{"id":258253,"date":"2022-07-08T17:40:32","date_gmt":"2022-07-08T16:40:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=258253"},"modified":"2022-07-08T17:40:32","modified_gmt":"2022-07-08T16:40:32","slug":"veda-neni-nuda-kriticky-ohrozene-sycky-pomaha-ochranit-hlasovy-monitoring","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=258253","title":{"rendered":"V\u011aDA NEN\u00cd NUDA: Kriticky ohro\u017een\u00e9 s\u00fd\u010dky pom\u00e1h\u00e1 ochr\u00e1nit hlasov\u00fd monitoring"},"content":{"rendered":"
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S\u00fd\u010dek se \u017eiv\u00ed drobn\u00fdmi obratlovci a v\u011bt\u0161\u00edmi bezobratl\u00fdmi \u017eivo\u010dichy, kter\u00e9 lov\u00ed vyhl\u00ed\u017een\u00edm z posedu<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

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Hlas je pro s\u00fd\u010dky obecn\u00e9, stejn\u011b jako dal\u0161\u00ed sovy, jeden ze z\u00e1kladn\u00edch zp\u016fsob\u016f komunikace. Teritori\u00e1ln\u00ed houk\u00e1n\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00e9ho s\u00fd\u010dka m\u00e1 z\u00e1rove\u0148 svoji charakteristickou melodii, d\u00edky kter\u00e9 dok\u00e1\u017ee tato sova rozeznat sv\u00e9 zn\u00e1m\u00e9 sousedy od potuln\u00fdch samc\u016f \u2013 p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00fdch sok\u016f.<\/h6>\n

\"\"Hlasovou variabilitou s\u00fd\u010dka se zab\u00fdvaj\u00ed ornitologov\u00e9 z \u00dastavu biologie obratlovc\u016f AV \u010cR (\u00daBO AV \u010cR), \u010cesk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti ornitologick\u00e9 (\u010cSO) a P\u0159\u00edrodov\u011bdeck\u00e9 fakulty Jiho\u010desk\u00e9 univerzity v \u010cesk\u00fdch Bud\u011bjovic\u00edch (P\u0159F JU). Pomoc\u00ed akustick\u00e9ho monitoringu z\u00edsk\u00e1vaj\u00ed cenn\u00e9 z\u00e1znamy o p\u0159e\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed jedinc\u016f a celkov\u00e9m v\u00fdvoji populace s\u00fd\u010dka v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice. Houk\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00fd\u010dk\u016f tak p\u0159edstavuje d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd zdroj informac\u00ed pro management t\u00e9to ohro\u017een\u00e9 sovy.<\/p>\n

Pro \u00fa\u010dinnou ochranu ohro\u017een\u00fdch druh\u016f je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 zn\u00e1t, jak se vyv\u00edj\u00ed jejich populace. Akustick\u00fd monitoring p\u0159edstavuje neinvazn\u00ed alternativu, vedle jin\u00fdch pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch metod, k identifikaci pt\u00e1k\u016f, a zd\u00e1 se b\u00fdt i vhodnou metodou pr\u00e1v\u011b pro monitoring s\u00fd\u010dk\u016f. \u201eJi\u017e \u0159adu let p\u0159i ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u00edm monitoringu zaznamen\u00e1v\u00e1me hlasov\u00e9 odpov\u011bdi samc\u016f. Nahr\u00e1vky n\u00e1sledn\u011b analyzujeme a zpracov\u00e1v\u00e1me do tzv. schematick\u00fdch spektrogram\u016f, ze kter\u00fdch vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00edme katalog hlas\u016f na\u0161ich s\u00fd\u010dk\u016f. D\u00edky tomuto p\u0159ehledu m\u016f\u017eeme snadno a rychle vizu\u00e1ln\u011b porovn\u00e1vat hlasy z\u00edskan\u00e9 z ur\u010dit\u00e9 lokality v pr\u016fb\u011bhu n\u011bkolika let a zjistit, zda je oblast os\u00eddlena st\u00e1le stejn\u00fdm samcem, nebo zda do\u0161lo k obm\u011bn\u011b \u201emajitele\u201c teritoria,<\/em>\u201c \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Martin \u0160\u00e1lek, koordin\u00e1tor ochrany s\u00fd\u010dk\u016f z \u00daBO AV \u010cR a \u010cSO.<\/p>\n

