{"id":258246,"date":"2022-07-05T17:01:21","date_gmt":"2022-07-05T16:01:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=258246"},"modified":"2022-07-05T17:01:21","modified_gmt":"2022-07-05T16:01:21","slug":"veda-neni-nuda-ceske-stredoveke-mece-pomahaji-pochopit-historii-evropy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=258246","title":{"rendered":"V\u011aDA NEN\u00cd NUDA: \u010cesk\u00e9 st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 me\u010de pom\u00e1haj\u00ed pochopit historii Evropy"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Me\u010de se ve st\u0159edov\u011bku vyu\u017e\u00edvaly nejen k praktick\u00fdm \u00fa\u010del\u016fm, ale vyjad\u0159ovaly i d\u016fle\u017eitou symboliku. P\u0159esto se toho o nich v\u00ed pom\u011brn\u011b m\u00e1lo na to, jak velk\u00fd informa\u010dn\u00ed potenci\u00e1l skr\u00fdvaj\u00ed. T\u00e9matu se chopili v\u011bdci z obou Archeologick\u00fdch \u00fastav\u016f AV \u010cR a N\u00e1rodn\u00edho muzea a vypracovali soupis me\u010d\u016f, kter\u00fd je sv\u00fdm rozsahem, zevrubnou dokumentac\u00ed i mezioborov\u00fdm zpracov\u00e1n\u00edm v evropsk\u00e9m kontextu zcela unik\u00e1tn\u00ed. V\u011bdce p\u0159ekvapilo mimo jin\u00e9 zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, \u017ee k nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm zm\u011bn\u00e1m v technologii v\u00fdroby st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fdch evropsk\u00fdch me\u010d\u016f do\u0161lo v karol\u00ednsk\u00e9m obdob\u00ed a v pr\u016fb\u011bhu 11. stolet\u00ed.<\/h6>\n

\"\"Me\u010d\u00ed\u0159sk\u00e9 \u0159emeslo ve st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 Evrop\u011b pro\u0161lo nejm\u00e9n\u011b dv\u011bma vlnami velk\u00fdch zm\u011bn, kter\u00e9 m\u011bly z\u00e1sadn\u00ed vliv na jejich kvalitu. Nejprve se b\u011bhem druh\u00e9 poloviny 8. a v 9. stolet\u00ed rapidn\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161il po\u010det me\u010d\u016f s ocelov\u00fdmi b\u0159ity a celoocelov\u00fdmi konstrukcemi, a t\u00edm i me\u010d\u016f s b\u0159ity vytvrzen\u00fdmi kalen\u00edm. Tak\u00e9 se prodlou\u017eily z\u00e1\u0161tity (odd\u011bluj\u00edc\u00ed \u010depel od rukojeti) a zm\u011bnila se v\u00fdzdoba. Me\u010de t\u00edm z\u00edskaly na kvalit\u011b, proto\u017ee se zlep\u0161ily jejich mechanick\u00e9 vlastnosti.<\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed zlom p\u0159i\u0161el v 11. stolet\u00ed, v t\u00e9 dob\u011b kov\u00e1\u0159i postupn\u011b opou\u0161t\u011bli zhruba tis\u00edciletou v\u00fdrobn\u00ed tradici \u2013 p\u0159estali nava\u0159ovat b\u0159ity na st\u0159edovou \u010d\u00e1st \u010depele.<\/p>\n

\u201eV t\u00e9 dob\u011b muselo v Evrop\u011b, nebo alespo\u0148 v n\u011bkter\u00fdch jej\u00edch regionech, doj\u00edt k z\u00e1sadn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdm a patrn\u011b i spole\u010densk\u00fdm zm\u011bn\u00e1m, kter\u00e9 tuto zm\u011bnu iniciovaly nebo alespo\u0148 umo\u017enily,\u201c<\/em> vysv\u011btluje Ji\u0159\u00ed Ho\u0161ek z Archeologick\u00e9ho \u00fastavu AV \u010cR, Praha. \u201eNa z\u00e1klad\u011b sou\u010dasn\u00fdch znalost\u00ed se domn\u00edv\u00e1me, \u017ee to lze p\u0159i\u010d\u00edst zejm\u00e9na postupn\u00e9mu zav\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed vodou poh\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fdch mechanism\u016f, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b kovac\u00edch stroj\u016f poh\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fdch vodn\u00edm kolem. Bohu\u017eel, o zp\u016fsobu v\u00fdroby me\u010d\u016f ani m\u00ed\u0159e mechanizace kov\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch provoz\u016f v t\u00e9 dob\u011b nem\u00e1me \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 p\u00edsemn\u00e9 doklady.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

