{"id":274397,"date":"2023-03-06T20:59:46","date_gmt":"2023-03-06T19:59:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=274397"},"modified":"2023-03-06T20:59:46","modified_gmt":"2023-03-06T19:59:46","slug":"veda-neni-nuda-geneticka-stopa-lovcu-z-dolnich-vestonic-a-pavlova-pred-20-000-lety-vymizela","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=274397","title":{"rendered":"V\u011aDA NEN\u00cd NUDA: Genetick\u00e1 stopa lovc\u016f z Doln\u00edch V\u011bstonic a Pavlova p\u0159ed 20 000 lety vymizela"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Genetick\u00e1 mapa z\u00e1padn\u00ed a st\u0159edn\u00ed Eurasie se po posledn\u00edm glaci\u00e1ln\u00edm maximu p\u0159ed zhruba 20 000 lety v\u00fdrazn\u011b zm\u011bnila. Genetikov\u00e9 spolu s antropology a archeology zkoumali kompletn\u00ed lidsk\u00fd genom 356 mu\u017e\u016f a \u017een, kte\u0159\u00ed \u017eili v letech 50 000\u20135000 p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem. Studie, kterou zve\u0159ejnil \u010dasopis Nature<\/strong><\/a>, zahrnula t\u00e9\u017e ostatky ze zn\u00e1m\u00e9ho v\u011bstonick\u00e9ho trojhrobu, na jejich\u017e anal\u00fdze pracovali experti z Archeologick\u00e9ho \u00fastavu AV \u010cR v Brn\u011b.<\/h6>\n

\"\"Zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed archaick\u00e9 DNA p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed st\u00e1le nov\u00e9 poznatky. Aktu\u00e1ln\u011b se v\u011bdkyn\u011b a v\u011bdci soust\u0159ed\u011bn\u00ed kolem Cosimo Postha a Svante P\u00e4aba, nositele Nobelovy ceny za paleogenetiku, zam\u011b\u0159ili na to, jak se zm\u011bnilo rozlo\u017een\u00ed populac\u00ed a jejich genetick\u00fd profil po posledn\u00edm glaci\u00e1ln\u00edm maximu (LGM), tedy po klimatick\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti doby ledov\u00e9 zhruba p\u0159ed 24 a\u017e 20 tis\u00edci lety (posledn\u00ed vrchol posledn\u00ed doby ledov\u00e9). N\u00e1\u010drty \u201egenetick\u00e9 historie\u201c Evropy u\u017e v\u011bdci m\u011bli p\u0159ipraven\u00e9 z p\u0159edchoz\u00ed studie. Te\u010f d\u00edky nov\u00fdm metod\u00e1m odb\u011bru z\u00edskali kompletn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vzorky a \u010drtu evropsk\u00e9ho genetick\u00e9ho stromu v\u00fdznamn\u011b doplnili.<\/p>\n

\u201ePosledn\u00ed glaci\u00e1ln\u00ed maximum p\u0159edstavovalo pro evropsk\u00e9 populace kritick\u00e9 hrdlo l\u00e1hve. \u010c\u00e1st Evropy pokr\u00fdval ledovec a permafrost zasahoval a\u017e na na\u0161e \u00fazem\u00ed, klima v\u00fdrazn\u011b ochladlo, bylo v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed sucho. Skupiny lid\u00ed se m\u011bnily a st\u011bhovaly a z\u00e1rove\u0148 se rozv\u00edjely d\u00e1l \u2013 t\u0159eba u\u017e i s nov\u00fdmi geny,\u201c<\/em> \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Ji\u0159\u00ed Svoboda z Archeologick\u00e9ho \u00fastavu AV \u010cR v Brn\u011b, kter\u00fd se ji\u017e t\u0159i des\u00edtky let pod\u00edl\u00ed na v\u00fdzkumu ostatk\u016f z Doln\u00edch V\u011bstonic a Pavlova a dal\u0161\u00edch studi\u00edch.<\/p>\n

V\u011bstonick\u00fd \u201eklastr\u201c vymizel<\/h6>\n

Pr\u00e1v\u011b ostatky t\u0159\u00ed mu\u017e\u016f z lokality Doln\u00ed V\u011bstonice II doplnily st\u0159\u00edpek do genetick\u00e9 mapy Evropy. Kompletn\u00ed anal\u00fdza jejich genomu a porovn\u00e1n\u00ed s dal\u0161\u00edmi ostatky v rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 studii uk\u00e1zaly, \u017ee po posledn\u00edm glaci\u00e1ln\u00edm maximu genetick\u00e1 stopa na\u0161ich lovc\u016f z Doln\u00edch V\u011bstonic a Pavlova vymizela.<\/p>\n

\u201eDominantn\u00ed hypot\u00e9za je v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b ekologick\u00e1 \u2013 pr\u00e1v\u011b pod tlakem onoho glaci\u00e1ln\u00edho maxima. Na \u00fazem\u00ed \u010ceska \u0159\u00eddla vegetace a odch\u00e1zela st\u00e1da zv\u00ed\u0159at, tedy ub\u00fdvalo zdroj\u016f ob\u017eivy. Zda se na tom pod\u00edlely jin\u00e9 populace, zat\u00edm nelze dolo\u017eit,\u201c<\/em> dopl\u0148uje Ji\u0159\u00ed Svoboda.<\/p>\n

A zat\u00edmco stopy v\u011bstonick\u00e9ho klastru zmizely, jin\u00fdm populac\u00edm se da\u0159ilo.<\/p>\n

