{"id":259394,"date":"2022-07-23T21:39:45","date_gmt":"2022-07-23T20:39:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=259394"},"modified":"2022-07-23T21:39:45","modified_gmt":"2022-07-23T20:39:45","slug":"veda-neni-nuda-cestovatele-ve-staroveku-putovali-podle-prirucek-inspirovat-mohou-i-dnes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=259394","title":{"rendered":"V\u011aDA NEN\u00cd NUDA: Cestovatel\u00e9 ve starov\u011bku putovali podle p\u0159\u00edru\u010dek, inspirovat mohou i dnes"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Cestovn\u00ed pr\u016fvodce znali a vyu\u017e\u00edvali u\u017e lid\u00e9 ve starov\u011bku. Nej\u010dast\u011bji n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00edci a obchodn\u00edci, pro kter\u00e9 vznikl vlastn\u00ed \u017e\u00e1nr cestovn\u00edch p\u0159\u00edru\u010dek \u2013 peripl\u00fas. Obsahoval nejen praktick\u00e9 informace k plavb\u011b, ale n\u011bkdy i zaj\u00edmavosti z r\u016fzn\u00fdch zem\u00ed. Ve star\u00e9m \u0158ecku vznikly tak\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edru\u010dky, kter\u00e9 lze vyu\u017e\u00edt jako pr\u016fvodce po pam\u00e1tk\u00e1ch je\u0161t\u011b dnes.<\/h6>\n

\"\"Starov\u011bk\u00e9 pam\u00e1tky zachovan\u00e9 zejm\u00e9na ve st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fdch (byzantsk\u00fdch) rukopisech popisuje Vladislav Knoll ze Slovansk\u00e9ho \u00fastavu AV \u010cR. Slovansk\u00fd \u00fastav se toti\u017e krom\u011b slavistiky zab\u00fdv\u00e1 i byzantologi\u00ed, naukou o historii a kultu\u0159e Byzantsk\u00e9 (V\u00fdchodo\u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9) \u0159\u00ed\u0161e, kter\u00e1 byla \u0159eckojazy\u010dn\u00e1.<\/p>\n

P\u0159esn\u00e9 \u00fadaje o n\u00e1zvech, poloh\u00e1ch i vzd\u00e1lenostech, reli\u00e9f pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed, klimatick\u00e9 zvl\u00e1\u0161tnosti. Praktick\u00e9 informace, kter\u00e9 na cest\u00e1ch pot\u0159eboval ka\u017ed\u00fd starov\u011bk\u00fd n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00edk \u010di obchodn\u00edk, bylo \u2013 mo\u017en\u00e1 p\u0159ekvapiv\u011b \u2013 jednoduch\u00e9 z\u00edskat. Periply (\u201eobeplut\u00ed\u201c), neboli n\u00e1mo\u0159nick\u00e9 pr\u016fvodce, tvo\u0159ily samostatn\u00fd \u017e\u00e1nr staro\u0159eck\u00e9ho p\u00edsemnictv\u00ed a pokryly velkou \u010d\u00e1st tehdy zn\u00e1m\u00fdch vodn\u00edch cest.<\/p>\n

\u201eDochovaly se texty, kter\u00e9 popisuj\u00ed pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed Evropy a\u017e po \u010cernomo\u0159\u00ed, Asii, severn\u00ed Afriku, Indii, prakticky cel\u00fd sv\u011bt zn\u00e1m\u00fd antick\u00e9mu \u010dlov\u011bku. V\u011bt\u0161ina d\u011bl postupuje v popisu jednotliv\u00fdch oblast\u00ed podle sm\u011bru plavby,\u201c<\/em> \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Vladislav Knoll ze Slovansk\u00e9ho \u00fastavu AV \u010cR. \u201eZem\u011bpisn\u00e9 \u00fadaje doplnili auto\u0159i ryze praktick\u00fdmi \u2013 t\u0159eba kde lze zakotvit, naj\u00edt pitnou vodu, doplnit z\u00e1soby \u010di obchodovat a s \u010d\u00edm.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

Srstnat\u00ed lid\u00e9 i Rybojedi aneb perli\u010dky z cest<\/h6>\n

V\u011bt\u0161ina peripl\u016f se sna\u017e\u00ed b\u00fdt co nejobjektivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, p\u0159esto se v n\u011bkter\u00fdch textech objevuj\u00ed subjektivn\u00ed popisy. Zejm\u00e9na pokud b\u011bhem plavby jejich autor narazil na n\u011bco p\u0159ekvapiv\u00e9ho nebo zaj\u00edmav\u00e9ho.<\/p>\n

