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Zat\u00edmco Bo\u017e\u00ed hod byl dnem, kter\u00fd pat\u0159il rodin\u011b, pohod\u011b a odpo\u010dinku, druh\u00fd sv\u00e1tek v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed pat\u0159\u00ed vzpom\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed na svat\u00e9ho \u0160t\u011bp\u00e1na, ale i lidov\u00e9 z\u00e1bav\u011b, koledn\u00edk\u016fm, dr\u016fbe\u017ei a kon\u00edm. Na rozd\u00edl od Bo\u017e\u00edho hodu se tento den nese v duchu bujar\u00e9ho vesel\u00ed, proto\u017ee chasa dost\u00e1vala odm\u011bnu za celoro\u010dn\u00ed slu\u017ebu a d\u011bti chodily na koledu. V\u00fdjimkou nebyly ani \u0161t\u011bp\u00e1nsk\u00e9 tane\u010dn\u00ed z\u00e1bavy, kter\u00e9 se n\u011bkde udr\u017eely dodnes. Mu\u017esk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti slou\u017e\u00edc\u00edch kon\u010dila na \u0160t\u011bp\u00e1na slu\u017eba.<\/p>\n
Bylo veselo, proto\u017ee bylo volno, ale tak\u00e9 proto, \u017ee \u010desk\u00e1 chasa dostala celoro\u010dn\u00ed odm\u011bnu za svou pr\u00e1ci \u2013 \u010d\u00e1st v natur\u00e1li\u00edch, kdy hospodyn\u011b daly n\u011bco dobr\u00e9ho k j\u00eddlu \u010di slou\u017e\u00edc\u00edm darovaly oble\u010den\u00ed, ale \u010d\u00e1st i v pen\u011bz\u00edch. Chasa tak\u00e9 mohla zm\u011bnit p\u00e1na a odej\u00edt slou\u017eit jinam. Na cestu dost\u00e1vali slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed kol\u00e1\u010d, tvo\u0159en\u00fd t\u0159emi spleten\u00fdmi prameny do kruhu a ozdoben\u00fd pentlemi a o\u0159echy. V minulosti lid\u00e9 v\u011b\u0159ili, \u017ee v den svat\u00e9ho \u0160t\u011bp\u00e1na mus\u00ed b\u00fdt pod\u00e1v\u00e1na dr\u016fbe\u017e \u2013 pekla se tak kachna, husa nebo ku\u0159e. Tento zvyk se v mnoha \u010desk\u00fdch dom\u00e1cnostech dochoval dodnes.<\/p>\n
V \u010cech\u00e1ch je starod\u00e1vn\u00fd oby\u010dej koled a koledov\u00e1n\u00ed dolo\u017een je\u0161t\u011b v p\u0159edhusitsk\u00fdch dob\u00e1ch. Vzd\u011blan\u00fd mnich Jan z Hole\u0161ova sepsal v B\u0159evnovsk\u00e9m kl\u00e1\u0161te\u0159e v\u00edce ne\u017e p\u0159ed p\u016fl tis\u00edcilet\u00edm spis \u0160t\u011bdr\u00fd ve\u010der, v n\u011bm\u017e zachytil v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed oby\u010deje a zvyky na\u0161ich p\u0159edk\u016f. Neopomn\u011bl popsat ani v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed p\u00edse\u0148, kter\u00e1 se tehdy zp\u00edvala: vele, vele, stoj\u00ed dubec uprost\u0159ed dvora. O mnoho mlad\u0161\u00ed nen\u00ed ani koleda Narodil se Kristus P\u00e1n, kter\u00e1 vznikla z latinsk\u00e9 duchovn\u00ed p\u00edsn\u011b Ave hierarchie coelestis (Bu\u010f pozdraveno, kn\u011b\u017estvo nebesk\u00e9).<\/p>\n
V na\u0161ich zem\u00edch se stejn\u011b jako jinde koledovalo a zp\u00edvaly se v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed p\u00edsn\u011b od adventu do Hromnic. Prvn\u00ed koledn\u00edci se objevovali ji\u017e o sv\u00e1tku sv. Mikul\u00e1\u0161e. \u017d\u00e1ci farn\u00edch \u0161kol chodili na mikul\u00e1\u0161skou koledu i se sv\u00fdmi spr\u00e1vci. Nosili s sebou velkou figuru biskupa. Sami si obl\u00e9kali bohat\u011b zdoben\u00e9 \u0161aty, jezdili na kon\u00edch a vozech. V roce 1429 zp\u00edvali na Starom\u011bstsk\u00e9 radnici o sv. Mikul\u00e1\u0161i s “biskupem” \u017e\u00e1ci od sv. Mikul\u00e1\u0161e, z T\u00fdna, od sv. Michala, Havla, Jilj\u00ed a Ha\u0161tala. Vykoledovali si po 2 gro\u0161\u00edch z denn\u00edch pen\u011bz.<\/p>\n
