{"id":266279,"date":"2023-10-29T17:03:11","date_gmt":"2023-10-29T16:03:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=266279"},"modified":"2023-10-29T17:03:11","modified_gmt":"2023-10-29T16:03:11","slug":"stara-sumava-pamatka-zesnulych-dusicky","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=266279","title":{"rendered":"STAR\u00c1 \u0160UMAVA: Pam\u00e1tka zesnul\u00fdch – Du\u0161i\u010dky"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Na Du\u0161i\u010dky<\/h6>\n

Kdy\u017e n\u011bkdo um\u0159el a d\u00e1vaj\u00ed ho sp\u00e1t<\/em>
\ntam dol\u016f do zem\u011b v t\u00e9 rakvi napo\u0159\u00e1d,<\/em>
\nje vl\u00eddn\u00e9 \u00faslov\u00ed, \u00fat\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 jak s\u00e1m \u010das:<\/em>
\n“My v\u0161ichni na Du\u0161i\u010dky p\u0159ijdeme k Tob\u011b zas!”<\/em>
\nKdyby tak vskutku v\u0161ichni, kdo oplakali jej,<\/em>
\nsem p\u0159i\u0161li k jeho rovu za rok d\u011bj se co d\u011bj,<\/em>
\npak na v\u011bnc\u00edch, co sem nesou, by\u0165 \u017eiv byl jeden kv\u011bt, i v \u010dern\u00e9 tm\u011b tam dole sm\u00ed v\u00edra rozpu\u010det.<\/em>
\nTo z domova kdy\u017e m\u00e1 n\u011bkdo nav\u017edycky odej\u00edt,<\/em>
\nza\u017eiva v\u0161e tu ztratit, jen ze vzpom\u00ednek \u017e\u00edt,<\/em>
\nputovat bez \u00fat\u011bchy tak sv\u011btem sem a tam:<\/em>
\nnen\u00ed to v\u00edc jako by nav\u011bky um\u0159el n\u00e1m?<\/em>
\nN\u00e1hrobn\u00ed k\u00e1men s\u00e1m sob\u011b, s\u00e1m sob\u011b t\u011b\u017ek\u00fd \u017eal opat\u0159\u00ed si a jm\u00e9nu vlastn\u00edmu zaj\u00edt dal.<\/em>
\nPoutn\u00edk tak do noci miz\u00ed i p\u0159\u00e1tel\u016fm jak sen,<\/em>
\njak p\u00edse\u0148 a s n\u00ed ten sir\u00fd du\u0161i\u010dkov\u00fd den.<\/em><\/p>\n

\nNa Du\u0161i\u010dky se v\u017edy h\u0159bitovy pono\u0159\u00ed do barevn\u00e9ho oparu ho\u0159\u00edc\u00edch sv\u00ed\u010dek. V po\u0161mourn\u00e9m, posmutn\u011bl\u00e9m, mlhav\u00e9m a uplakan\u00e9m dni pln\u00e9m spadan\u00e9ho list\u00ed, vedou cesty lid\u00ed na h\u0159bitovy a do urnov\u00fdch h\u00e1j\u016f. Sv\u00ed\u010dkou, kv\u011btinou \u010di vzpom\u00ednkou uct\u00ed pam\u00e1tku t\u011bch, kte\u0159\u00ed se u\u017e d\u00e1vno rozlou\u010dili se sv\u011btem a sp\u00ed sv\u016fj v\u011b\u010dn\u00fd sen. Takov\u00e9 jsou Du\u0161i\u010dky, sv\u00e1tek zesnul\u00fdch.<\/h6>\n

V na\u0161ich kalend\u00e1\u0159\u00edch je druh\u00fd listopad zasv\u011bcen mrtv\u00fdm a b\u00fdv\u00e1 zpravidla ozna\u010den jako Pam\u00e1tka zesnul\u00fdch; v lidov\u00e9 mluv\u011b se st\u00e1le zachov\u00e1v\u00e1 starod\u00e1vn\u00e9 pojmenov\u00e1n\u00ed Du\u0161i\u010dky.<\/p>\n

Katolick\u00e1 c\u00edrkev velmi dlouho oslavu Du\u0161i\u010dek neuzn\u00e1vala, proto\u017ee v nich vid\u011bla poz\u016fstatky pohansk\u00e9ho kultu. Kdy\u017e pohansk\u00e9 pov\u011bry ztratily svou s\u00edlu a vy\u0161um\u011bly, p\u0159ijala je za vlastn\u00ed a vyu\u017eila k tomu, aby lid\u00e9 modlitbou a pok\u00e1n\u00edm prosili Boha o prominut\u00ed trest\u016f a vysvobozen\u00ed z v\u011b\u010dn\u00e9ho zatracen\u00ed. Sv\u00e9 ko\u0159eny m\u00e1 sv\u00e1tek ji\u017e v pohanstv\u00ed a keltsk\u00e9 tradici.<\/p>\n

