0159\u00ed otev\u00edr\u00e1 zem\u011b. Zn\u00e1m\u00e9 po\u0159ekadlo prav\u00ed \u201eNa svat\u00e9ho Ji\u0159\u00ed vyl\u00e9zaj\u00ed hadi a \u0161t\u00ed\u0159i.\u201c Nicm\u00e9n\u011b se tradovalo, \u017ee v tento den je\u0161t\u011b nejsou jedovat\u00ed. Ve skute\u010dnosti byl v\u0161ak tento sv\u00e1tek ve znamen\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce.<\/p>\n

Od 24. dubna se vypou\u0161t\u011bl dobytek na pastvy a \u010dasto se tak\u00e9 prov\u00e1d\u011bla jeho evidence. Hospod\u00e1\u0159 s past\u00fd\u0159em zpravidla vyzna\u010dovali vruby na takzvanou rabu\u0161 nebo tak\u00e9 na vrub. Jednalo se o d\u0159ev\u011bnou h\u016fl a ka\u017ed\u00fd z\u00e1\u0159ez znamenal jedno zv\u00ed\u0159e. V n\u011bkter\u00fdch kraj\u00edch d\u00e1val hospod\u00e1\u0159 past\u00fd\u0159i drobn\u00e9 dary v podob\u011b hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch produkt\u016f \u2013 vejce, ml\u00e9ko, mouku a podobn\u011b).<\/p>\n

Na \u0160umav\u011b byl sv\u00e1tek sv. Ji\u0159\u00ed ve znamen\u00ed oslav. Do hor p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed jaro v\u017edy o n\u011bco pozd\u011bji, a tak byl tento den ch\u00e1p\u00e1n i jako jak\u00fdsi zlom mezi posledn\u00edmi z\u00e1chv\u011bvy zimy a pln\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edchodem jara. Dobytek vypou\u0161t\u011bn\u00fd na pastvu byl nazdoben v\u011bnci z lu\u010dn\u00edch kv\u011bt\u016f s \u010derven\u00fdmi stu\u017ekami. \u010cerven\u00e1 m\u011bla zv\u00ed\u0159ata ochra\u0148ovat p\u0159ed zl\u00fdmi silami. Tak\u00e9 se \u010dasto dobytek pol\u00e9val sv\u011bcenou vodou. Hospod\u00e1\u0159i si t\u00edmto ritu\u00e1lem cht\u011bli zajistit hojnost ml\u00e9ka, masa, vlny, ale i budouc\u00edch ml\u00e1\u010fat.<\/p>\n

Za dob feudalismu na Svat\u00e9ho Ji\u0159\u00ed odv\u00e1d\u011bli poddan\u00ed vrchnosti tzv. jarn\u00ed plat, co\u017e byl n\u00e1jem za p\u016fdu, placen\u00fd obil\u00edm a dal\u0161\u00edmi natur\u00e1liemi, tak\u00e9 pen\u011bzmi.<\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00edb\u011bh o sv. Ji\u0159\u00ed a drakovi je v\u00fdchodn\u00edho p\u016fvodu; do na\u0161ich kon\u010din byl p\u0159inesen k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ky a upraven do romantick\u00e9 podoby. Pln\u011b rozvinut\u00e1 z\u00e1padn\u00ed verze legendy vypr\u00e1v\u00ed, jak si u pramene z\u00e1sobuj\u00edc\u00edho m\u011bsto Kyr\u00e9na v Libyi, nebo m\u011bsto L\u00fddii postavil hn\u00edzdo drak. Obyvatel\u00e9 museli ka\u017ed\u00fd den kv\u016fli vod\u011b na chv\u00edli vyl\u00e1kat draka z hn\u00edzda. Jako n\u00e1vnada slou\u017eila lidsk\u00e1 ob\u011b\u0165 ur\u010den\u00e1 losem. Kdy\u017e los padl na kr\u00e1lovskou dceru, zoufal\u00fd kr\u00e1l marn\u011b prosil o milost. Princezna byla p\u0159edlo\u017eena drakovi. V pravou chv\u00edli se objevil zrovna kolem proj\u00ed\u017ed\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed Ji\u0159\u00ed, postavil se drakovi, zabil ho a princeznu zachr\u00e1nil. Vd\u011b\u010dn\u00ed ob\u010dan\u00e9 se z\u0159ekli pohanstv\u00ed a p\u0159ijali k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed.<\/p>\n

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P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n

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