{"id":270002,"date":"2024-12-23T19:54:19","date_gmt":"2024-12-23T18:54:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=270002"},"modified":"2024-12-23T19:55:11","modified_gmt":"2024-12-23T18:55:11","slug":"stara-sumava-a-posumavi-pred-stedrym-dnem","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=270002","title":{"rendered":"STAR\u00c1 \u0160UMAVA A PO\u0160UMAV\u00cd: P\u0159ed \u0160t\u011bdr\u00fdm dnem"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u0160t\u011bdr\u00fd den, p\u0159edve\u010der sv\u00e1tku narozen\u00ed Je\u017e\u00ed\u0161e Krista. Za\u010dnou nejkr\u00e1sn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sv\u00e1tky roku, V\u00e1noce. Co kdybychom pro tentokr\u00e1t zapomn\u011bli na v\u0161eobj\u00edmaj\u00edc\u00ed civiliza\u010dn\u00ed luxus a zkusili se pevn\u011b chytit vod\u00edtka spleten\u00e9ho z prastar\u00fdch zvyk\u016f a oby\u010dej\u016f, kter\u00e9 se ke \u0160t\u011bdr\u00e9mu dni u\u017e od dob p\u0159edk\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fdch mocn\u011b a pevn\u011b v\u00e1\u017eou? V n\u00e1zvu sv\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edho ve\u010dera je obsa\u017eena \u0161t\u011bdrost, milosrdenstv\u00ed a l\u00e1ska, to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee si ten ve\u010der lid\u00e9 dop\u0159\u00e1vali opravdu bohatou krmi. Tradovalo se, \u017ee \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd hospod\u00e1\u0159 nen\u00ed tak chud\u00fd, aby rodin\u011b, d\u011bve\u010dk\u00e1m, pacholk\u016fm a dal\u0161\u00edm pot\u0159ebn\u00fdm nevystrojil ok\u00e1zalou hostinu.<\/h6>\n

Ko\u0159eny v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00edch tradic, zvyk\u016f a oby\u010dej\u016f sahaj\u00ed a\u017e do dob p\u0159edkres\u0165ansk\u00fdch a nen\u00e1padn\u011b se propl\u00e9taj\u00ed s d\u00e1vno zapomenut\u00fdmi ritu\u00e1ly Kra\u010dunu, Hod\u016f \u010di Koledy, tedy staroslovansk\u00fdch oslav sv\u00e1tku zimn\u00edho slunovratu. Mo\u017en\u00e1 pr\u00e1v\u011b i d\u00edky t\u00e9to d\u00e1vn\u00e9 souvzta\u017enosti jsou V\u00e1noce i dnes tak pln\u00e9 magie a p\u0159\u00edchut\u00ed v\u0161elik\u00fdch \u010dar a kouzel. V\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed tradice a zvyky jsou toti\u017e s n\u00e1mi opravdu od nepam\u011bti, a p\u0159esto\u017ee mnoh\u00e9 z nich zav\u00e1l prach a pokryly je pavu\u010diny, m\u00e1me je st\u00e1le v krvi, zaryt\u00e9 hluboko pod na\u0161\u00ed k\u016f\u017e\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Tradice, kter\u00e9 p\u0159ed stalet\u00edmi doprov\u00e1zely \u0160t\u011bdr\u00fd den, skute\u010dn\u011b byly prov\u00e1z\u00e1ny nejen s rodinou, ale i s cel\u00fdm hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00edm a jeho budouc\u00ed \u00farodou. Dom\u00e1c\u00ed zv\u00ed\u0159ata dr\u017een\u00e1 v chalup\u00e1ch a na statc\u00edch m\u011bla pro sv\u00e9 hospod\u00e1\u0159e jen t\u011b\u017eko vy\u010d\u00edslitelnou hodnotu. Proto tak jako my dnes i oni p\u00e9\u010di o n\u011b pod\u0159izovali chod cel\u00e9 rodiny. Nen\u00ed proto s podivem, \u017ee ji\u017e k prvn\u00edmu rann\u00edmu krmen\u00ed se na \u0160t\u011bdr\u00fd den v\u00e1zalo mno\u017estv\u00ed pov\u011bre\u010dn\u00fdch zvyk\u016f a dle zvykoslov\u00ed se postupovalo \u0160t\u011bdr\u00fdm dnem a ve\u010derem d\u00e1l a d\u00e1l…<\/p>\n