Mezi l\u00e9ty 2020 a\u017e 2022 ornitologov\u00e9 uskute\u010dnili s\u00e9rie odchyt\u016f a zp\u011btn\u00fdch odchyt\u016f samc\u016f na vybran\u00fdch lokalit\u00e1ch. Krou\u017ekov\u00e1n\u00ed, v kombinaci se zp\u011btn\u00fdch odchytem, je jedn\u00edm z nejspolehliv\u011bj\u0161\u00edch zp\u016fsob\u016f, jak ov\u011b\u0159it identitu samce. \u201eD\u00edky zp\u011btn\u00fdm odchyt\u016fm jsme schopni porovnat i hlasov\u00e9 z\u00e1znamy s v\u00fdsledky p\u0159ede\u0161l\u00fdch odchyt\u016f a ur\u010dit spolehlivost identifikace samc\u016f jen na z\u00e1klad\u011b jejich hlasu. Pokud jsou v\u00fdsledky p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9, je mo\u017en\u00e9 nahradit invazivn\u00ed odchyty neinvazivn\u00edm nahr\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm a usnadnit tak sb\u011br d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdch dat o p\u0159e\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed, p\u0159esunech a z\u00e1rove\u0148 minimalizovat stres pt\u00e1k\u016f p\u0159i odchytech,\u201c<\/em> popisuje \u0160\u00e1lek.<\/p>\n

S\u00fd\u010dek je tak\u00e9 jedn\u00edm z modelov\u00fdch druh\u016f projektu, kter\u00fd se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 z\u00e1konitostmi vzniku a fungov\u00e1n\u00edm hlasov\u00e9 identity u pt\u00e1k\u016f. To, \u017ee jsou hlasy jedinc\u016f od sebe rozpoznateln\u00e9 a charakteristick\u00e9 toti\u017e zdaleka neplat\u00ed u v\u0161ech \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f a za v\u0161ech situac\u00ed. \u201eNav\u0161t\u00edvili jsme dv\u011b v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 lokality s\u00fd\u010dka v Nizozemsku a Ma\u010farsku, kde se t\u00e9to sov\u011b velice da\u0159\u00ed a \u017eije zde ve vysok\u00fdch hn\u00edzdn\u00edch hustot\u00e1ch. \u010clov\u011bk zde m\u016f\u017ee b\u011b\u017en\u011b zaslechnout n\u011bkolik volaj\u00edc\u00edch samc\u016f najednou a pt\u00e1ci od sebe \u010dasto hn\u00edzd\u00ed i jen n\u011bkolik m\u00e1lo des\u00edtek metr\u016f,\u201c<\/em> \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Pavel Linhart, hlavn\u00ed \u0159e\u0161itel projektu z P\u0159F JU.<\/p>\n

\u201eV takov\u00e9 situaci v\u0161ak m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt pro pt\u00e1ky obt\u00ed\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed spr\u00e1vn\u011b rozeznat sv\u00e9 sousedy. Proto jsme na obou lokalit\u00e1ch po\u0159\u00eddili nahr\u00e1vky a genetick\u00e9 vzorky houkaj\u00edc\u00edch samc\u016f, kter\u00e9 chceme porovnat se z\u00e1znamy z\u00edskan\u00fdmi v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice. Zaj\u00edm\u00e1 n\u00e1s, zda maj\u00ed s\u00fd\u010dci hlas ve vysok\u00fdch hn\u00edzdn\u00edch hustot\u00e1ch rozpoznateln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a proces individu\u00e1ln\u00edho rozpozn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed t\u00edm ostatn\u00edm jedinc\u016fm sv\u00e9ho druhu usnad\u0148uj\u00ed,\u201c<\/em> dod\u00e1v\u00e1 Linhart.<\/p>\n

Od roku 2021 prob\u00edh\u00e1 tak\u00e9 dlouhodob\u00e9 nahr\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00fd\u010dk\u016f na vybran\u00fdch hn\u00edzdi\u0161t\u00edch. \u201eNahr\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed prob\u00edh\u00e1 po cel\u00fd rok, abychom z\u00edskali p\u0159ehled o zm\u011bn\u00e1ch v hlasov\u00fdch projevech s\u00fd\u010dka v konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm \u010dasov\u00e9m obdob\u00ed. Touto pilotn\u00ed studi\u00ed chceme pootev\u0159\u00edt dve\u0159e k \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed cel\u00e9 \u0159ady dal\u0161\u00edch zaj\u00edmav\u00fdch ot\u00e1zek ohledn\u011b s\u00fd\u010dka. Zaj\u00edm\u00e1 n\u00e1s, co n\u00e1m hlasy mohou prozradit o pr\u016fb\u011bhu hn\u00edzd\u011bn\u00ed nebo jak a kdy mlad\u00ed samci tr\u00e9nuj\u00ed sv\u016fj teritori\u00e1ln\u00ed hlas,\u201c<\/em> komentuje magistersk\u00e1 studentka P\u0159F JU Lucie Horn\u00e1tov\u00e1, kter\u00e1 se anal\u00fdzou dlouhodob\u00fdch nahr\u00e1vek zab\u00fdv\u00e1 ve sv\u00e9 diplomov\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci. \u201ePrvn\u00ed v\u00fdsledky jsou p\u0159ekvapiv\u00e9 u\u017e te\u010f. Poda\u0159ilo se n\u00e1m analyzovat hlasov\u00fd projev jednolet\u00e9ho same\u010dka a uk\u00e1zalo se, \u017ee jeho hlasov\u00fd projev nebyl oproti star\u0161\u00edm jedinc\u016fm tak ust\u00e1len\u00fd. V neposledn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b n\u00e1m tyto nahr\u00e1vky slou\u017e\u00ed k testov\u00e1n\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch zp\u016fsob\u016f automatick\u00e9 detekce hlas\u016f s\u00fd\u010dka v dlouhodob\u00fdch audioz\u00e1znamech,\u201c<\/em> dopl\u0148uje Horn\u00e1tov\u00e1.<\/p>\n

