{"id":276460,"date":"2023-04-10T12:19:51","date_gmt":"2023-04-10T11:19:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=276460"},"modified":"2023-04-10T12:21:04","modified_gmt":"2023-04-10T11:21:04","slug":"veda-neni-nuda-maji-rysove-na-sumave-nadeji-na-preziti-faktoru-ohrozujicich-jejich-populaci-je-stale-mnoho","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=276460","title":{"rendered":"V\u011aDA NEN\u00cd NUDA: Faktor\u016f ohro\u017euj\u00edc\u00edch populaci rys\u016f na \u0160umav\u011b je st\u00e1le mnoho"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Ilustra\u010dn\u00ed foto: archiv (red) – Za kr\u00e1sn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed Vimperk<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

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\u010cesko-bavorsko-rakousk\u00e1 (ozna\u010dovan\u00e1 tak\u00e9 jako \u0161umavsk\u00e1) populace rys\u016f od sv\u00e9ho zalo\u017een\u00ed ztratila asi \u010dtvrtinu ze sv\u00e9 genetick\u00e9 diverzity, zjistili v\u011bdci na z\u00e1klad\u011b genetick\u00e9ho monitoringu. Nad\u011bji do budoucna d\u00e1v\u00e1 fakt, \u017ee v posledn\u00edch 20 letech se pokles t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 zastavil, ale populace rozhodn\u011b vyhr\u00e1no nem\u00e1. Jej\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed osud z\u00e1vis\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na lidech a jejich p\u0159ijet\u00ed t\u00e9to vz\u00e1cn\u00e9 \u0161elmy zp\u011bt do \u010desk\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edrody, kam nepochybn\u011b pat\u0159\u00ed.<\/h6>\n

\"\"Rysov\u00e9 byli v minulosti na na\u0161em \u00fazem\u00ed zcela vyhubeni. N\u00e1vratu t\u00e9to \u0161elmy do \u010ceska v\u00fdznamn\u011b napomohlo vypu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed (reintrodukce) rys\u016f v 70. a 80. letech minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed na \u0160umav\u011b a v sousedn\u00edm Bavorsk\u00e9m lese. Okraj druh\u00e9, p\u016fvodn\u00ed karpatsk\u00e9 populace, k n\u00e1m v sou\u010dasnosti zasahuje na \u00fazem\u00ed CHKO Beskydy na v\u00fdchod\u011b republiky. Z\u00edskat informace o stavu obou populac\u00ed t\u00e9to vz\u00e1cn\u00e9 a skryt\u011b \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed \u0161elmy je pro v\u011bdce a ochran\u00e1\u0159e obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9. Na\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed v sou\u010dasnosti existuj\u00ed sofistikovan\u00e9 metody, kter\u00e9 s monitoringem pom\u00e1haj\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Jednou z nich je i vyu\u017eit\u00ed neinvazivn\u011b z\u00edskan\u00fdch genetick\u00fdch vzork\u016f, nap\u0159\u00edklad trusu nebo chlup\u016f rys\u016f nalezen\u00fdch v ter\u00e9nu. \u201eSb\u011br neinvazivn\u00edch vzork\u016f je pom\u011brn\u011b n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fd proces, kter\u00fd vy\u017eaduje spoustu \u010dasu v ter\u00e9nu a spolupr\u00e1ci r\u016fzn\u00fdch organizac\u00ed. Jedn\u00e1 se i o uk\u00e1zku tzv. ob\u010dansk\u00e9 v\u011bdy, kdy koordinovan\u00e1 pr\u00e1ce mnoha dobrovoln\u00edk\u016f (nap\u0159. Rys\u00ed hl\u00eddky) pom\u00e1h\u00e1 odborn\u00edk\u016fm sb\u00edrat \u00fadaje o v\u00fdskytu ohro\u017een\u00fdch druh\u016f, kter\u00e1 jsou d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm podkladem pro jejich dal\u0161\u00ed ochranu,\u201c<\/em> vysv\u011btluje Barbora Gajd\u00e1rov\u00e1, zoolo\u017eka z \u00dastavu biologie obratlovc\u016f AV \u010cR (\u00daBO AV \u010cR) a hlavn\u00ed autorka studie publikovan\u00e9 v presti\u017en\u00edm v\u011bdeck\u00e9m \u010dasopisu Global Ecology and Conservation.<\/p>\n