V prvn\u00edm tis\u00edcilet\u00ed na\u0161eho letopo\u010dtu pak Du\u0161i\u010dky nav\u00e1zaly na sv\u00e1tek V\u0161ech svat\u00fdch, kter\u00fd p\u0159ipom\u00ednal k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 sv\u011btce a sv\u011btice v nebesk\u00e9 sl\u00e1v\u011b. Datum 2. listopadu \u00fadajn\u011b se sv\u00e1tkem spojil ji\u017e v 10. stolet\u00ed opat Odillo z benediktinsk\u00e9ho kl\u00e1\u0161tera v Cluny. Do \u010dtrn\u00e1ct\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed se Du\u0161i\u010dky roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ily v t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 cel\u00e9 z\u00e1padok\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 c\u00edrkvi. V\u00fdrazn\u00e9 oslavy sv\u00e1tku zem\u0159el\u00fdch zaznamen\u00e1v\u00e1 historie v dob\u011b katolick\u00e9ho baroka.<\/p>\n

Ve farn\u00edch, z\u00e1meck\u00fdch a kl\u00e1\u0161tern\u00edch kapl\u00edch se konaly m\u0161e za zem\u0159el\u00e9, v\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed vedeni kn\u011b\u017e\u00edmi vych\u00e1zeli v proces\u00edch na h\u0159bitovy, kde se konala k\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed, kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 pobo\u017enosti a modlitby, kn\u011b\u017e\u00ed vykr\u00e1p\u011bli hroby sv\u011bcenou vodou, zdobily se hroby a zapalovaly sv\u00ed\u010dky, kter\u00e9 byly symbolem v\u011b\u010dn\u00e9ho \u017eivota. Do 20. stolet\u00ed se pak v lidov\u00e9 kultu\u0159e tradovaly r\u016fzn\u00e9 pov\u011bry a zvyky. N\u011bkter\u00e9 vych\u00e1zely z v\u00edry, \u017ee v podve\u010der sv\u00e1tku vystupuj\u00ed du\u0161e z o\u010distce, aby si na chv\u00edli odpo\u010dinuly od tamn\u00edch muk. Lampy osv\u011btluj\u00edc\u00ed obydl\u00ed se m\u00edsto olejem plnily m\u00e1slem, aby si du\u0161e mohly pot\u0159\u00edt pop\u00e1leniny z o\u010distcov\u00fdch plamen\u016f. V rodin\u00e1ch se zapalovaly sv\u00ed\u010dky a od\u0159\u00edk\u00e1valy modlitby. N\u011bkde se pilo studen\u00e9 ml\u00e9ko jako symbol ochlazen\u00ed, jinde se j\u00edm poz\u016fstal\u00ed ost\u0159ikovali. Du\u0161\u00edm p\u0159edk\u016f se na stole nech\u00e1valy zbytky ve\u010de\u0159e. Na vesnic\u00edch chodili \u017eebr\u00e1ci a \u0161koln\u00ed ml\u00e1de\u017e koledovat.<\/p>\n

Typick\u00e9 pro sv\u00e1tek Du\u0161i\u010dek bylo tak\u00e9 speci\u00e1ln\u00ed pe\u010divo zvan\u00e9 nab\u00fdvan\u00e9 du\u0161i\u010dky nebo du\u0161i\u010dkov\u00fd chl\u00e9b, kter\u00e9 slou\u017eilo k obdarov\u00e1n\u00ed \u017eebr\u00e1k\u016f nebo jako dar do chudobinc\u016f. Lucerni\u010dky na sv\u00ed\u010dky se objevily nejprve v ji\u017en\u00edch \u010cech\u00e1ch, byl to p\u016fvodn\u011b bavorsk\u00fd zvyk. V n\u011bkter\u00fdch oblastech se zapaluj\u00ed sv\u00ed\u010dky v kal\u00ed\u0161c\u00edch \u010di lucerni\u010dk\u00e1ch i na opu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch hrobech. I kdy\u017e n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed \u0159\u00edkaj\u00ed, \u017ee smysl sv\u00e1tk\u016f dnes lidem unik\u00e1, p\u0159ece jen lid\u00e9 sv\u00e1tky vn\u00edmaj\u00ed jako vzpom\u00ednku na zesnul\u00e9, projeven\u00ed \u00facty sv\u00fdm p\u0159edk\u016fm.<\/p>\n