Koledn\u00edci to v\u0161ak v Praze nem\u011bli lehk\u00e9. Nap\u0159\u00edklad v roce 1447 “purkmistrov\u00e9 a kon\u0161el\u00e9 oboj\u00edho m\u011bsta p\u0159ik\u00e1zali v\u0161echn\u011bm rektoruom \u0161koln\u00edm i far\u00e1\u0159uom jich, aby na den sv. Mikul\u00e1\u0161e \u017e\u00e1ci nechodili v \u0161atech n\u00e1dhern\u00fdch ani v p\u00e1sech pozlacen\u00fdch nebo st\u0159\u00edbrn\u00fdch, s z\u00e1ponami, u v\u011bnc\u00edch perlov\u00fdch, ale prost\u011b, kte\u0159\u00ed cht\u00ed, v sv\u00fdch \u0161atech anebo m\u011b\u0161t\u011bn\u00ednsk\u00fdch suknic\u00edch nedrah\u00fdch, a ov\u0161em na kon\u00edch aby nejezdili, jak n\u011bkdy js\u00fa \u010dinievali; a to zachovati ulo\u017eili v bud\u00faciech \u010dasech tak choditi pod poslu\u0161enstviem pansk\u00fdm”. Lidem se ale nazdoben\u00ed koledn\u00edci l\u00edbili, a tak se v\u017edy na\u0161el zp\u016fsob, jak p\u0159\u00edsn\u00fd z\u00e1kaz p\u00e1n\u016f kon\u0161el\u016f a univerzity zd\u00e1rn\u011b obej\u00edt. Je\u0161t\u011b v polovin\u011b 14. stolet\u00ed na koledu chodili i pra\u017e\u0161t\u00ed prel\u00e1ti, kanovn\u00edci a ostatn\u00ed duchovenstvo.<\/p>\n
Za vl\u00e1dy Karla IV. m\u011bl pra\u017esk\u00fd arcibiskup a vysoc\u00ed c\u00edrkevn\u00ed hodnost\u00e1\u0159i zaru\u010den pevn\u00fd koledn\u00ed plat. Arcibiskup byl povinen “d\u00e1ti prel\u00e1t\u016fm a kanovn\u00edk\u016fm 4 kopy, slu\u017eebn\u00edk\u016fm kostela, tj. vik\u00e1\u0159\u016fm a olt\u00e1\u0159n\u00edk\u016fm a jin\u00fdm 2 kopy, \u017eok\u016fm a k\u016frn\u00edm 20 a bonifant\u016fm 10 gro\u0161\u016f, ov\u0161em jen t\u011bm, kte\u0159\u00ed osobn\u011b do domu arcibiskupova p\u0159i\u0161li a koledn\u00ed zp\u011bv p\u0159ed n\u00edm vykonali”. Koledovali i spr\u00e1vci farn\u00edch \u0161kol, m\u011bst\u0161t\u00ed pacholci, bi\u0159ici, pivovar\u0161t\u00ed d\u011bln\u00edci. Na koledu chodili i prostitutky! \u00da\u010dast p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edk\u016f opovr\u017een\u00edhodn\u00fdch profes\u00ed na ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00edch oslav\u00e1ch nakonec vedla v roce 1390 k vyd\u00e1n\u00ed na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, je\u017e jim \u00fa\u010dast na koled\u00e1ch zapov\u011bd\u011blo. Koleda v\u0161ak bez toho m\u011bla \u010d\u00edm d\u00e1l nev\u00e1zan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed charakter.<\/p>\n
Nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed proto omezila i \u00fa\u010dast kn\u011b\u017e\u00ed. Ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed kn\u011b\u017esk\u00fd stav to nesl nelib\u011b, proto\u017ee tak byl ochuzen o mo\u017enost v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00edho p\u0159iv\u00fdd\u011blku. Bylo tehdy zvykem, \u017ee “\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9 koledy” byly kon\u00e1ny na zp\u016fsob proces\u00ed kn\u011b\u017e\u00ed a \u017e\u00e1k\u016f. Kn\u011b\u017e\u00ed nesli obraz Krist\u016fv, jej\u017e obyvatel\u00e9 domu l\u00edbali. \u017d\u00e1ci, oble\u010den\u00ed v b\u00edl\u00e9 roucho, nesli ho\u0159\u00edc\u00ed sv\u00edce a kadidlem vyku\u0159ovali domy. Za to dost\u00e1vali dary. Kn\u011b\u017e\u00ed p\u0159itom zp\u00edvali latinsk\u00e9 p\u00edsn\u011b jako Ecce Maria genuit nobis salvatorem, Judea et Jerusalem nolite timere nebo Heac est dies.<\/p>\n
Zp\u011bv pra\u017esk\u00fdch koledn\u00edk\u016f m\u00edval velmi dobrou \u00farove\u0148, k \u010demu\u017e hlavn\u011b p\u0159isp\u011blo zaveden\u00ed ars musica jako jednoho z povinn\u00fdch obor\u016f na vysok\u00e9m u\u010den\u00ed pra\u017esk\u00e9m. V lidov\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed v\u0161ak \u010dast\u011bji ne\u017e latinsk\u00e9 chor\u00e1ly zazn\u00edvaly \u010desk\u00e9 zp\u011bvy se sv\u011btskou tematikou. Karel IV. zavedl instituci k\u016frn\u00edch \u017e\u00e1k\u016f, jejich\u017e hlasy se o v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed dob\u011b po stolet\u00ed oz\u00fdvaly nejen z kostel\u016f, ale i na