{"id":275396,"date":"2023-03-26T13:18:40","date_gmt":"2023-03-26T12:18:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=275396"},"modified":"2023-03-26T13:19:56","modified_gmt":"2023-03-26T12:19:56","slug":"veda-neni-nuda-investice-do-spermii-ubira-vlastovkam-na-delce-zivota","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=275396","title":{"rendered":"V\u011aDA NEN\u00cd NUDA: V\u00fdzkum. Investice do spermi\u00ed ub\u00edr\u00e1 vla\u0161tovk\u00e1m na d\u00e9lce \u017eivota"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Ilustra\u010dn\u00ed foto: pixabay<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

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D\u00edky vyu\u017eit\u00ed unik\u00e1tn\u00edch demografick\u00fdch dat mohli v\u011bdci v\u016fbec poprv\u00e9 testovat vztah mezi m\u00edrou investic\u00ed do spermi\u00ed a p\u0159e\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00edm samc\u016f ve voln\u011b \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed populaci vla\u0161tovky obecn\u00e9. Experti z \u00dastavu biologie obratlovc\u016f AV \u010cR potvrdili, \u017ee produkce velk\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed spermi\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e9st ke zkr\u00e1cen\u00ed d\u00e9lky \u017eivota samc\u016f a b\u00fdt tedy pom\u011brn\u011b n\u00e1kladn\u00e1.<\/h6>\n

\"\"Kolik stoj\u00ed spermie a jak se m\u011bn\u00ed jejich kvalita v pr\u016fb\u011bhu \u017eivota? Na tyto ot\u00e1zky hledali odpov\u011bdi v\u011bdci z \u00dastavu biologie obratlovc\u016f AV \u010cR pod veden\u00edm Tom\u00e1\u0161e Albrechta. D\u0159\u00edve se p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dalo, \u017ee produkce spermi\u00ed je, v kontrastu se sami\u010d\u00edmi investicemi do vaj\u00ed\u010dek, nen\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e1. V posledn\u00ed dob\u011b se spekulovalo, \u017ee n\u00e1klady spojen\u00e9 s investicemi do spermi\u00ed mohou b\u00fdt zna\u010dn\u00e9, ov\u0161em data chyb\u011bla.<\/p>\n

\u201eV\u00fdzkum biologie vla\u0161tovek prob\u00edh\u00e1 na T\u0159ebo\u0148sku ji\u017e 13 let. V posledn\u00ed studii jsme se v\u011bnovali ot\u00e1zce reproduk\u010dn\u00edho st\u00e1rnut\u00ed samc\u016f vla\u0161tovek. Zaj\u00edmalo n\u00e1s, zda se s v\u011bkem u dosp\u011bl\u00fdch jedinc\u016f m\u011bn\u00ed kvalita spermi\u00ed (jejich rychlost, morfologie) a tak\u00e9 jejich produkce (mno\u017estv\u00ed). Ta se d\u00e1 m\u011b\u0159it jako velikost zdu\u0159el\u00e9ho kloak\u00e1ln\u00edho v\u00fd\u010dn\u011blku, kter\u00fd u p\u011bvc\u016f v dob\u011b hn\u00edzd\u011bn\u00ed slou\u017e\u00ed jako rezervo\u00e1r spermi\u00ed,\u201c<\/em> \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Tom\u00e1\u0161 Albrecht, vedouc\u00ed v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 skupiny z \u00dastavu biologie obratlovc\u016f AV \u010cR.<\/p>\n

V\u011bk spermie neovliv\u0148uje, ony d\u00e9lku \u017eivota ano<\/h6>\n

\u201eZjistili jsme, \u017ee samci se mezi sebou ve znac\u00edch spermi\u00ed li\u0161\u00ed, ale b\u011bhem jejich \u017eivota se kvalita spermi\u00ed moc nem\u011bn\u00ed. V\u011bk tedy kvalitu spermi\u00ed u tohoto relativn\u011b kr\u00e1tkov\u011bk\u00e9ho p\u011bvce neovliv\u0148uje. S v\u011bkem ov\u0161em roste produkce spermi\u00ed \u2013 v ml\u00e1d\u00ed jich maj\u00ed vla\u0161tov\u010d\u00ed samci m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017eli ve st\u0159edn\u00edm a vysok\u00e9m v\u011bku,\u201c<\/em> vysv\u011btluje Krist\u00fdna M\u00ed\u010dkov\u00e1, hlavn\u00ed autorka publikace a Ph.D. studentka na P\u0159\u00edrodov\u011bdeck\u00e9 fakult\u011b Univerzity Karlovy.<\/p>\n

\u201eV\u00fdsledky nav\u00edc nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee vlastn\u00ed produkce spermi\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt n\u00e1kladn\u00e1 \u2013 samci, kte\u0159\u00ed v pr\u016fb\u011bhu \u017eivota investovali relativn\u011b hodn\u011b do produkce spermi\u00ed, se v pr\u016fm\u011bru do\u017e\u00edvali ni\u017e\u0161\u00edho v\u011bku,\u201c<\/em> dod\u00e1v\u00e1 Tom\u00e1\u0161 Albrecht.<\/p>\n

