{"id":275398,"date":"2023-03-21T19:25:25","date_gmt":"2023-03-21T18:25:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=275398"},"modified":"2023-03-21T19:27:28","modified_gmt":"2023-03-21T18:27:28","slug":"veda-neni-nuda-krizeni-trav-ukazalo-dalsi-nastroj-pro-boj-s-klimatickou-zmenou","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=275398","title":{"rendered":"V\u011aDA NEN\u00cd NUDA: K\u0159\u00ed\u017een\u00ed trav uk\u00e1zalo dal\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1stroj v boji s klimatickou zm\u011bnou"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Olomou\u010dt\u00ed odborn\u00edci z \u00dastavu experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed botaniky AV \u010cR zjistili, pro\u010d u n\u011bkter\u00fdch k\u0159\u00ed\u017eenc\u016f trav za\u010dne \u010dasem dominovat genom jednoho z rodi\u010d\u016f. Objev, p\u0159i kter\u00e9m v\u011bdci mimo jin\u00e9 vyu\u017eili konfok\u00e1ln\u00ed superrozli\u0161ovac\u00ed mikroskop, jedin\u00fd sv\u00e9ho druhu v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice, m\u00e1 pro \u0161lechtitele z\u00e1sadn\u00ed v\u00fdznam. Pom\u016f\u017ee jim k efektivn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu \u0161lecht\u011bn\u00ed odoln\u011bj\u0161\u00edch a v\u00fdnosn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch plodin, kter\u00e9 bude mo\u017en\u00e9 p\u011bstovat i ve zt\u00ed\u017een\u00fdch klimatick\u00fdch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch.<\/h6>\n

Rostlinn\u00ed genetici se v Olomouci mnoho let v\u011bnuj\u00ed v\u00fdzkumu k\u0159\u00ed\u017eenc\u016f trav, kter\u00e9 kombinuj\u00ed vlastnosti kost\u0159av (Festuca sp.) a j\u00edlk\u016f (Lolium sp.). J\u00edlky jsou tr\u00e1vy, je\u017e vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed chovatel\u00e9 dobytka pro jejich vynikaj\u00edc\u00ed vlastnosti, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm pro vysok\u00fd v\u00fdnos a velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed nutri\u010dn\u00edch l\u00e1tek. Se suchem, horkem \u010di mrazem si ale tyto tr\u00e1vy tak dob\u0159e neporad\u00ed. To naopak mnohem l\u00e9pe zvl\u00e1daj\u00ed kost\u0159avy, kter\u00fdm ale chyb\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dan\u00e9 vlastnosti j\u00edlk\u016f. Ide\u00e1ln\u00ed pro p\u011bstitele je tak kombinace t\u011bchto dvou druh\u016f trav.<\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed generace k\u0159\u00ed\u017eenc\u016f ztr\u00e1c\u00ed ide\u00e1ln\u00ed vlastnosti<\/h6>\n

K\u0159\u00ed\u017een\u00edm j\u00edlk\u016f s kost\u0159avami vytvo\u0159ili \u0161lechtitel\u00e9 \u0159adu odr\u016fd tzv. Festuloli\u00ed. Olomou\u010dt\u00ed v\u011bdci z Centra strukturn\u00ed a funk\u010dn\u00ed genomiky rostlin \u00dastavu experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed botaniky AV \u010cR (\u00daEB AV \u010cR) pomoc\u00ed molekul\u00e1rn\u00edch metod odhalili, \u017ee v dal\u0161\u00edch generac\u00edch t\u011bchto k\u0159\u00ed\u017eenc\u016f za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 postupn\u011b p\u0159ib\u00fdvat j\u00edlku a ztr\u00e1cej\u00ed se vlastnosti kost\u0159avy. Proto se v posledn\u00edch t\u0159ech letech zam\u011b\u0159ili u t\u011bchto k\u0159\u00ed\u017eenc\u016f na probl\u00e9m se stabilitou jejich genomu.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdsledky v\u00fdzkumu, kter\u00e9 nyn\u00ed zve\u0159ejnil presti\u017en\u00ed \u010dasopis New Phytologist potvrzuj\u00ed, \u017ee jeden z rodi\u010dovsk\u00fdch genom\u016f je stabiln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a druh\u00fd je naopak n\u00e1chyln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed k r\u016fzn\u00fdm eliminac\u00edm. \u201eV dal\u0161\u00edch generac\u00edch mezidruhov\u00fdch k\u0159\u00ed\u017eenc\u016f postupn\u011b za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 p\u0159evl\u00e1dat dominantn\u00ed genom. Tato p\u0159evaha se d\u011bje na \u00farovni cel\u00e9 d\u011bdi\u010dn\u00e9 informace. Pokud se dan\u00fd k\u0159\u00ed\u017eenec d\u00e1le p\u0159emno\u017euje, m\u016f\u017ee se st\u00e1t, \u017ee za n\u011bkolik generac\u00ed dojde k \u00fapln\u00e9 eliminaci cel\u00e9 jedn\u00e9 rodi\u010dovsk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti genomu, z hybridu se zase stane \u010dist\u00fd druh, a ztrat\u00ed se tak \u017e\u00e1dan\u00e9 vlastnosti druh\u00e9ho rodi\u010de. V na\u0161em p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee se z Festuloli\u00ed stane j\u00edlek, tak\u017ee tyto tr\u00e1vy ztrat\u00ed svou odolnost,\u201c<\/em> uvedl David Kopeck\u00fd, vedouc\u00ed v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 skupiny.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdzkum byl podle n\u011bj metodicky n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fd. \u201eProces eliminace prob\u00edh\u00e1 v pr\u016fb\u011bhu tzv. meotick\u00e9ho d\u011blen\u00ed bu\u0148ky, ke kter\u00e9mu doch\u00e1z\u00ed v kv\u011btech trav. Nejd\u0159\u00edve jsme z nich museli vyjmout p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b dvoumilimetrov\u00e9 pra\u0161n\u00edky a teprve pak zji\u0161\u0165ovat, ve kter\u00e9 f\u00e1zi nast\u00e1v\u00e1 eliminace d\u011bdi\u010dn\u00e9 informace,\u201c<\/em> \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 David Kopeck\u00fd. Tato anal\u00fdza by nebyla mo\u017en\u00e1 bez vyu\u017eit\u00ed nejmodern\u011bj\u0161\u00edho mikroskopu pro studium rostlinn\u00e9 genetiky, jen\u017e dok\u00e1\u017ee s velmi vysok\u00fdm rozli\u0161en\u00edm vymodelovat 3D strukturu zkouman\u00e9ho vzorku av Olomouci je pro v\u00fdzkum rostlin v \u010cR jedin\u00fd.<\/p>\n