Sb\u00edrka dat a me\u010d\u016f, kter\u00e1 nem\u00e1 obdoby<\/h6>\n

Za t\u011bmito i dal\u0161\u00edmi fakty stoj\u00ed mraven\u010d\u00ed pr\u00e1ce kolektivu v\u011bdc\u016f z Archeologick\u00fdch \u00fastav\u016f AV \u010cR v Praze a Brn\u011b a N\u00e1rodn\u00edho muzea. Poda\u0159ilo se jim shrom\u00e1\u017edit st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 me\u010de z \u010desk\u00e9ho \u00fazem\u00ed, detailn\u011b je prozkoumat a v\u00fdsledky sepsat do dvou publikac\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\u201eO me\u010d\u00edch st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 Evropy toho st\u00e1le je\u0161t\u011b v\u00edme relativn\u011b m\u00e1lo v porovn\u00e1n\u00ed s t\u00edm, co v\u0161echno bychom v\u011bd\u011bt mohli,\u201c<\/em> \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Ji\u0159\u00ed Ko\u0161ta z N\u00e1rodn\u00edho muzea. \u201eDetailn\u00ed anal\u00fdza cel\u00e9ho souboru n\u00e1m umo\u017enila v dosud netu\u0161en\u00e9 \u0161\u00ed\u0159i studovat jak technologick\u00fd v\u00fdvoj t\u011bchto zbran\u00ed, tak ve spojitosti s p\u00edsemn\u00fdmi prameny i hypotetick\u00e9 zp\u016fsoby jejich distribuce a organizace v\u00fdroby a v kone\u010dn\u00e9m d\u016fsledku i postupnou prom\u011bnu jejich symbolick\u00e9 funkce.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

Krom\u011b p\u0159ekvapiv\u00fdch zm\u011bn v konstrukc\u00edch st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fdch me\u010d\u016f tak v\u011bdci popsali t\u0159eba zna\u010dky nebo symboliku.<\/p>\n

Pasovsk\u00fd vlk potvrzuje propojenost \u010desk\u00fdch a bavorsk\u00fdch v\u00fdrobc\u016f<\/h6>\n

\u010cepele st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fdch me\u010d\u016f se zpravidla kov\u00e1\u0159sky sva\u0159ovaly z v\u00edce kus\u016f a kombinovaly ocel i \u017eelezo (v archeologii v\u00fdraz pro nekalitelnou ocel) a v\u00fdrobci je ozna\u010dovali. Zat\u00edmco do 10. stolet\u00ed opat\u0159oval \u010depel zna\u010dkou kov\u00e1\u0159 je\u0161t\u011b v pr\u016fb\u011bhu v\u00fdroby zbran\u011b, od 11. stolet\u00ed se za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed prosazovat inkrustovan\u00e9 zna\u010dky a n\u00e1pisy z ne\u017eelezn\u00fdch kov\u016f \u2013 nap\u0159\u00edklad z mosazi, st\u0159\u00edbra nebo c\u00ednu.<\/p>\n

\u0160lo o velkou zm\u011bnu \u2013 zna\u010dky nebo n\u00e1pisy mohly b\u00fdt aplikov\u00e1ny dodate\u010dn\u011b bez n\u00e1vaznosti na jej\u00ed v\u00fdrobu.<\/p>\n

\u201e\u0160lo o velkou zm\u011bnu v tom smyslu, \u017ee tyto typy zna\u010dek nebo i n\u00e1pis\u016f \u0161lo aplikovat i do ji\u017e tvarov\u011b hotov\u00e9 \u010depele, to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee zna\u010dky nebo n\u00e1pisy mohly b\u00fdt aplikov\u00e1ny dodate\u010dn\u011b bez n\u00e1vaznosti na jej\u00ed v\u00fdrobu,\u201c<\/em> popisuje Petr \u017d\u00e1kovsk\u00fd z Archeologick\u00e9ho \u00fastavu AV \u010cR v Brn\u011b.<\/p>\n

Zat\u00edmco na ran\u011b st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fdch me\u010d\u00edch zna\u010dky p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm symbolizovaly ochranu a \u00fasp\u011b\u0161nost, na vrcholn\u011b a pozdn\u011b st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fdch \u010depel\u00edch jsou ji\u017e p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b spojeny s jednotliv\u00fdmi v\u00fdrobci \u010di v\u00fdrobn\u00edmi st\u0159edisky a p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed tak patrn\u011b v\u00fdrobn\u00ed zna\u010dky v dne\u0161n\u00edm slova smyslu.<\/p>\n