Samci, kte\u0159\u00ed do produkce spermi\u00ed hodn\u011b investuj\u00ed, za to tedy mohou platit m\u00edrn\u00fdm zkr\u00e1cen\u00edm d\u00e9lky \u017eivota. Ot\u00e1zkou z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1, zda se jim investice vyplat\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\u201eVla\u0161tovka je sice soci\u00e1ln\u011b monogamn\u00ed, \u010dili samci a samice tvo\u0159\u00ed p\u00e1ry a spole\u010dn\u011b vychov\u00e1vaj\u00ed potomky, ale partne\u0159i si nejsou v\u011brn\u00ed. V dal\u0161\u00edm kroku se proto zam\u011b\u0159\u00edme na studium vztahu mezi produkc\u00ed spermi\u00ed a celo\u017eivotn\u00ed schopnost\u00ed samc\u016f plodit mimop\u00e1rov\u00e9 potomky \u2013 je mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee i p\u0159es pon\u011bkud krat\u0161\u00ed d\u00e9lku do\u017eit\u00ed vede vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed produkce spermi\u00ed ke stejn\u00e9mu po\u010dtu za \u017eivot zplozen\u00fdch ml\u00e1\u010fat jako u d\u00e9le \u017eij\u00edc\u00edch samc\u016f,\u201c<\/em> \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Tom\u00e1\u0161 Albrecht.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdzkum n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fd pro v\u011bdce i farm\u00e1\u0159e<\/h6>\n

\u201eShrom\u00e1\u017edit data pro tento v\u00fdzkum bylo pom\u011brn\u011b n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9. Ter\u00e9nn\u00ed v\u00fdzkumy za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00fd rok je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed n\u00e1vratem vla\u0161tovek do hn\u00edzdi\u0161t\u011b v dubnu, kdy zde instalujeme sledovac\u00ed kamery, kter\u00e9 pom\u00e1haj\u00ed odhalit, jak je to s vla\u0161tov\u010d\u00ed nev\u011brou a chov\u00e1n\u00edm pt\u00e1k\u016f v hn\u00edzdech. Pak se \u010dlenov\u00e9 t\u00fdmu po t\u00fddnu st\u0159\u00eddaj\u00ed p\u0159i kontrole hn\u00edzd a\u017e do odletu posledn\u00edch vla\u0161tovek, co\u017e b\u00fdv\u00e1 koncem pr\u00e1zdnin. Proto\u017ee je vla\u0161tovka druhem pevn\u011b v\u00e1zan\u00fdm na lidsk\u00e1 s\u00eddla, je v\u00fdzkum spojen s intenzivn\u00ed komunikac\u00ed s majiteli farem, kde vla\u0161tovky hn\u00edzd\u00ed. Po letech v\u00fdzkumu vztahy s farm\u00e1\u0159i \u010dasto p\u0159erostly v kamar\u00e1dstv\u00ed, a to i p\u0159esto, \u017ee p\u0159i odchytech vla\u0161tovek za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 na\u0161e ob\u010das hlu\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed aktivita pod jejich okny ji\u017e p\u0159ed rozb\u0159eskem, \u010dasto kolem \u010dtvrt\u00e9 hodiny rann\u00ed, tedy v dob\u011b, kdy ani jiho\u010desk\u00fd farm\u00e1\u0159 je\u0161t\u011b norm\u00e1ln\u011b nevst\u00e1v\u00e1,\u201c<\/em> se sm\u00edchem dod\u00e1v\u00e1 Krist\u00fdna M\u00ed\u010dkov\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Pro\u010d zrovna vla\u0161tovky?<\/h6>\n

Obecn\u011b se o tom, jak n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e1 je produkce spermi\u00ed, v\u00ed velice m\u00e1lo, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm kv\u016fli obt\u00ed\u017enosti podobn\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu. K z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed dat o reproduk\u010dn\u00edm st\u00e1rnut\u00ed a vlivu reproduk\u010dn\u00edch investic na p\u0159e\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed a d\u00e9lku do\u017eit\u00ed je toti\u017e nutn\u00e9, aby modelov\u00fd druh byl relativn\u011b kr\u00e1tkov\u011bk\u00fd a v\u011bdci mohli u r\u016fzn\u00fdch jedinc\u016f sledovat zm\u011bny v \u010dase, nejl\u00e9pe v pr\u016fb\u011bhu cel\u00e9ho jejich \u017eivota. Pr\u00e1v\u011b takov\u00fdm vhodn\u00fdm modelov\u00fdm organismem je drobn\u00fd p\u011bvec vla\u0161tovka obecn\u00e1 (Hirundo rustica).<\/p>\n

\u201eVla\u0161tovky pat\u0159\u00ed mezi kr\u00e1tkov\u011bk\u00e9 pt\u00e1ky, kte\u0159\u00ed se v pr\u016fm\u011bru do\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed 2\u20135 let, a proto jsou pro studium st\u00e1rnut\u00ed ide\u00e1ln\u00ed. Dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdhodou je, \u017ee populace jsou vcelku stabiln\u00ed a pt\u00e1ci se na ja\u0159e vracej\u00ed na stejn\u00e1 hn\u00edzdi\u0161t\u011b, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b do jejich bl\u00edzk\u00e9ho okol\u00ed, co\u017e n\u00e1m umo\u017e\u0148uje sb\u00edrat data v \u010dasov\u00e9 \u0159ad\u011b, a o ka\u017ed\u00e9m jedinci tak m\u00e1me \u00fadaje od prvn\u00edho roku \u017eivota t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 a\u017e do jeho smrti,\u201c<\/em> vysv\u011btluje Krist\u00fdna M\u00ed\u010dkov\u00e1.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

(tz-av\u010dr)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

  D\u00edky <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":271009,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"gallery","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24,174],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/10\/vla\u0161tovky.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/275396"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=275396"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/275396\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":275789,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/275396\/revisions\/275789"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/271009"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=275396"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=275396"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=275396"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}