\u201e\u010cesko-bavorsko-rakousk\u00e1 populace byla stejn\u011b jako mnoh\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed reintrodukovan\u00e9 populace v z\u00e1padn\u00ed a st\u0159edn\u00ed Evrop\u011b zalo\u017eena z pom\u011brn\u011b mal\u00e9ho po\u010dtu vypu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch rys\u016f a je od ostatn\u00edch populac\u00ed izolovan\u00e1, co\u017e potvrdil n\u00e1\u0161 v\u00fdzkum. To m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e9st k vy\u0161\u0161\u00edmu riziku p\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed mezi bl\u00edzce p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdmi jedinci (inbreeding), a tedy k projev\u016fm \u0161kodliv\u00fdch mutac\u00ed. Dal\u0161\u00edm neblah\u00fdm d\u016fsledkem m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt omezen\u00ed adaptivn\u00edho potenci\u00e1lu populace. Laicky \u0159e\u010deno, rysov\u00e9 se nebudou um\u011bt p\u0159izp\u016fsobit zm\u011bn\u00e1m prost\u0159ed\u00ed, kter\u00e9 mohou v budoucnosti nastat, nebo mohou m\u00edt sn\u00ed\u017eenou schopnost odolat nov\u00fdm nemocem,\u201c<\/em> vysv\u011btluje zoolo\u017eka Jarmila Krojerov\u00e1, vedouc\u00ed genetick\u00e9ho monitoringu rysa z \u00daBO AV \u010cR.<\/p>\n

Bez v\u011bdy to nejde<\/h6>\n

I v d\u016fsledku toho dnes s\u00edl\u00ed v z\u00e1padn\u00ed a st\u0159edn\u00ed Evrop\u011b snahy tyto reintrodukovan\u00e9 populace pos\u00edlit vypou\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm nov\u00fdch rys\u016f odchycen\u00fdch v jin\u00fdch oblastech v\u00fdskytu nebo poch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edch z chov\u016f v zoologick\u00fdch zahrad\u00e1ch. Takto z\u00e1sadn\u00ed managementov\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed ale nelze p\u0159ijmout bez znalosti skute\u010dn\u00e9ho stavu a stupn\u011b ohro\u017een\u00ed populace, s \u010d\u00edm\u017e m\u016f\u017ee pomoci pr\u00e1v\u011b genetika.<\/p>\n

\u201eA\u010dkoliv na\u0161e v\u00fdsledky potvrdily n\u00edzkou genetickou diverzitu populace, p\u0159ekvapiv\u00fdm zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm bylo, \u017ee ke ztr\u00e1t\u011b asi 25 % genetick\u00e9 diverzity do\u0161lo v pr\u016fb\u011bhu prvn\u00edch 15 let po jej\u00edm zalo\u017een\u00ed a v posledn\u00edch 20 letech se ji\u017e popula\u010dn\u011b-genetick\u00e9 parametry moc nem\u011bn\u00ed,\u201c<\/em> \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Jarmila Krojerov\u00e1. Sledov\u00e1n\u00ed zm\u011bn genetick\u00e9 variability v \u010dase se tak jev\u00ed jako z\u00e1sadn\u00ed, l\u00e9pe vypov\u00edd\u00e1 o tom, nakolik je populace aktu\u00e1ln\u011b ohro\u017eena a zda je nutn\u00e9 do n\u00ed um\u011ble zasahovat. Neuv\u00e1\u017een\u00fd z\u00e1sah by toti\u017e mohl k\u0159ehkou rovnov\u00e1hu v populaci naru\u0161it. Genetick\u00e1 data z\u00edskan\u00e1 o \u010desko-bavorsko-rakousk\u00e9 populaci zat\u00edm neukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee by byl um\u011bl\u00fd z\u00e1sah nutn\u00fd.<\/p>\n