\u201eKr\u00e1tk\u00fd peripl\u00fas Hannon\u016fv napsan\u00fd p\u016fvodn\u011b f\u00e9nicky v 5. stolet\u00ed p\u0159. Kr. popisuje cestu pod\u00e9l africk\u00e9ho pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed na jih \u2013 snad a\u017e do Guinejsk\u00e9ho z\u00e1livu, kde autor p\u00ed\u0161e o setk\u00e1n\u00ed se srstnat\u00fdmi lidmi, kter\u00e9 naz\u00fdv\u00e1 \u201eGorillai\u201c. Pr\u00e1v\u011b toto slovo bylo v 19. stolet\u00ed ur\u010deno pro pojmenov\u00e1n\u00ed lidoop\u016f. A nen\u00ed zdaleka s\u00e1m. Setk\u00e1n\u00ed s domorodci popisuje v\u00edce autor\u016f \u2013 v\u010detn\u011b tamn\u00edch zvyk\u016f. Zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 je i l\u00ed\u010den\u00ed zvyk\u016f a p\u016fvodu n\u00e1roda Ichthyofag\u016f (Rybojed\u016f),\u201c<\/em> vypo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1v\u00e1 Vladislav Knoll.<\/p>\n

N\u011bkter\u00e9 periply se zachovaly v podob\u011b p\u0159epis\u016f v jin\u00fdch d\u00edlech, co\u017e je i p\u0159\u00edpad Indik\u00e9, \u201eKnihy o Indii\u201c Arri\u00e1na z Nikom\u00e9die, kter\u00e1 obsahuje p\u0159evypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00fd peripl\u00fas Nearcha, \u201eadmir\u00e1la\u201c Alexandra Velik\u00e9ho. Nearchos popisuje onen podivn\u00fd n\u00e1rod Rybojed\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed m\u011bli podle pov\u011bst\u00ed b\u00fdt lid\u00e9 prom\u011bn\u011bni na ryby a zase zp\u00e1tky. \u017div\u00ed se pouze rybami, dokonce n\u011bkter\u00e9 su\u0161\u00ed, mele na mouku a z t\u00e9 upe\u010de chleba. K \u010demu\u017e autor poznamen\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee jim nic jin\u00e9ho stejn\u011b nezb\u00fdv\u00e1, proto\u017ee je jejich zem\u011b zcela pust\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Pr\u016fvodce po zaj\u00edmavostech \u2013 i na Had\u00edm ostrov\u011b<\/h6>\n

N\u011bkdy periply a dal\u0161\u00ed d\u00edlka popisuj\u00ed tak\u00e9 pam\u011btihodnosti, \u010dasto chr\u00e1my, v nich\u017e cestovatel mohl vzd\u00e1t sl\u00e1vu n\u011bkter\u00e9mu z boh\u016f. Jeden z nejdel\u0161\u00edch popis\u016f v cestovn\u00ed zpr\u00e1v\u011b o obeplut\u00ed \u010cern\u00e9ho mo\u0159e z 2. stolet\u00ed (tak\u00e9 od Arri\u00e1na z Nikom\u00e9die) si vyslou\u017eil Achille\u016fv chr\u00e1m na ostrov\u011b Leuk\u00e9 neboli\u201eB\u00edl\u00e9m ostrov\u011b\u201c \u2013 dnes naz\u00fdvan\u00e9m Had\u00ed \u010di Zmijinyj ostrov u b\u0159eh\u016f Ukrajiny, kter\u00fd se stal jist\u00fdm symbolem sou\u010dasn\u00e9 v\u00e1lky a state\u010dnosti ukrajinsk\u00fdch obr\u00e1nc\u016f.<\/p>\n

Krom\u011b peripl\u016f se prosadila i dal\u0161\u00ed pr\u016fvodcovsk\u00e1 d\u00edla \u2013 peri\u00e9g\u00e9se, kter\u00e1 nepopisuj\u00ed jen pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed, ale zavedou \u010dten\u00e1\u0159e i do vnitrozem\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\u201ePeri\u00e9g\u00e9se jsou takov\u00e9 zem\u011bpisn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edru\u010dky, kter\u00e9 pou\u010duj\u00ed \u010dten\u00e1\u0159e o tom, jak\u00e9 zem\u011b, n\u00e1rody a m\u011bsta na sv\u011bt\u011b existuj\u00ed. Slou\u017e\u00ed i k pobaven\u00ed, proto obsahuj\u00ed v\u00edce zaj\u00edmavost\u00ed i nar\u00e1\u017eky na mytologii,\u201c<\/em> vysv\u011btluje Vladislav Knoll.<\/p>\n

