{"id":261770,"date":"2022-09-01T12:09:17","date_gmt":"2022-09-01T11:09:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=261770"},"modified":"2022-09-01T12:09:17","modified_gmt":"2022-09-01T11:09:17","slug":"z-historie-prvni-slabikare-ucily-abecedu-i-vychovavaly","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=261770","title":{"rendered":"Z HISTORIE: Prvn\u00ed slabik\u00e1\u0159e u\u010dily abecedu i vychov\u00e1valy"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Podoba prvn\u00edch slabik\u00e1\u0159\u016f se v Evrop\u011b ust\u00e1lila v souvislosti s rozvojem knihtisku v 16. stolet\u00ed. S t\u011bmi dne\u0161n\u00edmi maj\u00ed spole\u010dnou \u010d\u00e1st abecedn\u00ed a n\u011bkdy i obr\u00e1zkovou, texty ale byly n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 a m\u011bly \u017e\u00e1ky nejen vzd\u011bl\u00e1vat, ale tak\u00e9 vychov\u00e1vat.<\/h6>\n
\"\"\u010cesk\u00e9 slabik\u00e1\u0159e nav\u00edc obsahovaly mnemotechnickou pom\u016fcku Jana Husa pro v\u00fduku abecedy a psaly se \u0161vabachem. Nejen \u010desk\u00e9 u\u010debn\u00ed pom\u016fcky p\u0159ibli\u017euje Vladislav Knoll ze Slovansk\u00e9ho \u00fastavu Akademie v\u011bd \u010cR.<\/h6>\n

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Slabik\u00e1\u0159 Preces, toti\u017e modlitby a jin\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed po\u010d\u00e1tkov\u00e9 z roku 1541 je pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b nejstar\u0161\u00edm \u010desk\u00fdm slabik\u00e1\u0159em (\u010desko-latinsko-n\u011bmeck\u00fdm).
\nZDROJ: Google Books<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Asi ka\u017ed\u00fd si ze \u0161koly pamatuje v\u011bty typu \u201eEma m\u00e1 m\u00edsu\u201c. Z \u010deho se ale \u017e\u00e1ci u\u010dili d\u0159\u00edve? Od dob, kdy bylo vynalezeno p\u00edsmo, lid\u00e9 vym\u00fd\u0161leli zp\u016fsoby, jak jeho znalost p\u0159edat. Navzdory tomu, \u017ee ji\u017e v antice vznikly \u0161koln\u00ed mluvnice, slovn\u00ed\u010dky a konverzace, dlouho neexistovala speci\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159\u00edru\u010dka, podle n\u00ed\u017e by se \u017e\u00e1ci mohli cvi\u010dit b\u011bhem sv\u00fdch prvn\u00edch krok\u016f ve sv\u011bt\u011b p\u00edsmen. \u201eTuto f\u00e1zi p\u016fvodn\u011b zprost\u0159edkov\u00e1val u\u010ditel, kter\u00fd nech\u00e1val \u017e\u00e1ky u\u010dit se nazpam\u011b\u0165 abecedu ve spr\u00e1vn\u00e9m po\u0159ad\u00ed a pak ji \u010d\u00edst a opisovat, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b u\u010dit se p\u0159e\u010d\u00edst slabiky,\u201c<\/em> vysv\u011btluje d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed u\u010debn\u00ed postupy Vladislav Knoll ze Slovansk\u00e9ho \u00fastavu AV \u010cR.<\/p>\n

Zaj\u00edmavou pom\u016fcku vyu\u017e\u00edvali tak\u00e9 v Anglii \u2013 hornbook vypadal jako prk\u00e9nko na zeleninu, do n\u011bho\u017e byl obvykle zasazen pap\u00edr nebo pergamen s abecedou a textem k prvn\u00ed \u010detb\u011b, n\u011bkdy i se slabikami.<\/p>\n

\u010c\u00edtanka formou n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch text\u016f<\/h6>\n

Prvn\u00edmi \u010dten\u00fdmi texty ve \u0161kol\u00e1ch byla zpo\u010d\u00e1tku r\u016fzn\u00e1 moudra a cit\u00e1ty antick\u00fdch autor\u016f, kter\u00e1 m\u011bla \u017e\u00e1ka z\u00e1rove\u0148 vychov\u00e1vat, v k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 dob\u011b se \u017e\u00e1ci u\u010dili \u010d\u00edst na n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdch textech (nejprve Ot\u010den\u00e1\u0161, Zdr\u00e1vas Maria, pak i t\u0159eba Desatero). Ty se posl\u00e9ze staly pevnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed slabik\u00e1\u0159\u016f, kter\u00e9 se za\u010daly \u0161\u00ed\u0159it s rozvojem knihtisku.<\/p>\n

