{"id":258848,"date":"2022-07-18T20:47:44","date_gmt":"2022-07-18T19:47:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=258848"},"modified":"2022-07-18T20:51:32","modified_gmt":"2022-07-18T19:51:32","slug":"veda-neni-nuda-pudni-houby-pomahaji-rostlinam-prijimat-fosfor-symbiozu-ale-nici-pesticidy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=258848","title":{"rendered":"V\u011aDA NEN\u00cd NUDA: V\u00fdzkum. P\u016fdn\u00ed houby pom\u00e1haj\u00ed rostlin\u00e1m p\u0159ij\u00edmat fosfor, symbi\u00f3zu ale ni\u010d\u00ed pesticidy"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Ko\u0159eny jetele obarven\u00e9 trypanovou mod\u0159\u00ed, kter\u00e1 zviditel\u0148uje jinak bezbarv\u00e9 struktury arbuskul\u00e1rn\u00edch mykorhizn\u00edch hub. Velk\u00e9 modr\u00e9 objekty jsou vesikly \u2013 ztlu\u0161t\u011bl\u00e9 hyfy uvnit\u0159 ko\u0159en\u016f pln\u00e9 z\u00e1sobn\u00edch lipid\u016f, kter\u00e9 mohou zabezpe\u010dit dlouhodob\u00e9 p\u0159e\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011bchto hub v ekosyst\u00e9mu.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

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Velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed pesticid\u016f v zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 produkci m\u016f\u017ee negativn\u011b ovlivnit pouh\u00fdm okem neviditeln\u00e9 mykorhizn\u00ed houby, a t\u00edm v\u0161udyp\u0159\u00edtomnou spolupr\u00e1ci mezi rostlinami a p\u016fdn\u00edmi mikroorganismy. Nazna\u010duj\u00ed to v\u00fdsledky unik\u00e1tn\u00edho ob\u0159\u00edho v\u00fdzkumu v\u00edce ne\u017e 200 p\u016fdn\u00edch ploch od \u0160pan\u011blska po \u0160v\u00e9dsko. Mezi experty, kte\u0159\u00ed zkoumali, jak mykorhizn\u00ed houby ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed transport fosforu z p\u016fdy do rostlin, nechyb\u011bli v\u011bdci z Mikrobiologick\u00e9ho \u00fastavu Akademie v\u011bd \u010cR.<\/h6>\n

\"\"Doprov\u00e1zely rostliny u\u017e p\u0159ed 500 miliony let na jejich cest\u011b z vodn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed na sou\u0161. Arbuskul\u00e1rn\u00ed mykorhizn\u00ed houby i dnes vstupuj\u00ed do sou\u017eit\u00ed s v\u00edce ne\u017e 70 % v\u0161ech rostlinn\u00fdch druh\u016f na planet\u011b, v\u010detn\u011b velk\u00e9 v\u011bt\u0161iny zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch plodin a p\u00edcnin. Kolonizuj\u00ed ko\u0159eny rostlin a z\u00e1rove\u0148 okoln\u00ed p\u016fdu, a tak p\u0159\u00edmo propojuj\u00ed tato dv\u011b prost\u0159ed\u00ed a nahrazuj\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00e9 ko\u0159enov\u00e9 funkce, jako je nap\u0159. p\u0159\u00edjem miner\u00e1ln\u00edch \u017eivin. Jde p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm o m\u00e1lo rozpustn\u00e9 prvky, z nich\u017e je nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed fosfor.<\/p>\n

\u201eI p\u0159esto, \u017ee se v posledn\u00ed dob\u011b dozv\u00edd\u00e1me z\u00e1sadn\u00ed informace o v\u00fdskytu r\u016fzn\u00fdch mykorhizn\u00edch hub na r\u016fzn\u00fdch kontinentech a v nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch ekosyst\u00e9mech, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm d\u00edky st\u00e1le dokonalej\u0161\u00edm a levn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm sekvena\u010dn\u00edm technologi\u00edm, tyto informace nejdou ruku v ruce s mnohem pomalej\u0161\u00edm porozum\u011bn\u00edm tomu, jak tyto houby ve ,sv\u00fdch\u00b4 ekosyst\u00e9mech vlastn\u011b funguj\u00ed,\u201c<\/em> \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Jan Jansa z Mikrobiologick\u00e9ho \u00fastavu AV \u010cR.<\/p>\n

Fungov\u00e1n\u00ed symbi\u00f3zy mykorhizn\u00edch hub s ko\u0159eny vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch rostlin ur\u010duje cel\u00e1 \u0159ada navz\u00e1jem se ovliv\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edch faktor\u016f, jako jsou vlastnosti p\u016fdy, klimatick\u00e9 podm\u00ednky \u010di zp\u016fsoby zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9ho hospoda\u0159en\u00ed. Aby bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 z\u00edskat d\u016fv\u011bryhodn\u00e1 data, musej\u00ed se d\u011blat manipulativn\u00ed pokusy a pou\u017e\u00edvat izotopov\u00e9 metody, velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed p\u016fdn\u00edch vzork\u016f i dopl\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed informace o vlastnostech a historii obhospoda\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u016fdy.<\/p>\n

Ob\u0159\u00ed v\u00fdzkum nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d Evropou<\/h6>\n

R\u016fzn\u00e9 houby se ve sv\u00fdch funkc\u00edch li\u0161\u00ed, co\u017e prok\u00e1zaly p\u0159edchoz\u00ed zna\u010dn\u011b zjednodu\u0161en\u00e9 laboratorn\u00ed studie. V\u011bdci si te\u010f vyty\u010dili za c\u00edl ur\u010dit, jak u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 jsou p\u0159irozen\u011b se vyskytuj\u00edc\u00ed mykorhizn\u00ed houby sv\u00fdm hostitelsk\u00fdm rostlin\u00e1m v r\u016fzn\u00fdch poln\u00edch p\u016fd\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