tr\u017ei\u0161t\u00edch a v hospod\u00e1ch. Koleda toti\u017e byla d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm zdrojem p\u0159\u00edjm\u016f v\u011b\u010dn\u011b hladov\u00fdch \u017e\u00e1k\u016f. Nikdo se o v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00edch sv\u00e1tc\u00edch za skrytou \u017eebrotu nestyd\u011bl. V\u017edy\u0165 kdysi i Jan Hus zp\u00edval na k\u016fru, koledoval a \u017eebral na pra\u017esk\u00fdch ulic\u00edch. A podle star\u00e9ho zvyku odevzd\u00e1val v\u00fdslu\u017eku star\u0161\u00edm student\u016fm a pokorn\u011b \u010dekal na sv\u016fj d\u00edl.<\/p>\n
Novou renesanci pro\u017eila \u010desk\u00e1 koleda v 18. stolet\u00ed. V 19. stolet\u00ed nechyb\u011bly mezi koledami ani kram\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 a p\u00edsm\u00e1ck\u00e9 p\u00edsn\u011b. Oblibu koled nezmen\u0161ily ani \u010detn\u00e9 z\u00e1kazy vyhla\u0161ovan\u00e9 z kazatelen. Zp\u011bv koledn\u00edk\u016f nej\u010dast\u011bji doprov\u00e1zela harfa, housle, klarinet nebo fl\u00e9tna a v Podkrkono\u0161\u00ed trum\u0161ajt. Koledn\u00edci zp\u00edvali \u010desky o narozen\u00ed Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161ka, cest\u011b do Betl\u00e9ma a kr\u00e1lovsk\u00fdch darech, vin\u0161ovali, d\u011bkovali (p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b hrozili) za koledu. Na Vala\u0161sku chodily d\u011bti o \u0160t\u011bdr\u00e9m dnu do kostela k jesli\u010dk\u00e1m a p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ely Jezul\u00e1tku nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed d\u00e1rky. Mal\u00fd Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161ek nedostal jen o\u0159\u00ed\u0161ky, jablka, k\u0159\u00ed\u017ealy, med, brynzu, smetanu a kroupy, ale i hezkou v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed p\u00edsni\u010dku.<\/p>\n
Svat\u00fd \u0160t\u011bp\u00e1n je patronem kon\u00ed, proto se k tomuto dni v\u00e1\u017ee \u0159ada tradic a zvyk\u016f spojen\u00fdch s t\u011bmito kr\u00e1sn\u00fdmi a v minulosti hodn\u011b u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fdmi zv\u00ed\u0159aty. Lid\u00e9 na n\u011b mysleli u\u017e p\u0159i bohoslu\u017eb\u011b, kdy far\u00e1\u0159 sv\u011btil oves sv\u011bcenou vodou. Takov\u00fd oves se p\u0159im\u00edch\u00e1val kon\u00edm do krmen\u00ed, aby se upevnilo jejich zdrav\u00ed. Je\u0161t\u011b v kostele lid\u00e9 t\u00edmto posv\u011bcen\u00fdm zrnem kn\u011bze obsyp\u00e1vali a tak\u00e9 jej po n\u011bm pln\u00fdmi hrstmi h\u00e1zeli jako p\u0159ipom\u00ednku ukamenov\u00e1n\u00ed svat\u00e9ho \u0160t\u011bp\u00e1na. Po bohoslu\u017eb\u00e1ch byli kon\u011b dokonce \u017eehn\u00e1ni.<\/p>\n
\u010casem se c\u00edrkvi znel\u00edbil rozpustil\u00fd r\u00e1z obch\u016fzek, kdy lid\u00e9 koledovali v nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch ma\u0161kar\u00e1ch, a zavedli obch\u016fzky kn\u011b\u017e\u00ed. A\u0165 tak nebo tak, kn\u011b\u017e\u00ed a pozd\u011bji d\u011bti a ofici\u00e1lov\u00e9, past\u00fd\u0159i \u010di ponocn\u00ed piln\u011b obch\u00e1zeli staven\u00ed a koledovali. Zp\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed koledn\u00edci si vyslou\u017eili trochu hrachu, krup, lnu nebo t\u0159eba kol\u00e1\u010d \u010di kus v\u00e1no\u010dky, kn\u011b\u017e\u00ed dost\u00e1vali pen\u00edze a v\u00fd\u0161i dar\u016f si pr\u00fd v pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edch dob\u00e1ch p\u0159\u00edmo hami\u017en\u011b diktovali, k nelibosti sedl\u00e1k\u016f.<\/p>\n