Proto\u017ee rys je ohro\u017een\u00fd a m\u00e1lo po\u010detn\u00fd druh, kter\u00fd nav\u00edc \u017eije skryt\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem \u017eivota, z\u00edskat genetick\u00e9 vzorky, kter\u00e9 by pokryly del\u0161\u00ed \u010dasovou periodu, bylo velkou v\u00fdzvou. \u201eSna\u017eili jsme se z\u00edskat DNA ze v\u0161ech mo\u017en\u00fdch zdroj\u016f. Izolovali jsme rys\u00ed DNA nejen z trusu a chlup\u016f ale tak\u00e9 ze st\u011bru slin, kter\u00e9 rys zanechal na sv\u00e9 ko\u0159isti, z mo\u010di zachycen\u00e9 v tr\u00e1v\u011b nebo na sn\u011bhu, z kapek krve ze stop rysa, nebo nap\u0159\u00edklad z kl\u00ed\u0161t\u011bte nalezen\u00e9ho v rys\u00edm brlohu,\u201c<\/em> popisuje sb\u011br genetick\u00fdch vzork\u016f Barbora Gajd\u00e1rov\u00e1 a pokra\u010duje: \u201eSou\u010dasn\u011b byly sb\u00edr\u00e1ny tak\u00e9 tk\u00e1\u0148ov\u00e9 \u010di krevn\u00ed vzorky ze sra\u017een\u00fdch \u010di uhynul\u00fdch nebo odchycen\u00fdch rys\u016f. Asi nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdzvou pak bylo z\u00edskat star\u0161\u00ed vzorky z let 1984\u20132013, kdy je\u0161t\u011b neprob\u00edhal systematick\u00fd sb\u011br genetick\u00fdch vzork\u016f. Nakonec se ale d\u00edky spolupr\u00e1ci s muzei poda\u0159ilo z\u00edskat vzorky DNA z lebek, ko\u017ee\u0161in a koster rysa z asi dvou des\u00edtek exempl\u00e1\u0159\u016f, \u010d\u00edm\u017e jsme pokryli cel\u00e9 obdob\u00ed existence t\u00e9to populace, tedy zhruba 35 let.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

Genetick\u00e1 pestrost \u010desko-bavorsko-rakousk\u00fdch rys\u016f je n\u00edzk\u00e1<\/h6>\n

Legislativn\u00ed ochrana \u010desko-bavorsko-rakousk\u00e9 populace od dob jej\u00edho zalo\u017een\u00ed a v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed po\u010det zakl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00edch jedinc\u016f, vypou\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch postupn\u011b v pr\u016fb\u011bhu dvou desetilet\u00ed nejd\u0159\u00edve na bavorsk\u00e9 (5-9 rys\u016f) a pak na \u010desk\u00e9 (17 rys\u016f) stran\u011b hranice, pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b sehr\u00e1li v\u00fdznamnou roli v tom, \u017ee je populace v lep\u0161\u00edm stavu ne\u017e n\u011bkter\u00e9 jin\u00e9 reintrodukovan\u00e9 populace, jako nap\u0159. din\u00e1rsk\u00e1 ve Slovinsku a Chorvatsku. Zde n\u00edzk\u00fd celkov\u00fd po\u010det \u0161esti nav\u00edc vz\u00e1jemn\u011b p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdch zakladatel\u016f a leg\u00e1ln\u00ed lov po po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edm r\u016fstu populace pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b zp\u016fsobil pokles genetick\u00e9 diverzity a velikosti populace pod kritickou hranici. Dostal tak tuto populaci do spir\u00e1ly, kter\u00e1 m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e9st a\u017e k jej\u00edmu vym\u0159en\u00ed. Proto v sou\u010dasnosti prob\u00edh\u00e1 jej\u00ed z\u00e1chrana za pomoci vypou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed nov\u00fdch jedinc\u016f odchycen\u00fdch na Slovensku a v Rumunsku (projekt LifeLynx).<\/p>\n

