{"id":271007,"date":"2023-02-03T21:20:10","date_gmt":"2023-02-03T20:20:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=271007"},"modified":"2023-02-03T21:51:46","modified_gmt":"2023-02-03T20:51:46","slug":"veda-neni-nuda-zemedelske-farmy-jsou-utocistem-ptaku-ohrozuje-je-modernizace","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=271007","title":{"rendered":"V\u011aDA NEN\u00cd NUDA: Zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 farmy jsou \u00fato\u010di\u0161t\u011bm pt\u00e1k\u016f, kter\u00e9 v\u0161ak ohro\u017euje modernizace"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Ilustra\u010dn\u00ed foto: pixabay<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
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Biologick\u00e1 rozmanitost zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 p\u016fdy v posledn\u00edch desetilet\u00edch prudce kles\u00e1 a navzdory r\u016fzn\u00fdm opat\u0159en\u00edm se neda\u0159\u00ed zastavit pokles mnoh\u00fdch pta\u010d\u00edch druh\u016f. Jedn\u00edm z d\u016fvod\u016f m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt, \u017ee mnoh\u00e9 pta\u010d\u00ed druhy se p\u0159esunuly \u010di byly intenzivn\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blskou \u010dinnost\u00ed vytla\u010deny mimo zem\u011bd\u011blskou krajinu, nap\u0159\u00edklad do farem s chovem hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho dobytka a jejich okol\u00ed. Na zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 farmy je proto mo\u017en\u00e9 nahl\u00ed\u017eet tak\u00e9 jako na ostrovy \u017eivota, kter\u00e9 nab\u00edzej\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 \u00fato\u010di\u0161t\u011b pro \u0159adu pta\u010d\u00edch druh\u016f. Ov\u0161em i tato pta\u010d\u00ed \u00fato\u010di\u0161t\u011b jsou ohro\u017eena zm\u011bnami v zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9m sektoru, popisuj\u00ed v\u011bdci z \u00dastavu biologie obratlovc\u016f AV \u010cR. Nap\u0159\u00edklad modernizace farem v\u00fdrazn\u011b p\u0159isp\u00edv\u00e1 k \u00fabytku hn\u00edzdn\u00edch a potravn\u00edch stanovi\u0161\u0165 pro pt\u00e1ky.<\/h6>\n

\"\"Zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdm farm\u00e1m jako \u201epta\u010d\u00edm ostrov\u016fm\u201c \u0161kod\u00ed zejm\u00e9na dlouhodob\u00fd pokles po\u010dtu chovan\u00e9ho skotu, modernizace farem \u010di jejich z\u00e1nik. Martin \u0160\u00e1lek z \u00dastavu biologie obratlovc\u016f AV \u010cR zjistil, \u017ee po\u010det pt\u00e1k\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed se b\u011b\u017en\u011b na farm\u00e1ch a v jejich okol\u00ed vyskytuj\u00ed, byl t\u0159ikr\u00e1t ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed na modernizovan\u00fdch farm\u00e1ch ne\u017e na star\u0161\u00edch. Tak\u00e9 druhov\u00e1 diverzita je men\u0161\u00ed. V\u00fdsledky uk\u00e1zaly, \u017ee p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou \u00fabytku po\u010dtu pt\u00e1k\u016f a druh\u016f je p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed potravn\u00ed nab\u00eddky v okol\u00ed modernizovan\u00fdch farem a rovn\u011b\u017e omezen\u00e9 mo\u017enosti hn\u00edzd\u011bn\u00ed v bl\u00edzkosti renovovan\u00fdch budov.<\/p>\n

