{"id":271451,"date":"2023-01-19T13:02:46","date_gmt":"2023-01-19T12:02:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=271451"},"modified":"2023-01-19T13:02:46","modified_gmt":"2023-01-19T12:02:46","slug":"dtest-hromadne-zaloby-uzitecny-nastroj-nebo-prazdna-skorapka","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=271451","title":{"rendered":"dTest: Hromadn\u00e9 \u017ealoby: u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fd n\u00e1stroj, nebo pr\u00e1zdn\u00e1 sko\u0159\u00e1pka?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ministerstvo spravedlnosti p\u0159ipravilo n\u00e1vrh, j\u00edm\u017e se do \u010desk\u00e9ho pr\u00e1vn\u00edho \u0159\u00e1du zav\u00e1d\u00ed hromadn\u00e9 \u017ealoby. Ty jsou p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm institutem, kter\u00fd m\u00e1 d\u00e1t spot\u0159ebitel\u016fm do ruky n\u00e1stroj, jak se br\u00e1nit proti systematick\u00e9mu poru\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed jejich pr\u00e1v. dTest se domn\u00edv\u00e1, \u017ee sou\u010dasn\u00fd n\u00e1vrh z\u00e1kona by nep\u0159inesl funk\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1stroj pro ochranu z\u00e1jm\u016f spot\u0159ebitel\u016f a \u017ee chyb\u00ed i p\u0159edstava o financov\u00e1n\u00ed hromadn\u00fdch \u017ealob.<\/h4>\n

Co jsou hromadn\u00e9 \u017ealoby a k \u010demu vlastn\u011b slou\u017e\u00ed?<\/h6>\n

\"\"V ka\u017ed\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti existuje skupina podnikatel\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed maj\u00ed sv\u00e9 podnik\u00e1n\u00ed postaveno na nef\u00e9rov\u00e9m nebo dokonce protipr\u00e1vn\u00edm modelu. Tento model m\u016f\u017ee spo\u010d\u00edvat ve vyb\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed nesmysln\u00fdch poplatk\u016f, protipr\u00e1vn\u00edch pokut \u010di jin\u00fdch \u201especialit\u00e1ch\u201c. V\u017edy se v n\u011bm v\u0161ak v ur\u010dit\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e uplat\u0148uje rozvaha nad takzvanou racion\u00e1ln\u00ed apati\u00ed podveden\u00fdch spot\u0159ebitel\u016f. Ti se toti\u017e v mnoha p\u0159\u00edpadech proti nepoctiv\u00e9mu jedn\u00e1n\u00ed nebr\u00e1n\u00ed, jeliko\u017e zva\u017euj\u00ed, zda se jim vyplat\u00ed v\u011bnovat \u010das vlekl\u00e9mu a n\u00e1kladn\u00e9mu soudn\u00edmu sporu s ekonomicky siln\u011bj\u0161\u00edm subjektem. \u201eJenom\u017ee jak\u00e9 jsou d\u016fsledky? Nepoctiv\u00fd podnikatel p\u0159ipravil konkr\u00e9tn\u00edho spot\u0159ebitele o relativn\u011b drobn\u00fd obnos, tohoto \u201aexperimentu\u2018 se v\u0161ak n\u00e1sledn\u011b dopustil u tis\u00edcovky dal\u0161\u00edch po\u0161kozen\u00fdch. Z tis\u00edcikorunov\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stek se st\u00e1vaj\u00ed miliony a \u0161mejd z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 nepotrest\u00e1n,\u201c<\/em> popisuje Eduarda Hek\u0161ov\u00e1, \u0159editelka spot\u0159ebitelsk\u00e9 organizace dTest.<\/p>\n

