![\"\"](\"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/01\/O-\u0160KOLN\u00cd-DOCH\u00c1ZCE.....jpg\")
<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Zn\u00ed op\u011bt star\u00e9 vzpom\u00ednky,<\/em> Na prvn\u00ed \u0161koln\u00ed den se tradi\u010dn\u011b t\u011b\u0161\u00edvaj\u00ed jen prv\u0148\u00e1\u010dci a rodi\u010de, kte\u0159\u00ed zoufale vyhl\u00ed\u017eej\u00ed nov\u011b nastolen\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d po pr\u00e1zdninov\u00e9 zvl\u010dilosti sv\u00fdch potomk\u016f. V mnoh\u00fdch \u0161koln\u00edch budov\u00e1ch postaven\u00fdch na konci devaten\u00e1ct\u00e9ho a na po\u010d\u00e1tku dvac\u00e1t\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed se je\u0161t\u011b u\u010d\u00ed. Historie jejich staveb je pro n\u00e1s p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9 velice pou\u010dn\u00e1. Nap\u0159\u00edklad v tom, jak hospod\u00e1rn\u011b se k v\u00fdstavb\u011b \u0161kol stav\u011bla obecn\u00ed zastupitelstva. A jak ob\u011btav\u011b na v\u00fdstavbu \u0161kol v obc\u00edch p\u0159isp\u00edvali m\u00edstn\u00ed ob\u010dan\u00e9, proto\u017ee v\u011bd\u011bli, \u017ee dobr\u00e9 vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed je kl\u00ed\u010dem k lep\u0161\u00edmu \u017eivotu jejich d\u011bt\u00ed.<\/p>\n My sko\u010d\u00edme do stolet\u00ed 19., ale jednu my\u0161lenku skute\u010dn\u00e9ho autora terezi\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho \u0161kolsk\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1du, opata Jana Ign\u00e1ce Felbirgera, se slu\u0161\u00ed zopakovat: \u201eV ni\u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9m jin\u00e9m st\u00e1t\u011b ne\u017e jen v \u0161\u0165astn\u00e9m Rakousku pe\u010duje se tak o nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed \u0161koly.\u201c Co\u017e byla pravda. \u0160koln\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d p\u0159ikazoval, aby se v ka\u017ed\u00e9 obci, kde je farn\u00ed kostel, z\u0159\u00eddila trivi\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0161kola. Trivi\u00e1ln\u00ed proto, \u017ee u\u010dila (vedle n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed) triviu neboli t\u0159em p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016fm: \u010dten\u00ed, psan\u00ed, po\u010d\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed, \u201eto jest zn\u00e1n\u00ed p\u00edsem, slabikov\u00e1n\u00ed a \u010dten\u00ed tisknut\u00fdch v\u011bc\u00ed.\u201c<\/p>\n S ve\u0161kerou \u00factou a obdivem k velk\u00e9mu u\u010diteli n\u00e1rod\u016f Janu Amosu Komensk\u00e9mu pat\u0159\u00ed se \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee prvn\u00ed praktick\u00e9 kroky na cest\u011b k modern\u00edmu \u0161kolstv\u00ed u\u010dinila c\u00edsa\u0159ovna Marie Terezie. Ne snad \u017ee by m\u011bla n\u011bjak\u00e9 pov\u011bdom\u00ed o pedagogice a didaktice. To sotva. Ale uv\u011bdomovala si, \u017ee \u0161kola je politikum, a proto pat\u0159\u00ed do rukou st\u00e1tu, a nikoli v\u00fdlu\u010dn\u011b c\u00edrkve. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 pochopila, \u017ee ku prosp\u011bchu st\u00e1tu je \u017e\u00e1douc\u00ed, aby ka\u017ed\u00e9 d\u00edt\u011b chodilo do \u0161koly. Poslechla sv\u00e9 moudr\u00e9 r\u00e1dce (mezi nimi opata Johanna Ignaze Felbigera) a 6. prosince 1774 podepsala proslul\u00fd \u0161koln\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d, prvn\u00ed v\u0161eobecn\u00fd z\u00e1kon o \u0161kol\u00e1ch obecn\u00fdch. Tento \u0159\u00e1d se naz\u00fdval n\u011bkdy (a v\u00fdsti\u017en\u011b) \u0159\u00e1d Felbirger\u016fv. Ostatn\u011b autor se p\u0159\u00edmo v jeho textu s\u00e1m pochv\u00e1lil: \u201eV ni\u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9m jin\u00e9m st\u00e1t\u011b