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  • S\u00fd\u010dek obecn\u00fd (Athene noctua) je mal\u00e1 sova velikosti hrdli\u010dky. Shora je hn\u011bdo\u0161ed\u00fd s velk\u00fdmi sv\u011btl\u00fdmi skvrnami. Charakteristick\u00e1 je pro n\u011bj tak\u00e9 velk\u00e1 hlava se \u0161iroko od sebe posazen\u00fdma \u017elut\u00fdma o\u010dima. Jeho p\u0159\u00edtomnost prozrazuje pro n\u011bj typick\u00e9 houk\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se d\u00e1 p\u0159epsat jako \u201ep\u016fj\u010f\u201c. Vyskytuje se v (polo)otev\u0159en\u00fdch biotopech, v z\u00e1padn\u00ed a st\u0159edn\u00ed Evrop\u011b je to p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e1 krajina. V \u010cesk\u00e9 republice je v\u00e1z\u00e1n prakticky v\u00fdhradn\u011b na hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 budovy, kter\u00e9 mu poskytuj\u00ed m\u00edsta vhodn\u00e1 pro hn\u00edzd\u011bn\u00ed a z\u00e1rove\u0148 jsou nedaleko od pastvin, kde lov\u00ed potravu \u2013 drobn\u00e9 obratlovce a tak\u00e9 v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed bezobratl\u00e9 \u017eivo\u010dichy, kter\u00e9 lov\u00ed vyhl\u00ed\u017een\u00edm z posedu. Ztr\u00e1ta lovi\u0161\u0165 a t\u00edm i nedostatek potravy s\u00fd\u010dky ovliv\u0148uje hlavn\u011b v hn\u00edzdn\u00ed dob\u011b, kdy mus\u00ed krmit mlad\u00e9. To se pak projevuje men\u0161\u00edm po\u010dtem vyveden\u00fdch ml\u00e1\u010fat. P\u016fvodn\u00ed dutiny ve stromech u\u017e v \u010cesku k hn\u00edzd\u011bn\u00ed prakticky nevyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1. S\u00fd\u010dek u n\u00e1s vytvo\u0159il i n\u011bkolik m\u011bstsk\u00fdch populac\u00ed, nap\u0159\u00edklad v Teplic\u00edch a \u00dast\u00ed nad Labem. Je st\u00e1l\u00fd, v\u011brn\u00fd sv\u00e9mu hn\u00edzdi\u0161ti a m\u00e1 relativn\u011b mal\u00e9 domovsk\u00e9 okrsky. Je\u0161t\u011b na za\u010d\u00e1tku 20. stolet\u00ed b\u00fdval s\u00fd\u010dek na\u0161\u00ed nejroz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sovou, nyn\u00ed je na pokraji vyhynut\u00ed. Za posledn\u00edch 20 let se jeho po\u010det sn\u00ed\u017eil o 94 % na zhruba 100 p\u00e1r\u016f. Proto byl pro s\u00fd\u010dka obecn\u00e9ho vyhl\u00e1\u0161en z\u00e1chrann\u00fd program. Jeho c\u00edlem je stabilizovat \u017eivotaschopnou, rozmno\u017euj\u00edc\u00ed se a plo\u0161n\u011b roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159enou populaci s\u00fd\u010dka obecn\u00e9ho s pozitivn\u00ed v\u00fdvojovou perspektivou, kter\u00e1 bude m\u00edt po\u010detnost minim\u00e1ln\u011b 1 000 p\u00e1r\u016f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
    \n

    (tz-av\u010dr)<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Foto: Ji\u0159\u00ed HORNEK<\/strong><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    \"\"
    Dnes u n\u00e1s \u017eije asi posledn\u00ed stovka p\u00e1r\u016f s\u00fd\u010dk\u016f obecn\u00fdch. Je\u0161t\u011b na za\u010d\u00e1tku 20. stolet\u00ed to byly odhadem des\u00edtky tis\u00edc p\u00e1r\u016f<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

     <\/p>\n

    \"\"
    S\u00fd\u010dek obecn\u00fd, d\u0159\u00edve pt\u00e1k zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 krajiny, vytvo\u0159il v \u010cesku i n\u011bkolik m\u011bstsk\u00fdch populac\u00ed<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
    \n

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     <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Hlas <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":258255,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"gallery","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/04\/s\u00fd\u010dek.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/258253"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=258253"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/258253\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":258258,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/258253\/revisions\/258258"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/258255"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=258253"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=258253"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=258253"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}