Ve vysp\u011bl\u00fdch zem\u00edch se proto postupn\u011b vyvinul n\u00e1stroj, kter\u00fd tyto p\u0159\u00edpady umo\u017e\u0148uje vy\u0159e\u0161it kolektivn\u011b v r\u00e1mci jednoho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Principem hromadn\u00fdch \u017ealob je, \u017ee se za z\u00e1jmy skupiny po\u0161kozen\u00fdch spot\u0159ebitel\u016f berou subjekty, kter\u00e9 v p\u0159edm\u011btn\u00fdch sporech vyrovn\u00e1vaj\u00ed v\u00e1hovou kategorii a utkaj\u00ed se \u0161mejdem nam\u00edsto spot\u0159ebitel\u016f. \u201eSpr\u00e1vn\u011b nastaven\u00fdm hromadn\u00fdm \u0159\u00edzen\u00edm tak lze ulevit p\u0159ehlcen\u00fdm soud\u016fm, zajistit, \u017ee jsou podobn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edpady u soudu rozhodov\u00e1ny obdobn\u011b, kultivovat podnikatelsk\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed a doc\u00edlit spravedliv\u00e9 n\u00e1hrady po\u0161kozen\u00fdm spot\u0159ebitel\u016fm,<\/em>\u201c vysv\u011btluje Eduarda Hek\u0161ov\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Jak t\u00e9to p\u0159edstav\u011b odpov\u00edd\u00e1 n\u00e1vrh z d\u00edlny Ministerstva spravedlnosti?<\/h6>\n

Z\u00e1jmy spot\u0159ebitel\u016f budou p\u0159i spln\u011bn\u00ed dal\u0161\u00edch podm\u00ednek zastupovat k tomuto \u00fa\u010delu registrovan\u00e9 neziskov\u00e9 organizace zab\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed se prokazateln\u011b po ur\u010ditou dobu problematikou ochrany spot\u0159ebitele. Spot\u0159ebitelsk\u00e9 organizace budou nam\u00edsto spot\u0159ebitel\u016f vystupovat v \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed jako \u017ealobci a ponesou ve\u0161ker\u00e1 rizika spojen\u00e1 s p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00fdm ne\u00fasp\u011bchem ve sporu. Z pohledu konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch parametr\u016f hromadn\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed bud\u00ed velk\u00e9 rozpaky zejm\u00e9na up\u0159ednostn\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159ihla\u0161ovac\u00edho re\u017eimu (opt-in), nam\u00edsto re\u017eimu odhla\u0161ovac\u00edho (opt-out) a nedostate\u010dn\u00e9 zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed dlouhodob\u011b udr\u017eiteln\u00e9ho financov\u00e1n\u00ed syst\u00e9mu hromadn\u00fdch \u017ealob.<\/p>\n

Opt-out vs. opt-in<\/h6>\n

Ministerstvo u n\u00e1rok\u016f, u nich\u017e bude mo\u017en\u00e9 po\u017eadovat za pochyben\u00ed podnikatel\u016f n\u00e1hradu, uplat\u0148uje tzv. p\u0159ihla\u0161ovac\u00ed re\u017eim (opt-in). V tomto re\u017eimu se p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00e9 z\u00e1v\u011bry soudu net\u00fdkaj\u00ed v\u0161ech po\u0161kozen\u00fdch spot\u0159ebitel\u016f, ale jen t\u011bch, kte\u0159\u00ed se aktivn\u011b, v\u010das a stanoven\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem k \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed p\u0159ihl\u00e1s\u00ed, co\u017e podstatu hromadn\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry paralyzuje. \u201eT\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem se zvy\u0161uj\u00ed n\u00e1klady spot\u0159ebitelsk\u00fdch organizac\u00ed u\u017e v prvotn\u00ed f\u00e1zi \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed spo\u010d\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed ve vyhled\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed po\u0161kozen\u00fdch osob, zji\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed informac\u00ed, z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed podklad\u016f a vysv\u011btlov\u00e1n\u00ed nutnosti registrace. Opt-out je obecn\u011b levn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm \u0159e\u0161en\u00edm a jeho prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm lze z\u00edskat od\u0161kodn\u011bn\u00ed pro v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed skupinu po\u0161kozen\u00fdch spot\u0159ebitel\u016f,\u201c<\/em> upozor\u0148uje Eduarda Hek\u0161ov\u00e1 z dTestu. U ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch \u0161kod lze rovn\u011b\u017e opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u011b o\u010dek\u00e1vat, \u017ee spot\u0159ebitel\u00e9 nebudou sv\u00e9 n\u00e1roky v\u016fbec uplat\u0148ovat (racion\u00e1ln\u00ed apatie). Je t\u0159eba v\u00e1\u017eit i dosa\u017een\u00ed preventivn\u00edho \u00fa\u010dinku proti \u0161mejd\u016fm. \u201eNavrhovan\u00fd p\u0159ihla\u0161ovac\u00ed (opt-in) re\u017eim podporuje \u00favahy \u0161mejd\u016f o ekonomi\u010dnosti \u201abusiness modelu\u2018, na jeho\u017e z\u00e1klad\u011b \u00famysln\u011b poru\u0161uj\u00ed pr\u00e1va spot\u0159ebitel\u016f. V situaci, kdy bude pouze \u010d\u00e1st spot\u0159ebitel\u016f \u017e\u00e1dat a n\u00e1sledn\u011b snad i z\u00edsk\u00e1 n\u011bjak\u00e9 od\u0161kodn\u011bn\u00ed, z\u016fstane velk\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st pen\u011bz z\u00edskan\u00fdch z protipr\u00e1vn\u00edho jedn\u00e1n\u00ed v kaps\u00e1ch \u0161mejda. Z hlediska ochrany spot\u0159ebitel\u016f je proto jasn\u00e9, kterou variantu v dTestu preferujeme,<\/em>\u201c dopl\u0148uje Eduarda Hek\u0161ov\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Financov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h6>\n