\u201eU\u010debnice zpravidla za\u010d\u00ednala p\u0159ehledem cel\u00e9 abecedy, po n\u00ed\u017e n\u00e1sledovalo cvi\u010den\u00ed na \u010dten\u00ed slabik slo\u017een\u00fdch ze dvou p\u00edsmen (nap\u0159. ba, be, bi, bo bu), ve v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch slabik\u00e1\u0159\u00edch i ze t\u0159\u00ed (nap\u0159. bla, ble, bli, blo, blu). Pak n\u00e1sledovaly texty pro procvi\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dten\u00ed, kter\u00e9 byly n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 povahy,\u201c<\/em> vysv\u011btluje Vladislav Knoll.<\/p>\n

\u010cesk\u00fd slabik\u00e1\u0159: cha, che, chi, cho, chu i Husova \u0159\u00edkanka<\/h6>\n

Nejstar\u0161\u00edm dochovan\u00fdm \u010desk\u00fdm slabik\u00e1\u0159em je nejsp\u00ed\u0161 hned trojjazy\u010dn\u00fd (\u010desko-latinsko-n\u011bmeck\u00fd) Slabik\u00e1\u0159 Preces, toti\u017e modlitby a jin\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed po\u010d\u00e1tkov\u00e9 vyti\u0161t\u011bn\u00fd v Praze roku 1541. Slou\u017eil i jako jazykov\u00e1 u\u010debnice, nav\u00edc v t\u00e9 dob\u011b se latina a \u010de\u0161tina od sebe li\u0161ily u\u017eit\u00fdm p\u00edsmem \u2013 latina vyu\u017e\u00edvala tzv. antikvu (t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 dne\u0161n\u00ed latinka), \u010desk\u00e9 (a n\u011bmeck\u00e9) texty byly ps\u00e1ny novogotick\u00fdm p\u00edsmem (tzv. \u0161vabachem, pozd\u011bji i frakturou).<\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed \u010deskou specialitou byla Husova Abeceda (uvozen\u00e1 \u201eMistr Jan Hus slo\u017eil\u201c), prvn\u00ed text \u010d\u00edtankov\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti. Mnemotechnick\u00e1 pom\u016fcka za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00ed A bude cel\u00e9 \u010deledi d\u00e1no d\u011bdictv\u00ed\u2026 umo\u017e\u0148ovala lep\u0161\u00ed zapamatov\u00e1n\u00ed po\u0159ad\u00ed p\u00edsmen v \u010desk\u00e9 abeced\u011b. \u010cesk\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st tak\u00e9 obsahuje seznam \u010dten\u00ed p\u00edsmen (tj. a, be, ce, \u010de, de, \u010fe); ve shod\u011b s Husovou abecedou obsahuje p\u00edsmeno ch a\u017e na konci. Drobn\u00e9 pobaven\u00ed snad pro \u201eprv\u0148\u00e1ky\u201c sk\u00fdtala \u0159ada cha, che, chi, ch\u00ed (ps\u00e1no chij), chy, cho, chu.<\/p>\n

V\u00edce ne\u017e pades\u00e1tistr\u00e1nkov\u00e1 u\u010debnice obsahovala i chvalozp\u011bvy na Pannu Marii, seznamy apo\u0161tol\u016f, p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitostn\u00e9 modlitby a hymny (oslavn\u00e9 p\u00edsn\u011b Bohu a Pann\u011b Marii), po\u017eehn\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ed j\u00eddlem i pod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed Bohu po j\u00eddle. Posledn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed slabik\u00e1\u0159e byl tzv. cisioj\u00e1n, mnemotechnick\u00e1 pom\u016fcka k zapamatov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch sv\u00e1tk\u016f c\u00edrkevn\u00edho kalend\u00e1\u0159e. Cisioj\u00e1n lze naj\u00edt krom\u011b star\u00fdch slabik\u00e1\u0159\u016f i na pra\u017esk\u00e9m orloji.<\/p>\n

\u017d\u00e1ci se p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 nem\u011bn\u00ed\u2026<\/h6>\n

Zaj\u00edmav\u00fd vhled do \u0161koln\u00ed praxe nab\u00edzej\u00ed nap\u0159\u00edklad poz\u016fstatky \u201e\u0161koln\u00edch se\u0161it\u016f\u201c (\u0161koln\u00edch z\u00e1pis\u016f na b\u0159ezov\u00e9 k\u016f\u0159e) \u017e\u00e1ka Onfima, kter\u00fd chodil do \u0161koly n\u011bkdy v polovin\u011b 13. stolet\u00ed v Novgorod\u011b (dnes severn\u00ed Rusko). Unik\u00e1tn\u00ed z\u00e1znamy jeho \u0161koln\u00edch pokrok\u016f ukazuj\u00ed, jak se u\u010dil (cyrilskou) abecedu, jak za\u010d\u00ednal ps\u00e1t jednotliv\u00e9 slabiky, jak mu \u0161lo psan\u00ed \u010di opisov\u00e1n\u00ed kr\u00e1tk\u00fdch text\u016f (modliteb i dopis\u016f) \u010di jak u\u010divo dopl\u0148oval o r\u016fzn\u00e9 vtipn\u00e9 mal\u016fvky. \u201eN\u011bkter\u00fdmi, n\u00e1m d\u016fv\u011brn\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00fdmi n\u00e1pisy se p\u0159itom v jeho dob\u011b \u017e\u00e1ci mohli vyru\u0161ovat p\u0159i vyu\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed, nap\u0159. \u201akdo to p\u0159e\u010dte je\u2026\u2018,\u201c<\/em> dod\u00e1v\u00e1 Vladislav Knoll.<\/p>\n