V pr\u00e1v\u011b publikovan\u00e9m v\u00fdzkumu experti studovali v\u00edce ne\u017e 200 p\u016fdn\u00edch ploch, z nich\u017e ka\u017ed\u00e1 reprezentovala jeden zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fd ekosyst\u00e9m na celoevropsk\u00e9m transektu od \u0160pan\u011blska po \u0160v\u00e9dsko v celkov\u00e9 d\u00e9lce asi 3000 km. V\u0161echny p\u016fdy byly podrobeny standardizovan\u00e9mu biotestu pro stanoven\u00ed efektivity mykorhizn\u00edho p\u0159\u00edjmu fosforu rostlinou.<\/p>\n

Kysel\u00e1 p\u016fda a pesticidy ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edjem fosforu<\/h6>\n

V\u00fdsledky uk\u00e1zaly, \u017ee mykorhizn\u00ed houby odebran\u00e9 z lu\u010dn\u00edch ekosyst\u00e9m\u016f poskytovaly fosfor rostlin\u011b efektivn\u011bji ne\u017e ty, je\u017e byly odebran\u00e9 z pol\u00ed. Celkem p\u0159ekvapiv\u00e9 bylo, \u017ee nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed faktory prost\u0159ed\u00ed, kter\u00e9 ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed fungov\u00e1n\u00ed mykorhizn\u00ed symbi\u00f3zy, byly ale rozd\u00edln\u00e9 u lu\u010dn\u00edch a poln\u00edch ekosyst\u00e9m\u016f. Zat\u00edmco v lu\u010dn\u00edch ekosyst\u00e9mech dominovala p\u016fdn\u00ed kyselost (\u010d\u00edm z\u00e1sadit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, t\u00edm efektivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed mykorhizn\u00ed p\u0159enos fosforu z p\u016fdy do rostlin), u poln\u00edch ekosyst\u00e9m\u016f p\u0159evl\u00e1dala frekvence aplikace pesticid\u016f (\u010d\u00edm bylo pesticid\u016f v\u00edce, t\u00edm men\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdznam m\u011bla mykorhizn\u00ed symbi\u00f3za na p\u0159\u00edjem fosforu rostlinou).<\/p>\n

\u201eNa\u0161e v\u00fdsledky tud\u00ed\u017e napov\u00eddaj\u00ed, \u017ee vysok\u00e1 frekvence aplikace pesticid\u016f v zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 produkci m\u016f\u017ee v\u00fdznamn\u011b a negativn\u011b ovlivnit v\u0161udyp\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9, i kdy\u017e pouh\u00fdm okem neviditeln\u00e9 biologick\u00e9 spolupr\u00e1ce mezi rostlinami a mikroorganismy pod povrchem p\u016fdy,\u201c<\/em> vysv\u011btluje Jan Jansa. \u201eTakov\u00e9 spolupr\u00e1ce se ustanovily v pr\u016fb\u011bhu milion\u016f let evoluce a dodnes hraj\u00ed neocenitelnou, a \u010dasto nedocen\u011bnou, \u00falohu v miner\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fd\u017eiv\u011b v\u011bt\u0161iny rostlin.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

Pln\u00fd potenci\u00e1l symbi\u00f3zy mykorhizn\u00edch hub a rostlin zat\u00edm nebyl v dne\u0161n\u00edch zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00fdch ekosyst\u00e9mech s vysokou produktivitou vyu\u017eit. Lidem se ho naopak poda\u0159ilo, sice nev\u011bdomky, ji\u017e do ur\u010dit\u00e9 m\u00edry po\u0161kodit.<\/p>\n

Tato skute\u010dnost m\u016f\u017ee je\u0161t\u011b sehr\u00e1t v\u00fdznamnou roli v budoucnu. Neobnoviteln\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed zdroje, jako je zemn\u00ed plyn nebo fosf\u00e1tov\u00e1 ruda, jsou technologicky naprosto nenahraditeln\u00e9 pro sou\u010dasn\u00fd zp\u016fsob v\u00fdroby potravin. Jejich dostupnost i cena mohou zem\u011bd\u011blskou produkci ve velmi dohledn\u00e9 dob\u011b limitovat. A mo\u017en\u00e1 potom bude nezbytn\u00e9 vr\u00e1tit se ke ko\u0159en\u016fm a jejich spole\u010dn\u00edk\u016fm, d\u00edky jejich\u017e spolupr\u00e1ci fungovaly p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed ekosyst\u00e9my ji\u017e d\u00e1vno p\u0159edt\u00edm, ne\u017e je \u010dlov\u011bk za\u010dal vyu\u017e\u00edvat s\u00e1m pro sebe.<\/p>\n

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Text a foto: (tz-av\u010dr)<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\"\"
Intenzivn\u011b v\u011btven\u00e1 struktura mykorhizn\u00edch hyf uvnit\u0159 \u017eiv\u00e9 ko\u0159enov\u00e9 bu\u0148ky umo\u017e\u0148uje velk\u00fd kontaktn\u00ed povrch mezi houbou a rostlinou, kter\u00fd je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd pro v\u00fdm\u011bnu \u017eivin mezi symbiotick\u00fdmi partnery. Podle t\u00e9to houbov\u00e9 struktury p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00ed mal\u00fd strome\u010dek (latinsky \u201earbusculum\u201c) se jmenuje cel\u00e1 skupina hub.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\n

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 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

  Velk\u00e9 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":258849,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"gallery","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/13\/p\u016fdn\u00ed-houby-1.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/258848"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=258848"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/258848\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":259320,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/258848\/revisions\/259320"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/258849"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=258848"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=258848"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=258848"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}