ne\u017e jen ve \u0161\u0165astn\u00e9m Rakousku pe\u010duje se tak o nejni\u017e\u0161\u00ed \u0161koly.” A byla to vlastn\u011b pravda. Nov\u00fd z\u00e1kon z toku 1869 vy\u0159adil nadvl\u00e1du c\u00edrkve a pod\u0159\u00eddil \u0161koly v\u00fdlu\u010dn\u011b st\u00e1tu a civiln\u00edm instituc\u00edm. \u201e\u00da\u010delem \u0161kol obecn\u00fdch stanov\u00ed se, aby d\u011bti v n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed a mravnosti vychov\u00e1valy, ducha jejich vyv\u00edjely, jim poskytovaly znalosti a zb\u011bhlosti, jich\u017e maj\u00ed k dal\u0161\u00edmu vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed v \u017eivot\u011b zapot\u0159eb\u00ed, a byly z\u00e1kladem, aby se z nich stali hodn\u00ed lid\u00e9 a ob\u010dan\u00e9.\u201c<\/p>\n Je\u0161t\u011b v 19. stolet\u00ed byla velmi problematick\u00e1, k pomal\u00e9mu zlep\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed doch\u00e1zelo po vyd\u00e1n\u00ed \u0161kolsk\u00fdch z\u00e1kon\u016f. Do t\u00e9 doby byli \u010dasto rodi\u010de donucov\u00e1ni pokutami nebo v\u011bzen\u00edm, aby sv\u00e9 d\u011bti pos\u00edlali do \u0161koly. Lid\u00e9 \u010dasto nedoce\u0148ovali v\u00fdznam \u0161koln\u00edho vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed. N\u011bkdy d\u011bti zame\u0161k\u00e1valy \u0161kolu kv\u016fli pomoci v hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed nebo kv\u016fli slu\u017eb\u011b u sedl\u00e1k\u016f.<\/p>\n Aby mohly v zim\u011b \u0161kolu nav\u0161t\u011bvovat i d\u011bti z nemajetn\u00fdch rodin, pom\u00e1halo se obstar\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm obuvi a \u0161atstva a poskytov\u00e1n\u00edm pol\u00e9vky. V tomto sm\u011bru se anga\u017eovaly r\u016fzn\u00e9 spolky, pen\u011b\u017en\u00ed \u00fastavy, okresn\u00ed p\u00e9\u010de o ml\u00e1de\u017e i u\u010ditel\u00e9 s d\u011btmi, sdru\u017een\u00ed v \u010ceskoslovensk\u00e9m \u010derven\u00e9m k\u0159\u00ed\u017ei. U\u010ditel\u00e9 ch\u00e1pali t\u011b\u017ek\u00fd \u00fad\u011bl \u017e\u00e1k\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed denn\u011b vst\u00e1vali p\u0159ed \u0161estou hodinou, aby v\u010das dorazili do \u0161koly, dom\u016f se vraceli pozd\u011b, stravovali se jen velmi prost\u011b, spali v tmav\u00e9 komo\u0159e nebo dokonce ve chl\u00e9v\u011b (slu\u017eebn\u00e9 d\u011bti). Takov\u00e9 d\u011bti pak ve \u0161kole sp\u00ed\u0161e odpo\u010d\u00edvaly a k v\u00fduce se stav\u011bly jen lhostejn\u011b. Proto se zde projevila snaha o z\u0159izov\u00e1n\u00ed \u0161koln\u00edch intern\u00e1t\u016f, kde by byly d\u011bti \u0159\u00e1dn\u011b \u017eiveny, m\u011bly by zaji\u0161t\u011bny z\u00e1kladn\u00ed hygienick\u00e9 podm\u00ednky i l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9 prohl\u00eddky. Ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b \u0161kol byla m\u00fddla, ru\u010dn\u00edky, kart\u00e1\u010de na \u0161aty a na ruce, um\u00fdv\u00e1rny.<\/p>\n \u0160koly zaji\u0161\u0165ovaly poji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed \u017e\u00e1k\u016f proti \u00farazu. \u0160koln\u00ed povinnost p\u0159inesla d\u011btem, jejich\u017e rodi\u010de se v t\u00e9to v\u011bci na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed \u00fa\u0159ad\u016f podrobili, \u0159adu zm\u011bn v b\u011b\u017en\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b. Vyrovn\u00e1valy se s novou u\u010ditelskou autoritou, kter\u00e1 nemusela v\u017edy souzn\u00edt s rodi\u010dovskou. \u0160kola a dom\u00e1cnost p\u0159edstavovaly dva sv\u011bty, ve kter\u00fdch platila r\u016fzn\u00e1 pravidla, n\u011bkdy ov\u0161em stejn\u00e9 donucovac\u00ed prost\u0159edky. Obl\u00edben\u00e1 z\u00e1sada \u201emetla vyh\u00e1n\u00ed d\u011bti z pekla\u201c m\u011bla sv\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edvr\u017eence