Ilustrace nejen pro princeznu<\/h6>\n

Nejstar\u0161\u00edm dochovan\u00fdm slovansk\u00fdm ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdm slabik\u00e1\u0159em je nejsp\u00ed\u0161 slabik\u00e1\u0159 vydan\u00fd v hlaholici pro Chorvaty roku 1527 v Ben\u00e1tk\u00e1ch. Obsahuje ji\u017e p\u011bkn\u00e9 ilustrace k text\u016fm (modlitby a uk\u00e1zky z Bible), jednu str\u00e1nku pokr\u00fdvaj\u00ed portr\u00e9ty v\u0161ech 12 apo\u0161tol\u016f se stru\u010dn\u00fdm textem.<\/p>\n

Slovinsk\u00fd reform\u00e1tor Primo\u017e Trubar vytiskl roku 1555 nejstar\u0161\u00ed slovansk\u00fd slabik\u00e1\u0159 (slovinsky) psan\u00fd antikvou (t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 sou\u010dasn\u00e1 latinka), ale i nejstar\u0161\u00ed slabik\u00e1\u0159 psan\u00fd cyrilic\u00ed (1561, chorvatsky). Pro dal\u0161\u00ed rozvoj slabik\u00e1\u0159\u016f ve v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evrop\u011b jsou d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 tisky Ivana Fjodorova (emigranta z Moskvy), kter\u00e9 spat\u0159ily sv\u011btlo sv\u011bta ve Lvov\u011b a Ostrohu (dne\u0161n\u00ed Ukrajina) v 70. letech 16. stolet\u00ed. V t\u011bchto rozs\u00e1hl\u00fdch u\u010debnic\u00edch se \u017e\u00e1k mj. nau\u010dil, jak se m\u00e1 chovat ke sv\u00fdm rodi\u010d\u016fm a jak oni k n\u011bmu. V z\u00e1v\u011bru druh\u00e9ho slabik\u00e1\u0159e si mohl p\u0159e\u010d\u00edst staroslov\u011bnsk\u00fd text o vytvo\u0159en\u00ed slovansk\u00e9 abecedy Konstantinem-Cyrilem. Trubar i Fjodorov uv\u00e1d\u011bli mnemotechnick\u00e9 \u0159\u00edkanky pro zapamatov\u00e1n\u00ed abecedy, z nich\u017e se \u017e\u00e1k p\u0159iu\u010dil i teologii.<\/p>\n

Jeden z nejkr\u00e1sn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch (je\u0161t\u011b rukopisn\u00fdch) slabik\u00e1\u0159\u016f s mnoha barevn\u00fdmi a pozlacen\u00fdmi ilustracemi vznikl na za\u010d\u00e1tku 16. stolet\u00ed pro francouzskou princeznu Klaudii. \u201eJe tak n\u00e1dhern\u011b vyveden\u00fd, \u017ee by ho \u010dlov\u011bk \u0161estilet\u00e9mu d\u00edt\u011bti nedal. Je to um\u011bleck\u00e9 d\u00edlo a zachovalo se v perfektn\u00edm stavu. Tak\u017ee je mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee kr\u00e1lov\u0161t\u00ed rodi\u010de uznali, \u017ee n\u011bco tak kr\u00e1sn\u00e9ho sv\u00e9 dce\u0159i do rukou d\u00e1t nem\u016f\u017eou,\u201c<\/em> usm\u00edv\u00e1 se Vladislav Knoll.<\/p>\n

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Text a foto: (tz-av\u010dr)<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u010cesk\u00e1 abeceda podle star\u00e9ho slabik\u00e1\u0159e<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

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Slabik\u00e1\u0159 Preces, toti\u017e modlitby a jin\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed po\u010d\u00e1tkov\u00e9 z roku 1541 je pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b nejstar\u0161\u00edm \u010desk\u00fdm slabik\u00e1\u0159em (\u010desko-latinsko-n\u011bmeck\u00fdm). ZDROJ: Google Books<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

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Wolfgang Fugger: Ein nutzlich und wolgegrundt Formular \u2013 p\u0159\u00edru\u010dka, jak ps\u00e1t r\u016fzn\u00e9 styly p\u00edsem i jak se\u0159ez\u00e1vat brk ZDROJ: Google Books<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

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Hornbook \u2013 prk\u00e9nko na psan\u00ed ZDROJ: Washington, Folger Shakespeare Library, STC 13813.6 (datov\u00e1no 1625). Autor LUNA: Folger Digital Image Collection (CC BY-SA 4.0)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

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Psan\u00fd slabik\u00e1\u0159 pro francouzskou princeznu Klaudii ZDROJ: ILLUMINATED: Manuscripts in the making<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

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