Koledov\u00e1n\u00ed, jak je zn\u00e1me, si zachovalo n\u011bkolik ob\u0159adn\u00edch rys\u016f. Hlavn\u00ed motiv, obdarov\u00e1n\u00ed, byl ji\u017e v minul\u00e9m stolet\u00ed obecn\u011b p\u0159evrstven soci\u00e1ln\u00edm prvkem – p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost\u00ed z\u00edskat dary. Proto koledovaly p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm chudobn\u00e9 vrstvy ob\u010dan\u016f. V minul\u00fdch letech a ostatn\u011b i v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b je koledov\u00e1n\u00ed pokl\u00e1d\u00e1no za \u017eebrotu a tedy i za hanbu. Nejd\u00e9le se koledov\u00e1n\u00ed udr\u017eelo u obecn\u00edch a c\u00edrkevn\u00edch slu\u017eebn\u00edk\u016f, nap\u0159. u kosteln\u00edk\u016f, zvon\u00edk\u016f. varhan\u00edk\u016f, hroba\u0159\u016f a past\u00fd\u0159\u016f. V pam\u011bti obyvatel se uchov\u00e1vaj\u00ed vzpom\u00ednky i na u\u010ditelskou koledu, kter\u00e1 v\u0161ak zanikla v druh\u00e9 polovin\u011b minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Koleda pat\u0159ila k v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm vedlej\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edjm\u016fm u\u010ditel\u016f a far\u00e1\u0159\u016f. Koledu popisuj\u00ed kronika, podle n\u00ed\u017e konaliu\u010ditel\u00e9, podu\u010ditel\u00e9 a kosteln\u00edci obch\u016fzku na \u0160t\u011bp\u00e1na, p\u0159i \u010dem\u017e vyb\u00edrali obil\u00ed. Podle dal\u0161\u00ed zpr\u00e1vy vyu\u017e\u00edvaly \u017eeny kn\u011b\u017esk\u00e9 koledy k dobr\u00fdm magick\u00fdm \u00fakon\u016fm. Duchovn\u00edmu podkl\u00e1daly na lavici podu\u0161ku nebo ubrus; kdy\u017e potom kn\u011bz ode\u0161el, sedla si na jeho m\u00edsto hospodyn\u011b nebo dcera. Hospodyn\u011b t\u00edm cht\u011bla dos\u00e1hnout, aby se j\u00ed vyda\u0159ila housata a ku\u0159ata, dcera vykon\u00e1vala praktiku, aby se do roka vdala. Tyto p\u0159edstavy byly vytvo\u0159eny na podklad\u011b podobn\u00fdch ob\u0159adn\u00edch p\u0159e\u017eitk\u016f, kter\u00e9 byly pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny nap\u0159. v masopustn\u00edch oby\u010dej\u00edch, p\u0159i letn\u00edch pr\u016fvodech apod.<\/p>\n
P\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b d\u011btskou z\u00e1le\u017eitost\u00ed byly \u0161t\u011bp\u00e1nsk\u00e9 koledy. D\u011bti p\u0159ich\u00e1zely obvykle ke sv\u00fdm kmotr\u016fm, kde dost\u00e1valy za zp\u011bv poho\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed a pen\u00edze. Po koled\u011b chodily i d\u011bti z chudobn\u00fdch rodin, aby si obch\u016fzkou po vsi z\u00edskaly dary. V\u0161ude je zn\u00e1m\u00e1 \u0159\u00edkanka “Koleda, koleda \u0160t\u011bp\u00e1ne…”, kter\u00e1 byla nej\u010dast\u011bji v tento den pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na.<\/p>\n
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Zdroj:<\/strong> Z\u00cdBRT, \u010cen\u011bk. Hoj, ty \u0161t\u011bdr\u00fd ve\u010dere: Od V\u00e1noc koledou do Nov\u00e9ho roku. Praha: \u0160im\u00e1\u010dek, 1910<\/p>\n P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Vin\u0161ujeme <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":332519,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"gallery","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[111],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/21\/ram-vanocni-koleda.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/270120"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=270120"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/270120\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":332518,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/270120\/revisions\/332518"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/332519"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=270120"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=270120"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=270120"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
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