\u201eV intenzivn\u011b obhospoda\u0159ovan\u00e9 homogenn\u00ed krajin\u011b s nedostatkem krajinn\u00fdch prvk\u016f mohou zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 farmy p\u0159edstavovat ostrovy druhov\u00e9 rozmanitosti pt\u00e1k\u016f. Pro n\u011bkter\u00e9 pta\u010d\u00ed druhy (s\u00fd\u010dky, chocholou\u0161e, sovy p\u00e1len\u00e9) jsou tato \u00fazem\u00ed p\u0159\u00edmo kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdm biotopem pro p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed,\u201c<\/em> upozor\u0148uje Martin \u0160\u00e1lek. \u201eTento ochran\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd potenci\u00e1l pro pt\u00e1ky m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt ale v\u00fdrazn\u011b sn\u00ed\u017een dv\u011bma protich\u016fdn\u00fdmi procesy \u2013 opu\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm aktivn\u00edho hospoda\u0159en\u00ed (tzn. z\u00e1nik chovu hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch zv\u00ed\u0159at) a na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b modernizac\u00ed farem. Od devades\u00e1t\u00fdch let minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed se po\u010detn\u00ed stavy skotu sn\u00ed\u017eily o 60 %, co\u017e se projevilo i v redukci po\u010dtu farem s chovem ml\u00e9\u010dn\u00e9ho skotu. B\u011bhem obdob\u00ed 2000\u20132010 se sn\u00ed\u017eil tak\u0159ka o 30 %,\u201c<\/em> vysv\u011btluje Martin \u0160\u00e1lek.<\/p>\n

N\u00e1sobn\u011b m\u00e9n\u011b hn\u00edzd na modern\u00edch farm\u00e1ch<\/h6>\n

V\u011bdci se v nov\u00e9 studii publikovan\u00e9 v \u010dasopise Journal of Applied Ecology zam\u011b\u0159ili na rizika spojen\u00e1 s modernizac\u00ed farem. Zkoumali jej\u00ed vliv nejen na \u010detnost a druhovou diverzitu pt\u00e1k\u016f zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 krajiny, ale i na po\u010dty hn\u00edzd typick\u00fdch, tzv. synantropn\u00edch pt\u00e1k\u016f hn\u00edzd\u00edc\u00edch na farm\u00e1ch, jako je vla\u0161tovka, ji\u0159i\u010dka \u010di vrabec dom\u00e1c\u00ed. \u201eNa\u0161e v\u00fdsledky uk\u00e1zaly, \u017ee po\u010detnost pt\u00e1k\u016f zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 krajiny byla t\u0159ikr\u00e1t ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed v modernizovan\u00fdch farm\u00e1ch proti star\u00fdm \u010di sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00fdm (tzn. farmy, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ednov\u00e9 i star\u00e9 st\u00e1je). Druhov\u00e1 bohatost byla tak\u00e9 v\u00fdrazn\u011b ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed v modernizovan\u00fdch farm\u00e1ch. Tento negativn\u00ed efekt byl z\u0159eteln\u00fd zejm\u00e9na u druh\u016f hn\u00edzd\u00edc\u00edch na budov\u00e1ch nebo uvnit\u0159 st\u00e1j\u00ed,\u201c<\/em> up\u0159es\u0148uje Martin \u0160\u00e1lek. \u201eStejn\u011b tak i po\u010dty hn\u00edzd synantropn\u00edch pt\u00e1k\u016f zde byly n\u011bkolikan\u00e1sobn\u011b ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed: 1,6kr\u00e1t m\u00e9n\u011b hn\u00edzd vrabce dom\u00e1c\u00edho, 8,7kr\u00e1t ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed po\u010det hn\u00edzd ji\u0159i\u010dek a 9,8kr\u00e1t ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed po\u010det hn\u00edzd vla\u0161tovek. U po\u010dt\u016f star\u00fdch hn\u00edzd (tzn. hn\u00edzda pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1 v p\u0159edchoz\u00edch hn\u00edzdn\u00edch sezon\u00e1ch) byl tento rozd\u00edl je\u0161t\u011b znateln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed (13,8kr\u00e1t ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed po\u010dty star\u00fdch hn\u00edzd vla\u0161tovek, a dokonce 21kr\u00e1t ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed po\u010dty star\u00fdch hn\u00edzd ji\u0159i\u010dek v nov\u00fdch st\u00e1j\u00edch),\u201c<\/em> dod\u00e1v\u00e1 Martin \u0160\u00e1lek.<\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou \u00fabytku pt\u00e1k\u016f v okol\u00ed modernizovan\u00fdch farem je pokles vhodn\u00fdch hn\u00edzdi\u0161\u0165 a tak\u00e9 sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed potravn\u00edch zdroj\u016f. Nov\u00e9\/modernizovan\u00e9 zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 budovy tvo\u0159\u00ed polootev\u0159en\u00e9 st\u00e1je a rolovac\u00ed postrann\u00ed st\u011bny s konstrukc\u00ed z ocelov\u00fdch a d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f. V t\u011bchto typech staveb chyb\u011bj\u00ed p\u016fdn\u00ed prostory, kter\u00e9 u star\u0161\u00edch typ\u016f farem poskytuj\u00ed spoustu p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost\u00ed pro hn\u00edzd\u011bn\u00ed pt\u00e1k\u016f a \u00fakryty i pro dal\u0161\u00ed zv\u00ed\u0159ata (nap\u0159\u00edklad netop\u00fdry). Nov\u00e9\/modernizovan\u00e9 st\u00e1je tak nejsou vhodn\u00e9 nejenom pro dutinov\u00e9 hn\u00edzdi\u010de, kte\u0159\u00ed postr\u00e1daj\u00ed dutiny a \u0161t\u011brbiny, ale i druhy vla\u0161tovek, je\u017e na pou\u017eit\u00fdch materi\u00e1lech nedok\u00e1\u017eou upevnit sv\u00e1 hn\u00edzda.<\/p>\n