mezi rodi\u010di i u\u010diteli, i kdy\u017e mnoz\u00ed reform\u00e1to\u0159i se sna\u017eili ve \u0161kole podobn\u011b jako v arm\u00e1d\u011b, ve slu\u017eb\u011b, v rodin\u011b a jinde t\u011blesn\u00e9 tresty zak\u00e1zat. Tak\u00e9 \u010dasov\u011b se d\u011btsk\u00fd den rozpoltil. Ve \u0161kole, zejm\u00e9na v trivi\u00e1lce, pob\u00fdvali \u017e\u00e1ci pom\u011brn\u011b kr\u00e1tce, zpo\u010d\u00e1tku v\u011bt\u0161inou t\u0159i hodiny dopoledne a jen n\u011bkter\u00e9 dny odpoledne. Tehdy se \u010dasto v\u011bnovali hudebn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edprav\u011b nebo jin\u00fdm, podle dobov\u00fdch p\u0159edstav m\u00e9n\u011b v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016fm jako t\u0159eba po\u010dt\u016fm. V jedn\u00e9 hodin\u011b se tak mohla v\u00fduka d\u011blit r\u016fzn\u011b podle v\u011bku d\u011bt\u00ed a p\u0159edstav kantora.<\/p>\n Doba, kterou str\u00e1vili \u017e\u00e1ci ve \u0161kole, se postupn\u011b prodlu\u017eovala. P\u0159ib\u00fdvalo p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f zejm\u00e9na ve vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch t\u0159\u00edd\u00e1ch. Dokonce ani v dob\u011b star\u00fdch trivi\u00e1lek se v\u0161ak nevracely d\u011bti dom\u016f p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 brzy. Do \u0161koly se doch\u00e1zelo \u010dasto ze vzd\u00e1len\u00fdch obc\u00ed, ve kter\u00fdch vlastn\u00ed \u0161kola chyb\u011bla. Podle p\u0159edpis\u016f byla sice doch\u00e1zkov\u00e1 vzd\u00e1lenost omezen\u00e1, v praxi se ale \u010dasto p\u0159ekra\u010dovala. Hodina p\u011b\u0161\u00ed ch\u016fze za p\u011bkn\u00e9ho po\u010das\u00ed se nav\u00edc v zim\u011b mohla prot\u00e1hnout na dvojn\u00e1sobek.<\/p>\n U\u017e za Marie Terezie upozor\u0148ovali n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed l\u00e9ka\u0159i, \u017ee p\u0159ep\u00ednat d\u011btsk\u00e9 s\u00edly zejm\u00e9na \u010dasn\u00fdm vst\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm, \u0161kod\u00ed zdrav\u00ed. Nedoporu\u010dovali zahajovat v\u00fduku p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm mlad\u0161\u00edch \u017e\u00e1k\u016f p\u0159ed dev\u00e1tou hodinou s t\u00edm, \u017ee po t\u0159ech hodin\u00e1ch se m\u011bla ukon\u010dit. Del\u0161\u00ed souvisl\u00e1 du\u0161evn\u00ed \u010dinnost podle nich \u0161kodila mozku. V hlavn\u00edch \u0161kol\u00e1ch a na gymn\u00e1zi\u00edch p\u0159ipou\u0161t\u011bli, \u017ee lze za\u010d\u00ednat o osm\u00e9 hodin\u011b rann\u00ed, ale na t\u0159\u00edhodinov\u00e9m intervalu trvali. Postupn\u011b se sm\u00ed\u0159ili s del\u0161\u00ed p\u0159est\u00e1vkou a odpoledn\u00edm vyu\u010dov\u00e1n\u00edm. R\u00e1no doch\u00e1zel u\u010ditel s d\u011btmi do kostela na slu\u017eby bo\u017e\u00ed, pokud se nach\u00e1zel svatost\u00e1nek p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 daleko nebo bylo \u0161patn\u00e9 po\u010das\u00ed, konala se rann\u00ed modlitba ve \u0161kole. V ned\u011bli se zejm\u00e9na star\u0161\u00ed \u017e\u00e1ci \u00fa\u010dastnili bohoslu\u017eeb samostatn\u011b, obsah k\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed pak v\u011bt\u0161inou m\u011bli za \u00fakol zpracovat p\u00edsemn\u011b. \u010cas v\u011bnovan\u00fd \u0161kole se prodlu\u017eoval o dal\u0161\u00ed pr\u00e1ce, kter\u00e9 venkovsk\u00e9 d\u011bti vykon\u00e1valy z pov\u011b\u0159en\u00ed u\u010ditele na jeho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed. Ve st\u0159edu nebo ve \u010dtvrtek \u0161kola odpadala podobn\u011b jako o mnoha sv\u00e1tc\u00edch. \u0158\u00edd\u00edc\u00ed u\u010ditel \u010di \u0159editel mohl po dohod\u011b s m\u00edstn\u00edmi \u00fa\u0159ady vyhla\u0161ovat dal\u0161\u00ed dny i t\u00fddny volna v souvislosti s po\u010das\u00edm, poln\u00edmi pracemi nebo t\u0159eba v den sv\u00e9ho sv\u00e1tku.