I kdy\u017e genetick\u00e1 diverzita v posledn\u00edch letech v\u00fdznamn\u011b nekles\u00e1, \u010desko-bavorsko-rakousk\u00e1 populace je geneticky ochuzen\u00e1 a m\u00e1 n\u00edzkou efektivn\u00ed velikost, odhadnutou ve studii na 21 jedinc\u016f. Populace se tedy z evolu\u010dn\u011b-genetick\u00e9ho hlediska chov\u00e1 tak, jako by v n\u00ed \u017eilo jen zhruba 20 zv\u00ed\u0159at, i kdy\u017e dle posledn\u00edho s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed, je to zhruba \u0161estin\u00e1sobek. \u201eAbychom zabr\u00e1nili stejn\u00e9mu osudu, jak\u00fd potkal din\u00e1rskou populaci, je nezbytn\u00e9 udr\u017eet sou\u010dasn\u00fd m\u00edrn\u011b pozitivn\u00ed trend r\u016fstu populace a zabr\u00e1nit p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00e9mu poklesu po\u010detnosti jedinc\u016f v d\u016fsledku mortality zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 \u010dlov\u011bkem,\u201c<\/em> uv\u00e1d\u00ed Elisa Belotti, zoolo\u017eka z NP \u0160umava, kter\u00fd koordinoval velkou \u010d\u00e1st p\u0159eshrani\u010dn\u00edho sb\u011bru genetick\u00fdch vzork\u016f v r\u00e1mci ned\u00e1vno skon\u010den\u00e9ho projektu 3Lynx. Mortalita zp\u016fsoben\u00e1 \u010dlov\u011bkem (pytl\u00e1ctv\u00ed \u2013 p\u0159\u00edpad Lovec (https:\/\/www.ivb.cz\/aktuality\/lovec-razie-celniku-a-upytlacena-rysice-na-sumave\/<\/strong><\/a>) nebo st\u00e1le \u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017eky s vozidly) je v sou\u010dasnosti hlavn\u00edm faktorem omezuj\u00edc\u00edm dal\u0161\u00ed r\u016fst t\u00e9to populace a br\u00e1n\u00edc\u00edm \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed rys\u016f do navazuj\u00edc\u00edch vhodn\u00fdch biotop\u016f.<\/p>\n

\u201ePro udr\u017een\u00ed dlouhodob\u00e9 \u017eivotaschopnosti populace v takto geograficky limitovan\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed, je t\u0159eba zlep\u0161it pr\u016fchodnost krajiny a pomoci tak p\u0159irozen\u00e9mu propojen\u00ed s okoln\u00edmi populacemi, aby do\u0161lo k p\u0159irozen\u00e9mu genov\u00e9mu toku, a t\u00edm ke zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed genetick\u00e9 diverzity. Tak by se populace mohla st\u00e1t zcela sob\u011bsta\u010dnou a dob\u0159e funguj\u00edc\u00ed,\u201c<\/em> dod\u00e1v\u00e1 Josefa Volfov\u00e1 z Hnut\u00ed DUHA \u0160elmy, kter\u00e9 se na sb\u011bru genetick\u00fdch vzork\u016f rovn\u011b\u017e pod\u00edlelo.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

(tz-av\u010dr)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

  \u010cesko-bavorsko-rakousk\u00e1 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":194292,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"gallery","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24,174],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/10\/mzp_rysi.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/276460"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=276460"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/276460\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":276764,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/276460\/revisions\/276764"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/194292"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=276460"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=276460"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=276460"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}