Technologie pom\u016f\u017eou chovatel\u016fm, pt\u00e1k\u016fm ale berou potravu<\/h6>\n

Modernizac\u00ed proch\u00e1zej\u00ed i technologie, kter\u00e9 se na farm\u00e1ch pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed. \u201eModernizace technologi\u00ed ust\u00e1jen\u00ed s sebou sice p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdhody pro dobytek i chovatele, ale pro pt\u00e1ky m\u016f\u017ee znamenat probl\u00e9m s nedostatkem vhodn\u00e9 potravy,\u201c<\/em> zmi\u0148uje Martin \u0160\u00e1lek. \u201eV nov\u00fdch st\u00e1j\u00edch je ji\u017e standardem pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed lo\u017e\u00ed vystlan\u00fdch p\u00edskem \u010di plastick\u00fdm stelivem, bezstelivov\u00fdch box\u016f, ro\u0161tov\u00fdch podlah, ventil\u00e1tor\u016f slou\u017e\u00edc\u00edch k lep\u0161\u00ed cirkulaci vzduchu a mechanick\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f pro odstra\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed kejdy\/hnoje mimo budovy do uzav\u0159en\u00fdch skladovac\u00ed j\u00edmek. To v\u0161e vede k sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed vhodn\u00e9ho substr\u00e1tu pro vyv\u00edjej\u00edc\u00ed se hmyz, kter\u00fd je pro v\u011bt\u0161inu pt\u00e1k\u016f a jejich ml\u00e1\u010fata prim\u00e1rn\u00edm zdrojem potravy b\u011bhem hn\u00edzd\u011bn\u00ed,\u201c<\/em> vysv\u011btluje Martin \u0160\u00e1lek.<\/p>\n

\u201eParadoxem je, \u017ee modernizace a v\u00fdstavba nov\u00fdch farem je nyn\u00ed prim\u00e1rn\u011b financovan\u00e1 z r\u016fzn\u00fdch dota\u010dn\u00edch program\u016f Evropsk\u00e9 unie, jejich\u017e c\u00edlem je z\u00e1rove\u0148 ochrana biodiverzity. Nap\u0159\u00edklad jednou z priorit Programu rozvoje venkova pro \u010ceskou republiku na obdob\u00ed 2014\u20132022 byla modernizace 6 900 farem (16 % z celkov\u00e9ho po\u010dtu) s alokac\u00ed p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 750 milion\u016f K\u010d, kter\u00e1 tvo\u0159ila v\u00edce ne\u017e 15 % celkov\u00e9ho rozpo\u010dtu Programu rozvoje venkova \u010cR. To nutn\u011b povede ke zhor\u0161en\u00ed hn\u00edzdn\u00edch i loveck\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost\u00ed pt\u00e1k\u016f \u017eij\u00edc\u00edch na farm\u00e1ch a v jejich okol\u00ed a v dlouhodob\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b ovlivn\u00ed i \u0159adu dal\u0161\u00edch druh\u016f. Je samoz\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee modernizace farem s chovem skotu je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 pro pos\u00edlen\u00ed konkurenceschopnosti \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00e9 v\u00fdroby, ale ve st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed podob\u011b m\u00e1 siln\u011b negativn\u00ed vliv na biodiverzitu.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