Kon\u00edm a dobytku se d\u00e1val na \u0160t\u011bdr\u00fd den pro uchov\u00e1n\u00ed dobr\u00e9ho zdrav\u00ed a u\u017eitku posolen\u00fd chleba. Je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed prvn\u00edm krmen\u00edm ale dostali kon\u011b a dobytek tak\u00e9 \u010desnek, aby byli v dal\u0161\u00edm roce p\u0159i s\u00edle. \u010cesnek dostali i kohouti a house\u0159i, aby byli plodn\u00ed a zdrav\u00ed. Kr\u00e1vy a kozy byly krmeny pe\u010divem z mouky, petr\u017eele, \u0161\u00edpkov\u00fdch plod\u016f a zbytk\u016f z m\u00e1selnice, aby i d\u00e1l dob\u0159e dojily. Sladk\u00e9ho a tu\u010dn\u00e9ho ml\u00e9ka se v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edm roce hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed do\u010dkalo, jestli\u017ee dala hospodyn\u011b kr\u00e1v\u00e1m a koz\u00e1m do ve\u010dern\u00edho krmen\u00ed jablko a o\u0159echy.
\nNa \u0160t\u011bdr\u00fd den r\u00e1no se dr\u016fbe\u017ei, kterou obvykle krmila v\u00fdhradn\u011b hospody\u0148ka, sypalo zrno do kruhu z \u0159et\u011bzu, aby dr\u016fbe\u017e dr\u017eela v hejnu a nezan\u00e1\u0161ela. Slepice dost\u00e1valy sm\u011bs p\u0161enice a je\u010dmene, aby dob\u0159e nesly a tak\u00e9 hr\u00e1ch, kter\u00fd m\u011bl zajistit, \u017ee vejce budou p\u011bkn\u011b kulat\u00e1. Pozd\u011bji, p\u0159i \u0161t\u011bdrove\u010dern\u00ed ve\u010de\u0159i, nesm\u011bla hospodyn\u011b vst\u00e1t od stolu, jinak by j\u00ed dr\u016fbe\u017e v p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00edm roce \u0161patn\u011b sed\u011bla na vejc\u00edch.<\/p>\n

Na \u0160t\u011bdr\u00fd den se tak\u00e9 klepalo na v\u010del\u00ed \u00fal, aby se v\u010delstvo bez \u00fajmy do\u017eilo jara.<\/p>\n

Na \u0160t\u011bdr\u00fd ve\u010der se t\u0159\u00e1slo ovocn\u00fdmi stromy, aby byla zaji\u0161t\u011bna bohat\u00e1 \u00faroda. Stromy se ovazovaly sl\u00e1mou, aby i nad\u00e1le dob\u0159e plodily a tak\u00e9 se o\u0161leh\u00e1valy metlou, s n\u00ed\u017e se vymetala pec po v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00edm pe\u010den\u00ed \u010di se oklep\u00e1valy va\u0159e\u010dkou. Stejn\u00fd v\u00fdznam m\u011bl i dal\u0161\u00ed zvyk, kdy si hospody\u0148ka o kmen ut\u00edrala ruce pot\u0159\u00edsn\u011bn\u00e9 kynut\u00fdm t\u011bstem z v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00edho pe\u010den\u00ed. Rukama od t\u011bsta m\u011bla hladit ovocn\u00e9 stromy a volat: \u201eStrome\u010dku, obro\u010f, obro\u010f.\u201c<\/p>\n

V\u00fdznam pro udr\u017een\u00ed \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed v hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed m\u011bl i kou\u0159, ohe\u0148 a s nimi spojen\u00e9 o\u010distn\u00e9 ritu\u00e1ly. Kostely se vyku\u0159ovaly kadidlem, v dom\u00e1cnostech se zapalovaly ur\u010dit\u00e9 sm\u011bsy bylin, pozd\u011bji purpura a franti\u0161ky. Vyku\u0159ovala se nejen staven\u00ed, ale i v\u010del\u00edny, st\u00e1je a chl\u00e9vy, aby v\u0161e bylo o\u010di\u0161t\u011bno. K tomuto zvyku byli \u010dasto povol\u00e1vani i kn\u011b\u017e\u00ed. O \u0160t\u011bdr\u00e9m ve\u010deru se do ohn\u011b h\u00e1zely drobe\u010dky, aby se ohe\u0148 nasytil a ani v p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00edm roce ne\u0161kodil. \u017dhav\u00e9 uhl\u00edky se nesm\u011bly vyn\u00e1\u0161et z domu ven, proto\u017ee to by znamenalo, \u017ee se z domu odn\u00e1\u0161\u00ed \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed. Kousky pe\u010diva, jablek a o\u0159ech\u016f se h\u00e1zely do ohn\u011b s prosbou, aby ohe\u0148 domu a hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed ne\u0161kodil.<\/p>\n