Dle evropsk\u00e1 sm\u011brnice, kterou maj\u00ed n\u00e1vrhy zapracovat, je zaveden\u00ed syst\u00e9mu udr\u017eiteln\u00e9ho financov\u00e1n\u00ed jednou z priorit p\u0159i zav\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed hromadn\u00fdch \u017ealob. \u201eMinisterstvo v tomto smyslu navrhuje spot\u0159ebitelsk\u00fdm organizac\u00edm p\u0159iznat odm\u011bnu z vyhran\u00e9ho sporu a odpu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed soudn\u00edho poplatku. T\u00edm je v\u0161ak zp\u011btn\u011b kompenzov\u00e1no jen riziko a n\u00e1klady z konkr\u00e9tn\u00edho hromadn\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, o vytvo\u0159en\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00edho pol\u0161t\u00e1\u0159e pro dlouhodobou udr\u017eitelnost syst\u00e9mu hromadn\u00fdch \u017ealob nem\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt \u0159e\u010d. P\u0159\u00edpravn\u00e1 f\u00e1ze hromadn\u00e9ho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, sb\u011br dat, jejich anal\u00fdza a vyhodnocen\u00ed by nav\u00edc nebyly finan\u010dn\u011b zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9 v okam\u017eiku jejich pot\u0159eby. Pokryty by nebyly ani p\u0159\u00edpady, kdy si spot\u0159ebitelsk\u00e1 organizace z anal\u00fdzy z\u00edskan\u00fdch podn\u011bt\u016f vyhodnot\u00ed, \u017ee nejsou d\u016fvody pro pod\u00e1n\u00ed hromadn\u00e9 \u017ealoby,\u201c<\/em> poukazuje na nedostatky ministersk\u00e9ho n\u00e1vrhu Eduarda Hek\u0161ov\u00e1. N\u00e1vrh tak\u00e9 neodr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed pot\u0159ebu vypo\u0159\u00e1dat se s ur\u010ditou m\u00edrou ne\u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fdch hromadn\u00fdch \u017ealob. Sv\u00e1d\u00ed proto k pod\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed \u017ealob pouze v jednodu\u0161\u0161\u00edch p\u0159\u00edpadech, u nich\u017e lze \u00fasp\u011bch s vysokou pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed p\u0159edv\u00eddat i bez hlub\u0161\u00edch anal\u00fdz. T\u00edm v\u0161ak \u0159ada p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f systematick\u00e9ho poru\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u00e1v z\u016fstane bez odezvy.<\/p>\n

Zajistit financov\u00e1n\u00ed hromadn\u00fdch \u017ealob v\u00fdhradn\u011b z vlastn\u00edch zdroj\u016f je pro spot\u0159ebitelsk\u00e9 organizace rovn\u011b\u017e prakticky nemo\u017en\u00e9. V t\u00e9to souvislosti je t\u0159eba tak\u00e9 vz\u00edt v potaz neziskovou povahu spot\u0159ebitelsk\u00fdch organizac\u00ed, kter\u00e9 obvykle nedok\u00e1\u017eou vytv\u00e1\u0159et rezervy, proto\u017ee v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b dotac\u00ed od st\u00e1tu, na kter\u00fdch je v\u011bt\u0161ina spot\u0159ebitelsk\u00fdch organizac\u00ed z\u00e1visl\u00e1, je tvorba zisku zcela zak\u00e1z\u00e1na. Spot\u0159ebitelsk\u00e9 organizace proto ji\u017e nyn\u00ed, bez nutnosti financovat hromadn\u00e9 \u017ealoby, jak\u00e9koliv v\u00fdkyvy ve financov\u00e1n\u00ed dorovn\u00e1vaj\u00ed jen s velk\u00fdmi obt\u00ed\u017eemi.<\/p>\n