Pr\u016flom pro \u0161lechtitele<\/h6>\n

V\u011bdci velmi \u00fazce spolupracovali se \u0161lechtitelskou stanic\u00ed DLF Seeds, s.r.o., z Hladk\u00fdch \u017divotic. Pro \u0161lechtitele jde o p\u0159elomov\u00fd v\u00fdsledek. \u201eVe sv\u00e9 praxi velmi \u010dasto vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me mezidruhov\u00e9 k\u0159\u00ed\u017eence. Dok\u00e1\u017eeme tak z\u00edskat plodiny s ide\u00e1ln\u00edmi vlastnostmi. K\u0159\u00ed\u017e\u00edme nap\u0159\u00edklad plan\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00e9 n\u011bkter\u00fdch plodin, kte\u0159\u00ed jsou odoln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, s kulturn\u00edmi druhy, kter\u00e9 naopak zajist\u00ed vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdnos a kvalitu. Dosud jsme nev\u011bd\u011bli, pro\u010d se u n\u011bkter\u00fdch k\u0159\u00ed\u017eenc\u016f ztr\u00e1c\u00ed rodi\u010dovsk\u00fd genom a s n\u00edm i \u017e\u00e1dan\u00e9 vlastnosti. To komplikuje na\u0161e snahy o vytvo\u0159en\u00ed stabiln\u00edch k\u0159\u00ed\u017eenc\u016f. Jak\u00e9koli nov\u00e9 poznatky v t\u00e9to oblasti proto velmi v\u00edt\u00e1me,\u201c<\/em> vysv\u011btlil hlavn\u00ed \u0161lechtitel Libor Jal\u016fvka.<\/p>\n

Jak je to s nestabilitou k\u0159\u00ed\u017een\u00ed u dal\u0161\u00edch rostlin?<\/h6>\n

Olomouck\u00fd v\u00fdzkum t\u00edmto objevem nekon\u010d\u00ed. T\u00fdm Davida Kopeck\u00e9ho se nyn\u00ed zam\u011b\u0159\u00ed na probl\u00e9m, zda mechanismus, jen\u017e je p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou nestability mezidruhov\u00fdch k\u0159\u00ed\u017eenc\u016f trav, plat\u00ed i u dal\u0161\u00edch rostlin. V\u011bdci tak\u00e9 cht\u011bj\u00ed zjistit, zda by bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 tento proces ovliv\u0148ovat a p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b ho i zvr\u00e1tit. V budoucnu by tak mohli \u0161lechtitel\u016fm nab\u00eddnout nejenom p\u0159esn\u00e9 anal\u00fdzy genomu, jak to d\u011blaj\u00ed dnes, ale byli by schopni pom\u011brn\u011b p\u0159esn\u011b p\u0159edpov\u011bd\u011bt, za jak dlouho mohou u k\u0159\u00ed\u017eenc\u016f nastat se stabilitou genomu probl\u00e9my. Rostlinn\u00ed genetici cht\u011bj\u00ed tak\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edt nejmodern\u011bj\u0161\u00ed biotechnologick\u00e9 metody v\u010detn\u011b genetick\u00fdch modifikac\u00ed a z\u00edskat tak p\u0159esn\u00fd n\u00e1stroj k \u00faprav\u011b d\u011bdi\u010dn\u00e9 informace nestabiln\u00edch k\u0159\u00ed\u017eenc\u016f.<\/p>\n

Tyto poznatky mohou podle vedouc\u00edho Centra strukturn\u00ed a funk\u010dn\u00ed genomiky rostlin \u00daEB AV \u010cR Jana Barto\u0161e zm\u011bnit cel\u00fd proces mezidruhov\u00e9ho k\u0159\u00ed\u017een\u00ed. \u201eOce\u0148uji pr\u00e1ci koleg\u016f a t\u011b\u0161\u00ed m\u011b, \u017ee bude m\u00edt jejich v\u00fdzkum p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd dopad do praxe. Nov\u00fd objev usnadn\u00ed pr\u00e1ci \u0161lechtitel\u016fm a p\u0159isp\u011bje ke vzniku plodin s vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdnosem, kvalitou, odolnost\u00ed v\u016f\u010di chorob\u00e1m a \u0161k\u016fdc\u016fm, a p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm plodin, kter\u00e9 se dok\u00e1\u017eou l\u00e9pe adaptovat na zm\u011bnu klimatu. \u0160lecht\u011bn\u00ed k\u0159\u00ed\u017eenc\u016f by tak mohlo b\u00fdt rychlej\u0161\u00ed a levn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed,\u201c<\/em> uzav\u00edr\u00e1 Jan Barto\u0161.<\/p>\n

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