Kult uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed zem\u0159el\u00fdch p\u0159edk\u016f a soucitu s du\u0161\u00ed trp\u00edc\u00ed za sp\u00e1chan\u00e9 h\u0159\u00edchy je patrn\u011b star\u00fd jako lidstvo samo a p\u0159e\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 v\u0161echny zm\u011bny spole\u010densk\u00fdch \u0159\u00e1d\u016f, politick\u00fdch sm\u011br\u016f i intelektu\u00e1ln\u00edho a technick\u00e9ho rozvoje. Na sv\u011bt\u011b jsme d\u00edky na\u0161im p\u0159edk\u016fm. Oni by bez n\u00e1s \u017eili, my bez nich ne. Dlu\u017e\u00edme jim za dar \u017eivota, n\u011bco, co nikdy nem\u016f\u017eeme splatit. M\u016f\u017eeme b\u00fdt s na\u0161imi p\u0159edky nespokojen\u00ed, nebo spokojen\u00ed, to je na n\u00e1s. Jsem sp\u00ed\u0161e pro prvn\u00ed mo\u017enost, tedy p\u0159ijmout \u017eivot a na\u0161e geny tak, jak n\u00e1m je na\u0161i p\u0159edkov\u00e9 p\u0159edali. I ateist\u00e9, kter\u00fdch je podle s\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed obyvatel v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice v\u011bt\u0161ina, p\u0159ej\u00ed p\u0159edk\u016fm klid, vzpom\u00ednaj\u00ed na n\u011b s \u00factou, zapaluj\u00ed na jejich po\u010dest sv\u00ed\u010dky, rozj\u00edmaj\u00ed nad jejich hroby a ct\u00ed sv\u00e1tek, kter\u00fd je stalet\u00edmi nedot\u010den\u00fd.<\/p>\n

A je\u0161t\u011b pov\u011bst<\/strong>: V\u011b\u0159ilo se, \u017ee o du\u0161i\u010dkov\u00e9 p\u016flnoci maj\u00ed duchov\u00e9 bohoslu\u017ebu. U n\u00e1s se vypr\u00e1v\u011blo o kmot\u0159e, kter\u00e1 se o du\u0161i\u010dkov\u00e9 noci probudila a proto\u017ee m\u011bs\u00edc tu noc sv\u00edtil velmi jasn\u011b, myslela si, \u017ee je ji\u017e r\u00e1no. Obl\u00e9kla se a sp\u011bchala do h\u0159bitovn\u00ed kaple. Kaple byla pln\u00e1 a u olt\u00e1\u0159e st\u00e1l kn\u011bz. Kmotra se styd\u011bla, \u017ee p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed na bohoslu\u017ebu pozd\u011b a tak se rychle posadila a sklopila o\u010di. Po chvilce je zdvihla a rozhl\u00e9dla se kolem sebe. Vid\u011bla mnoho lid\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed j\u00ed byli pov\u011bdom\u00ed. Vzpom\u00ednala, odkud je zn\u00e1, kdy\u017e vtom si uv\u011bdomila, \u017ee to jsou v\u0161echno soused\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed jsou ji\u017e po smrti. Vtom do n\u00ed \u0161\u0165ouchla jej\u00ed ned\u00e1vno zem\u0159el\u00e1 sousedka a \u0159ekla j\u00ed, \u017ee je na m\u0161i duch\u016f a \u017ee duchov\u00e9 \u017eiv\u00e9ho \u010dlov\u011bka po skon\u010den\u00ed m\u0161e roztrhaj\u00ed na kousky. Poradila j\u00ed, aby si svl\u00e9kla ko\u017e\u00ed\u0161ek a rychle ode\u0161la. Kmotra poslechla a r\u00e1no, pot\u00e9 co se o z\u00e1\u017eitku z p\u0159ede\u0161l\u00e9 noci sv\u011b\u0159ila soused\u016fm, se v\u0161ichni vypravili do kapli\u010dky, kde nalezli ko\u017e\u00ed\u0161ek roztrhan\u00fd na mal\u00e9 kous\u00ed\u010dky.<\/em><\/p>\n

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Zdroj:<\/strong> Budweiser Zeitung, 1928, \u010d. 85, s. 4 – Na Du\u0161i\u010dky, Paul Messner, autor p\u0159eklad\u016f a \u010desk\u00fdch text\u016f Jan Mare\u0161, elektronick\u00e1 verze Ivo Kare\u0161 – Jiho\u010desk\u00e1 v\u011bdeck\u00e1 knihovna v \u010cesk\u00fdch Bud\u011bjovic\u00edch,<\/p>\n

P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n

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