Ve\u010der p\u0159ed \u0160t\u011bdr\u00fdm dnem si nachyst\u00e1te k posteli vla\u0161sk\u00fd o\u0159ech. R\u00e1no, ihned po probuzen\u00ed ho rozlousknete a nala\u010dno sn\u00edte. \u00da\u010dinek je ohromuj\u00edc\u00ed \u2013 cel\u00fd rok v\u00e1m daj\u00ed pokoj blechy a \u0161t\u011bnice! P\u0159ed \u0160t\u011bdr\u00fdm dnem se v\u0161echny dom\u00e1cnosti zametly a uklidily, k \u010demu\u017e bylo nej\u010dast\u011bji pou\u017eito b\u0159ezov\u00fdch ko\u0161\u0165at. Ta se po \u00faklidu polo\u017eila k\u0159\u00ed\u017eem na pr\u00e1h nebo na stropnici domu, jako ochrana p\u0159ed zl\u00fdmi \u010darod\u011bjnicemi a sk\u0159\u00edtky. Na \u0160t\u011bdr\u00fd den se tak\u00e9 nesm\u011bly zatloukat h\u0159eb\u00edky, darovat \u010di p\u016fj\u010dovat v\u011bci, st\u0159epy znamenaly sm\u016flu. A \u0160t\u011bdr\u00fd ve\u010der byl tak\u00e9 \u010dasem pro v\u011b\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed. Hospod\u00e1\u0159 staven\u00ed se o p\u016flnoci koukal do kom\u00edna a tam se mu jako v zrcadle m\u011bly zjevit ud\u00e1losti n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edho roku.<\/p>\n

Zvyky se t\u00fdkaly i ochrann\u00fdch \u00fa\u010dink\u016f vody. Hospod\u00e1\u0159 se musel j\u00edt na \u0160t\u011bdr\u00fd den brzy r\u00e1no um\u00fdt ven, ke studni nebo k potoku, aby po cel\u00fd rok z\u016fstal zdrav\u00fd. Kousky pe\u010diva, jablek a o\u0159ech\u016f se h\u00e1zely do studny, aby voda z\u016fstala \u010dist\u00e1. Vodou se vykropoval chl\u00e9v, p\u016fda i stodola. Bylo zapov\u011bzeno \u010distit chl\u00e9vy a st\u00e1je, aby dobytek a kon\u011b nekulhali. Nesm\u011blo se zametat, aby z domu nebyli vymeteni duchov\u00e9 mrtv\u00fdch, kte\u0159\u00ed v tyto dny p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00ed nav\u0161t\u00edvit \u017eiv\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Ve staven\u00ed i chl\u00e9vech a ma\u0161tal\u00edch se v\u011b\u0161ely ma\u0161lemi zdoben\u00e9 v\u011btvi\u010dky jehli\u010dnat\u00fdch strom\u016f, proto\u017ee se v\u011b\u0159ilo, \u017ee v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed zele\u0148 m\u00e1 ochrannou moc. V\u011b\u0159ilo se toti\u017e, \u017ee hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed nav\u0161t\u011bvuj\u00ed v tento den nejen dob\u0159\u00ed, ale i zl\u00ed mrtv\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Ke \u0161t\u011bdrove\u010dern\u00ed ve\u010de\u0159i se prost\u00edralo na placht\u011b, z n\u00ed\u017e se selo obil\u00ed, a pod n\u00ed se d\u00e1vala hrstka zrn\u00ed. Pod stolem, na kter\u00e9m se jedla \u0161t\u011bdrove\u010dern\u00ed ve\u010de\u0159e, se podest\u00fdlalo sl\u00e1mou. Tento zvyk uct\u00edval \u00farodu minulou a m\u011bl zajistit i \u00farodu budouc\u00ed. Na stole nesm\u011bl chyb\u011bt pecen chleba a kus od v\u0161ech plodin, kter\u00e9 se ten rok v hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed vyp\u011bstovaly (kl\u00e1sky, su\u0161en\u00e9 ovoce, makovice, …). D\u00e1le tak\u00e9 ml\u00e9ko a med, cibule a \u010desnek a pozd\u011bji i pen\u00edze. To v\u0161e m\u011blo ochr\u00e1nit lidi i hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed a v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edm roce p\u0159in\u00e9st u\u017eitek.<\/p>\n