Jako ide\u00e1ln\u00ed varianta by se proto jevila kombinace r\u016fzn\u00fdch druh\u016f financov\u00e1n\u00ed, tj. zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edho fondu kolektivn\u00edho od\u0161kodn\u011bn\u00ed, kter\u00fd by vy\u017eadoval pouze prvotn\u00ed investici a d\u00e1le byl pr\u016fb\u011b\u017en\u011b financov\u00e1n z \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fdch kauz a nap\u0159\u00edklad v\u00fdnos\u016f pokut ud\u011blen\u00fdch dozorov\u00fdmi org\u00e1ny na spot\u0159ebitelsk\u00e9m trhu, pr\u00e1vn\u00edho poji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a komer\u010dn\u00edho financov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u0159et\u00ed stranou. \u201eV dTestu jsme si dob\u0159e v\u011bdomi, \u017ee ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 zdroje nejsou nekone\u010dn\u00e9, mo\u017en\u00e9 financov\u00e1n\u00ed z vybran\u00fdch pokut proto aktivn\u011b nab\u00edz\u00edme jako jedno z vhodn\u00fdch a relativn\u011b bezbolestn\u00fdch \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed,\u201c<\/em> dod\u00e1v\u00e1 Eduarda Hek\u0161ov\u00e1. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee se do fin\u00e1ln\u00ed podoby z\u00e1kona nepoda\u0159\u00ed prosadit udr\u017eiteln\u00fd zp\u016fsob financov\u00e1n\u00ed syst\u00e9mu hromadn\u00fdch \u017ealob, lze si jen s obt\u00ed\u017eemi p\u0159edstavit jeho napln\u011bn\u00ed v praxi. \u201ePotom budeme muset zv\u00e1\u017eit, zda jsme ochotni riskovat existenci dTestu p\u0159i ka\u017ed\u00e9m pod\u00e1n\u00ed hromadn\u00e9 \u017ealoby,\u201c<\/em> popisuje d\u016fsledky nezaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9ho financov\u00e1n\u00ed \u0159editelka dTestu.<\/p>\n

U sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho n\u00e1vrhu je t\u0159eba vz\u00edt v \u00favahu, \u017ee se nach\u00e1z\u00ed na za\u010d\u00e1tku relativn\u011b dlouh\u00e9ho legislativn\u00edho procesu a m\u016f\u017ee je\u0161t\u011b doznat \u0159ady zm\u011bn. Pokud by v\u0161ak byl p\u0159ijat ve st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed podob\u011b, bylo by mo\u017en\u00e9 se s ohledem na v\u00fd\u0161e formulovan\u00e9 p\u0159ipom\u00ednky d\u016fvodn\u011b ob\u00e1vat, \u017ee by byl institut hromadn\u00fdch \u017ealob sice form\u00e1ln\u011b zaveden, p\u0159es p\u0159irozen\u00e9 a z\u00e1konn\u00e9 p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eky by v\u0161ak k jeho napln\u011bn\u00ed v praxi doch\u00e1zelo jen zcela v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u011b.<\/p>\n

Pokud spot\u0159ebitel\u00e9 maj\u00ed ot\u00e1zky k tomuto t\u00e9matu, nebo jsou n\u00e1zoru, \u017ee jejich probl\u00e9m by mohl b\u00fdt \u0159e\u0161en hromadnou \u017ealobou, mohou se pro radu a konzultaci obr\u00e1tit na bezplatnou spot\u0159ebitelskou poradnu dTestu, a to elektronicky na www.dtest.cz\/spotrebitelska-poradna<\/strong><\/a> nebo telefonicky na \u010d\u00edslo 299 149 009.<\/p>\n

dTest<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ministerstvo spravedlnosti <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":271453,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"gallery","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[88],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/19\/r\u00e1m-\u017ealoby.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/271451"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=271451"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/271451\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":271452,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/271451\/revisions\/271452"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/271453"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=271451"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=271451"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=271451"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}