\u201eRozpoznali jsme nov\u00fd genetick\u00fd profil n\u011bkter\u00fdch z\u00e1padoevropsk\u00fdch jedinc\u016f gravettsk\u00e9 kultury, kter\u00fd je odli\u0161n\u00fd od jejich sou\u010dasn\u00edk\u016f v oblasti st\u0159edn\u00ed a ji\u017en\u00ed Evropy, tedy i na\u0161ich tzv. lovc\u016f mamut\u016f. Jejich genofond se po LGM roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159il sm\u011brem do severn\u00ed a severov\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evropy,\u201c<\/em> up\u0159es\u0148uje Ji\u0159\u00ed Svoboda.<\/p>\n

M\u00edsen\u00ed i odli\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h6>\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdraznou genetickou zm\u011bnu v\u011bdci objevili v ji\u017en\u00ed Evrop\u011b, kde je\u0161t\u011b b\u011bhem LGM doch\u00e1zelo k migrac\u00edm a k lok\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1hrad\u011b uvnit\u0159 lidsk\u00fdch skupin, tedy k v\u00fdm\u011bn\u011b a t\u00edm i odli\u0161nosti gen\u016f.<\/p>\n

\u201eV posledn\u00ed f\u00e1zi v\u00fdzkumu se v\u00edce analyzovaly vzorky z It\u00e1lie, kde je tak\u00e9 k dispozici hodn\u011b antropologick\u00fdch n\u00e1lez\u016f. T\u00edm vznikl tento \u201ejemnozrnn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed\u201c pohled na pohyby populac\u00ed ve St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ed,\u201c<\/em> vysv\u011btluje Ji\u0159\u00ed Svoboda.<\/p>\n

Celkov\u011b se v\u011bdc\u016fm poda\u0159ilo d\u00edky detailn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm dat\u016fm odli\u0161it z\u00e1padoevropsk\u00e9 a v\u00fdchodoevropsk\u00e9 lovce-sb\u011bra\u010de.<\/p>\n

Odebrat vzorek tak, aby zbylo pro budouc\u00ed v\u011bdce<\/h6>\n

P\u0159i odb\u011bru archaick\u00e9 DNA v\u011bdci bojuj\u00ed s po\u0161kozen\u00edm ostatk\u016f b\u011bhem tis\u00edc\u016f let i s kontaminac\u00ed nov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed DNA, kter\u00e1 se mohla p\u0159en\u00e9st p\u0159i manipulaci. Tu pak mus\u00ed v anal\u00fdz\u00e1ch odd\u011blit.<\/p>\n

\u201eDopl\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed vzorky z na\u0161ich fosili\u00ed byly odebr\u00e1ny v roce 2017 z kosti skaln\u00ed, tedy nejtvrd\u0161\u00ed kosti lebe\u010dn\u00ed, jej\u00ed\u017e vnit\u0159n\u00ed struktura je nejl\u00e9pe chr\u00e1n\u011bna v\u016f\u010di vliv\u016fm vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed,\u201c<\/em> popisuje Sandra S\u00e1zelov\u00e1 z Archeologick\u00e9ho \u00fastavu AV \u010cR v Brn\u011b, t\u00e9\u017e spoluautorka mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed studie.<\/p>\n

Kosti jsou velmi cenn\u00e9 a ka\u017ed\u00fd odb\u011br znamen\u00e1 destruktivn\u00ed z\u00e1sah. Je proto z\u00e1sadn\u00ed odeb\u00edrat vzorky pro genetickou anal\u00fdzu v naprosto \u010dist\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed a v minim\u00e1ln\u00edm rozsahu.<\/p>\n

\u201eD\u00edky mikroCT sn\u00edmk\u016fm vznikl\u00fdm p\u0159i spolupr\u00e1ci s Institutem Maxe Plancka v Lipsku jsme mohli vyu\u017e\u00edt 3D model kost\u00ed skaln\u00edch v\u0161ech t\u0159\u00ed studovan\u00fdch jedinc\u016f. 3D model jsme mohli vytisknout a na n\u011bm prov\u00e9st n\u00e1vrh veden\u00ed odb\u011brov\u00e9 sondy, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se minimalizoval rozsah po\u0161kozen\u00ed okoln\u00edch struktur st\u0159edn\u00edho a vnit\u0159n\u00edho ucha, kter\u00e9 je tak ponech\u00e1no pro dal\u0161\u00ed zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed,\u201c<\/em> dod\u00e1v\u00e1 Sandra S\u00e1zelov\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Sandra S\u00e1zelov\u00e1 i Ji\u0159\u00ed Svoboda se pod\u00edleli jak na metodick\u00e9m dohledu p\u0159i odb\u011bru samotn\u00fdch vzork\u016f, tak jako spoluauto\u0159i postupn\u011b dopl\u0148ovali kontext n\u00e1lezov\u00fdch okolnost\u00ed \u201e\u010desk\u00fdch\u201c hrob\u016f a korigovali v\u00fdsledn\u00e9 interpretace v\u016f\u010di na\u0161im dal\u0161\u00edm n\u00e1lez\u016fm, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm izolovan\u00fdm lidsk\u00fdm ostatk\u016fm, kter\u00e9 se rovn\u011b\u017e nach\u00e1zej\u00ed v kulturn\u00edch vrstv\u00e1ch sledovan\u00fdch lokalit.<\/p>\n

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Text a foto: (tz-av\u010dr)\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

  Genetick\u00e1 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":274398,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"gallery","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24,174],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/03\/av-genetika.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/274397"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=274397"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/274397\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":274399,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/274397\/revisions\/274399"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/274398"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=274397"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=274397"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=274397"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}