Ze \u0161t\u011bdrove\u010dern\u00ed ve\u010de\u0159e v\u017edy musely z\u016fstat zbytky. Ty se d\u00e1valy zv\u00ed\u0159at\u016fm a vhazovaly se do ohn\u011b a vody, aby si hospodyn\u011b naklonila tyto \u017eivly a nedo\u0161lo k po\u017e\u00e1ru \u010di povodni. \u010c\u00e1st zbytk\u016f se zakop\u00e1vala do zem\u011b jako ob\u011btina. V n\u011bkter\u00fdch kraj\u00edch se zbytky j\u00eddla ze \u0161t\u011bdrove\u010dern\u00ed ve\u010de\u0159e zakop\u00e1valy u ovocn\u00e9ho stromu, nebo se kladly k jeho ko\u0159en\u016fm.<\/p>\n

O \u0160t\u011bdr\u00e9m ve\u010deru musel m\u00edt hospod\u00e1\u0159 otev\u0159en\u00e9 kapsy u kalhot, aby do nich napadalo \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed a hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed p\u0159i\u0161lo k bohatstv\u00ed. U \u0161t\u011bdrove\u010dern\u00edho stolu bylo zapov\u011bzeno m\u00edt u sebe ciz\u00ed v\u011bc, jinak hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed \u010dekala sm\u016fla nebo dokonce ne\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed po cel\u00fd rok.<\/p>\n

Pozornost byla na \u0160t\u011bdr\u00fd den v\u011bnov\u00e1na i zvyk\u016fm t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00edm se po\u010das\u00ed. Do dvan\u00e1cti rozp\u016flen\u00fdch o\u0159echov\u00fdch sko\u0159\u00e1pek, p\u0159edstavuj\u00edc\u00edch jednotliv\u00e9 m\u011bs\u00edce roku, nalil hospod\u00e1\u0159 vodu. Kdy\u017e v n\u011bkter\u00e9 sko\u0159\u00e1pce do r\u00e1na voda vyschla, znamenalo to, \u017ee dan\u00fd m\u011bs\u00edc bude such\u00fd. N\u011bkdy se pod sko\u0159\u00e1pky sypala tro\u0161ka soli. Pokud s\u016fl pod sko\u0159\u00e1pkou do r\u00e1na zvlhla, p\u0159edznamen\u00e1valo to mokr\u00fd m\u011bs\u00edc. O\u0159ech byl ostatn\u011b v\u017edy pova\u017eov\u00e1n za v\u011b\u0161teckou plodinu. Obl\u00edben\u00fdm zvykem bylo lousk\u00e1n\u00ed vla\u0161sk\u00fdch o\u0159ech\u016f o \u0160t\u011bdr\u00e9m ve\u010deru. Podobn\u011b jako z rozkrojen\u00fdch jabl\u00ed\u010dek bylo i z o\u0159ech\u016f mo\u017en\u00e9 vy\u010d\u00edst budoucnost. Hospod\u00e1\u0159 si s\u00e1m vybral o\u0159ech a s\u00e1m si ho rozlouskl. Pokud bylo j\u00e1dro p\u011bkn\u00e9, \u010dekal hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed rok pln\u00fd hojnosti a pevn\u00e9ho zdrav\u00ed, pokud ale bylo jad\u00e9rko \u010dern\u00e9, zna\u010dilo to ne\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed, ne\u00farodu a smutek.<\/p>\n

Po\u010das\u00ed se v\u011b\u0161tilo i z cibule. Dvan\u00e1ct pl\u00e1tk\u016f z cibule se osolilo a podle toho, jak kter\u00fd pl\u00e1tek zvlhl, se usuzovalo, kter\u00fd m\u011bs\u00edc bude such\u00fd a kter\u00fd naopak de\u0161tiv\u00fd. Na \u0160t\u011bdr\u00fd ve\u010der p\u0159ed ve\u010de\u0159\u00ed se v t\u00e9to souvislosti d\u00e1vala za okna i miska s vodou. Pokud mr\u00e1z do r\u00e1na misku roztrhnul, m\u011bla se tohoto roku ztratit voda ve studni.<\/p>\n

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Zdroj:<\/strong> \u0160OTTNEROV\u00c1, D. V\u00e1noce. Olomouc : Rubico, 2004. ISBN 80-74346-033-5,\u00a0 BESTAJOVSK\u00dd, M. Velk\u00e1 kniha lidov\u00fdch oby\u010dej\u016f a n\u00e1pad\u016f pro \u0161ikovn\u00e9 ruce. Brno: Computer Press, a.s., 2008. ISBN 978 \u2013 80 \u2013 251 \u2013 1974 \u2013 7. (Chlapec a hv\u011bzdy), VONDRU\u0160KOV\u00c1, A. \u010cesk\u00e9 zvyky a oby\u010deje. Praha: Albatros, 2004. ISBN 80\u201300\u201301356\u20138.<\/p>\n

P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

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