Jeden z nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch text\u016f sepsal ve 2. stolet\u00ed n. l. Dion\u00fdsius Peri\u00e9g\u00e9t\u00e9s. Odkazuje nejen na mytologii, ale zmi\u0148uje i zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed \u00fakazy, popisuje nap\u0159\u00edklad \u201eohe\u0148 planouc\u00ed na nebi\u201c (pol\u00e1rn\u00ed z\u00e1\u0159e) a pol\u00e1rn\u00ed den v oblasti ostrova Th\u00fal\u00e9 kdesi na nejzaz\u0161\u00edm severu, nebo podivn\u00e9 tvory, jako t\u0159eba mo\u0159sk\u00e9 obludy \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed kolem ostrova Taproban\u00e9 (dne\u0161n\u00ed Sr\u00ed Lanka), jim\u017e ze zad tr\u010d\u00ed dlouh\u00e9 trny a kter\u00e9 jsou schopny pohltit celou lo\u010f i s pos\u00e1dkou. Zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 je, \u017ee tento spis, snad i d\u00edky sv\u00e9 ver\u0161ovan\u00e9 podob\u011b, dlouho slou\u017eil i jako \u0161koln\u00ed u\u010debnice zem\u011bpisu.<\/p>\n

P\u0159en\u00e9st se dva tis\u00edce let zp\u011bt do Ath\u00e9n i \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky<\/h6>\n

\u201eN\u011bkter\u00e9 starov\u011bk\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edru\u010dky lze vyu\u017e\u00edt jako pr\u016fvodce po pam\u00e1tk\u00e1ch, nap\u0159. Paus\u00e1niova pr\u016fvodce \u0158eckem a Strab\u00f3n\u016fv Zem\u011bpis,\u201c<\/em> \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Vladislav Knoll. Paus\u00e1niova Cesta po \u0158ecku (pod t\u00edmto n\u00e1zvem d\u00edlo vy\u0161lo v letech 1973 a 1974 \u010desky) je pr\u016fvodcem v dne\u0161n\u00edm smyslu slova. Jedn\u00e1 se o podrobnou p\u0159\u00edru\u010dku o pam\u00e1tk\u00e1ch a um\u011bleck\u00fdch d\u00edlech se\u0159azenou podle \u0159eck\u00fdch region\u016f s kulturn\u011b-historick\u00fdm kontextem. Pokud tedy lid\u00e9 vyraz\u00ed na dovolenou do Ath\u00e9n a postav\u00ed se p\u0159ed ruiny \u201ezdoben\u00e9ho sloupo\u0159ad\u00ed\u201c (stoa poikil\u00e9, odtud slovo stoik), p\u0159es n\u011b\u017e se dnes necitliv\u011b proh\u00e1n\u011bj\u00ed vozy modern\u00ed p\u0159\u00edm\u011bstsk\u00e9 dr\u00e1hy, nejlep\u0161\u00ed volbou je zalistovat pr\u00e1v\u011b v Paus\u00e1niov\u011b pr\u016fvodci. \u201eDozv\u00edte se v n\u011bm, jak toto m\u00edsto vypadalo t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 p\u0159ed dv\u011bma tis\u00edci lety, a budete moci aspo\u0148 v duchu obdivovat jednotliv\u00e9 skvostn\u00e9 malby zn\u00e1zor\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed ath\u00e9nskou mytologii a historii,\u201c<\/em> popisuje Vladislav Knoll.<\/p>\n

\u010c\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b podobn\u011b m\u016f\u017ee fungovat i monument\u00e1ln\u00ed Strab\u00f3n\u016fv Zem\u011bpis z po\u010d\u00e1tku na\u0161eho letopo\u010dtu, kter\u00fd popisoval ve\u0161ker\u00fd tehdy zn\u00e1m\u00fd sv\u011bt. P\u0159i l\u00ed\u010den\u00ed zem\u00ed, kter\u00e9 autor znal, vypr\u00e1v\u011bl i o m\u00edstn\u00ed historii, zvyc\u00edch, pam\u00e1tk\u00e1ch a \u201eatrakc\u00edch\u201c. V okol\u00ed \u0158\u00edma m\u016f\u017eou sou\u010dasn\u00ed cestovatele zkusit se doptat, jestli tam je\u0161t\u011b ukazuj\u00ed zaru\u010den\u011b prav\u00fd Odysse\u016fv poh\u00e1r. Anebo si po\u010d\u00edst o zemi B\u00faiaimon na \u00fazem\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00ed \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky a o osudu jej\u00edho kr\u00e1le Maroboda, Strab\u00f3nova sou\u010dasn\u00edka.<\/p>\n

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Text a foto: (tz-av\u010dr)<\/strong><\/p>\n

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