Star\u00e9 dobr\u00e9 budky i hrub\u0161\u00ed stavebn\u00ed materi\u00e1l m\u016f\u017eou hodn\u011b pomoci<\/h6>\n

Pro podporu pta\u010d\u00edch soused\u016f na farm\u00e1ch v\u0161ak sta\u010d\u00ed drobn\u00e9 \u00fapravy, kter\u00e9 mohou v\u00fdrazn\u011b zlep\u0161it hn\u00edzdn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti. \u201ePat\u0159\u00ed mezi n\u011b nap\u0159\u00edklad vyv\u011b\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch typ\u016f budek a polobudek pro dutinov\u00e9 hn\u00edzdi\u010de (nap\u0159. budky pro ror\u00fdse, rehky, vrabce \u010di speci\u00e1ln\u00ed dut\u00e9 cihly). Pro koloni\u00e1ln\u011b hn\u00edzd\u00edc\u00ed vla\u0161tovky \u010di ji\u0159i\u010dky je mo\u017en\u00e9 instalovat um\u011bl\u00e9 hn\u00edzdn\u00ed ko\u0161\u00ed\u010dky \u010di vystav\u011bt hn\u00edzdn\u00ed v\u011b\u017ee,\u201c<\/em> vypo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1v\u00e1 Martin \u0160\u00e1lek. \u201eDal\u0161\u00edm d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm \u0159e\u0161en\u00edm pro podporu hn\u00edzd\u011bn\u00ed vla\u0161tovkovit\u00fdch druh\u016f je pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed stavebn\u00edho materi\u00e1lu skl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00edho se z hrub\u00fdch povrch\u016f (nap\u0159. beton, om\u00edtkov\u00fd povrch, d\u0159evo), kter\u00fd je vhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed k p\u0159ipevn\u011bn\u00ed hn\u00edzd ne\u017eli hladk\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly, jako je plast, hlin\u00edk nebo ocel. Toho lze doc\u00edlit instalov\u00e1n\u00edm panel\u016f s drsn\u00fdmi povrchy na fas\u00e1d\u00e1ch, podhledech a pod okapy budov. Takov\u00e1 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed jsou finan\u010dn\u011b nen\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e1 a mohou v\u00fdrazn\u011b podpo\u0159it mnoh\u00e9 ub\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed druhy hn\u00edzd\u00edc\u00ed na farm\u00e1ch.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

V neposledn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt jedn\u00edm z efektivn\u00edch \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed dlouhodob\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a v\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed podpora drobn\u00fdch rodinn\u00fdch farem, kter\u00e9 chovaj\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 zv\u00ed\u0159ata v tradi\u010dn\u00edch st\u00e1j\u00edch a provozuj\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blskou v\u00fdrobu v krajin\u011b s ohledem na jej\u00ed ekologick\u00e9 funkce a biologickou rozmanitost. Jen tak mohou m\u00edt n\u011bkter\u00e9 pta\u010d\u00ed druhy nad\u011bji na p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed a z\u00e1chranu. \u201eA dovedete si p\u0159edstavit za\u010d\u00e1tek jara bez typick\u00e9ho \u0161vito\u0159en\u00ed vla\u0161tovek? Bez na\u0161eho p\u0159i\u010din\u011bn\u00ed to re\u00e1ln\u011b hroz\u00ed. Je \u010d\u00edm d\u00e1l t\u00edm z\u0159eteln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, \u017ee pro z\u00e1chranu n\u011bkter\u00fdch druh\u016f \u201apt\u00e1k\u016f zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 krajiny\u2018 je nutn\u00e9 soust\u0159edit ochran\u00e1\u0159skou pozornost i na stanovi\u0161t\u011b, kam se mnoh\u00e9 druhy postupn\u011b p\u0159esunuly, \u010di byly intenzivn\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blskou \u010dinnost\u00ed vytla\u010deny,<\/em>\u201c uzav\u00edr\u00e1 Martin \u0160\u00e1lek.<\/p>\n

(tz-av\u010dr)<\/strong><\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

  Biologick\u00e1 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":271009,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"gallery","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24,174],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/10\/vla\u0161tovky.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/271007"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=271007"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/271007\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":272591,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/271007\/revisions\/272591"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/271009"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=271007"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=271007"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=271007"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}