<\/p>\n Zodpov\u011bdnost u\u010ditel\u016f za \u017e\u00e1ky v\u011bt\u0161inou nekon\u010dila s vyu\u010dov\u00e1n\u00edm. K u\u010ditelsk\u00fdm povinnostem pat\u0159ilo dohl\u00ed\u017eet na jejich chov\u00e1n\u00ed i ve voln\u00e9m \u010dase. Podle doby a m\u00edsta nesm\u011bly d\u011bti a ml\u00e1de\u017e nav\u0161t\u011bvovat kav\u00e1rny, nemluv\u011b o pochybn\u00fdch podnic\u00edch \u2013 z\u00e1kazy se vztahovaly mnohde i na divadla, cirkusy a podobn\u00e9 atrakce. N\u011bkter\u00e9 \u0161koly br\u00e1nily sv\u00fdm sv\u011b\u0159enc\u016fm ve sportovn\u00ed \u010dinnosti, \u010dasto se zd\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00edm, \u017ee sport p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed rizika \u00farazu nebo p\u0159isp\u00edv\u00e1 k \u00fapadku mrav\u016f. Ke konci 19. stolet\u00ed a pozd\u011bji se regulace t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se voln\u00e9ho \u010dasu d\u011bt\u00ed a ml\u00e1de\u017ee uk\u00e1zala jako ne\u00fa\u010dinn\u00e1 a \u0161kola se postupn\u011b zbavovala nepopul\u00e1rn\u00edho dohledu.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Zdroj textu:<\/strong> \u017div\u00e1 historie<\/p>\n P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" P\u00edse\u0148 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":286126,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"gallery","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[111],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/03\/ram-o-dochazce.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/262027"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=262027"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/262027\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":286131,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/262027\/revisions\/286131"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/286126"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=262027"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=262027"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=262027"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\nnikdo jim neodol\u00e1:<\/em>
\nJde chlapec vedle maminky<\/em>
\na u\u017e za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 \u0161kola.<\/em>
\nSlabik\u00e1\u0159 vid\u00edm v duchu zas<\/em>
\ns obr\u00e1zky Al\u0161ov\u00fdmi.<\/em>
\nBo\u017ee, bylo tam tolik kr\u00e1s,<\/em>
\nje\u017e d\u00e1vno zapadly mi.<\/em>
\nNesk\u00e1\u010de pes u\u017e p\u0159es oves<\/em>
\njak tenkr\u00e1t v p\u00edsni\u010dce skromn\u00e9,<\/em>
\nv\u011bt\u0159\u00ed\u010dek sice foukal dnes,<\/em>
\nneshodil hru\u0161ti\u010dku pro mne.<\/em>
\nTak jenom napadlo dneska mi,<\/em>
\njak jsem si v kn\u00ed\u017ece t\u00e9 \u010d\u00edtal.<\/em>
\n\u010cas let\u011bl nad t\u011bmi deskami,<\/em>
\nj\u00e1 roky nepo\u010d\u00edtal.<\/em> (Jaroslav Seifert – \u0160el mal\u00ed\u0159 chud\u011b do sv\u011bta)<\/strong><\/p>\nPr\u00e1zdniny utekly jako voda a \u0161kol\u00e1ci z toho v\u011bt\u0161inou radost nemaj\u00ed. Se za\u010d\u00e1tkem \u0161koln\u00edho roku ur\u010dit\u011b mnoz\u00ed vzpom\u00edn\u00e1me na sv\u00e1 \u0161koln\u00ed l\u00e9ta. V\u0161ichni si ur\u010dit\u011b vzpom\u00edn\u00e1te na sv\u016fj prvn\u00ed \u0161koln\u00ed den. Na fotografi\u00edch vid\u00edte, co jste m\u011bli na sob\u011b, vybavujete si, kdo v\u00e1s doprov\u00e1zel a jak\u00fd jste m\u011bli z cel\u00e9ho uv\u00edt\u00e1n\u00ed pocit. Kdyby tak \u0161kol\u00e1ci v\u011bd\u011bli, jak kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 b\u00fdvalo \u0161koln\u00ed volno je\u0161t\u011b po\u010d\u00e1tkem minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed…<\/h6>\n
\n