Jednou z nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00edch zna\u010dek tohoto druhu je patrn\u011b takzvan\u00fd pasovsk\u00fd vlk, kter\u00fd spole\u010dn\u011b s dal\u0161\u00edmi ozna\u010den\u00edmi v podob\u011b jednoro\u017ece a biskupsk\u00e9 berly odkazuje na v\u00fdrobn\u00ed p\u016fvod \u010depel\u00ed v pasovsk\u00fdch d\u00edln\u00e1ch. Bavorsk\u00e9 v\u00fdrobn\u00ed centrum masov\u011b v\u00fdrobu mechanizovalo, a bylo proto schopno produkovat a\u017e neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed kvalitn\u00edch v\u00fdrobk\u016f, kter\u00fdmi zaplavilo celou st\u0159edn\u00ed i jihov\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evropu.<\/p>\n

\u201ePasovsk\u00e9\u201c \u010depele p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed v dosud podchycen\u00e9m materi\u00e1lu z \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky v\u00edce ne\u017e polovinu v\u0161ech vrcholn\u011b a pozdn\u011b st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fdch \u010depel\u00ed s jednozna\u010dn\u011b identifikovateln\u00fdmi zna\u010dkami. \u010ce\u0161t\u00ed me\u010d\u00ed\u0159i je patrn\u011b ve velk\u00e9m z Pasova nakupovali a v d\u00edln\u00e1ch dopracov\u00e1vali a kompletovali. Tento p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dan\u00fd model pomohl rozvinout me\u010d\u00ed\u0159sk\u00e9 \u0159emeslo v \u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00edch a zm\u011bnil i soci\u00e1ln\u00ed postaven\u00ed \u010desk\u00fdch v\u00fdrobc\u016f, kter\u00e9 nebylo v\u017edy uspokojiv\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Mechanizace v\u00fdroby zm\u011bnila symboliku me\u010d\u016f<\/h6>\n

\u201eSymbolick\u00e9 vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed me\u010de tehdej\u0161\u00ed spole\u010dnost\u00ed proch\u00e1zelo pom\u011brn\u011b slo\u017eit\u00fdm v\u00fdvojem. V ran\u00e9m st\u0159edov\u011bku byly me\u010de n\u00e1kladn\u00fdmi a t\u011b\u017eko dostupn\u00fdmi artefakty spjat\u00fdmi \u00fazce s kulturou vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch vrstev moravsk\u00e9 a \u010desk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti, kterou lze ztoto\u017enit se statutem \u201ejezdc\u016f\u201c \u2013 j\u00edzdn\u00edch bojovn\u00edk\u016f,\u201d<\/em> \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Ji\u0159\u00ed Ko\u0161ta.<\/p>\n

Zlom p\u0159i\u0161el s obecn\u00fdm zaveden\u00edm mechanizace do v\u00fdroby jednotliv\u00fdch komponent me\u010d\u016f. Zbran\u011b se tak staly v pr\u016fb\u011bhu 14. stolet\u00ed v\u0161eobecn\u011b dostupn\u00fdmi a jejich symbolick\u00fd v\u00fdznam se t\u00edm pro ur\u010dit\u00e9 vrstvy tehdej\u0161\u00ed spole\u010dnosti \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b vyprazd\u0148oval. P\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edci tehdej\u0161\u00edch elit jej v\u0161ak i nad\u00e1le pova\u017eovali za tradi\u010dn\u00ed symbol jejich postaven\u00ed, co\u017e se \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b udr\u017eelo dodnes.<\/p>\n

Me\u010d symbolizoval obecn\u011b v\u00e1lku, stejn\u011b jako slovo Bo\u017e\u00ed, Bo\u017e\u00ed trest, duchovn\u00ed boj\u2026<\/h6>\n

\u201eTak\u00e9 v na\u0161em prost\u0159ed\u00ed byl me\u010d nositelem obecn\u011b uzn\u00e1van\u00fdch a srozumiteln\u00fdch symbolick\u00fdch v\u00fdznam\u016f v pr\u00e1vn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed, me\u010d symbolizoval obecn\u011b v\u00e1lku, stejn\u011b jako slovo Bo\u017e\u00ed, Bo\u017e\u00ed trest, duchovn\u00ed boj apod. Me\u010d byl rovn\u011b\u017e do ur\u010dit\u00e9 m\u00edry objektem soci\u00e1ln\u00ed reprezentace a komunikace,\u201c<\/em> dopl\u0148uje Petr \u017d\u00e1kovsk\u00fd.<\/p>\n

Nem\u011bnn\u00e9 postaven\u00ed si me\u010d udr\u017eoval ve sv\u00e9 druh\u00e9 z\u00e1kladn\u00ed symbolick\u00e9 rovin\u011b \u2013 jako velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd pr\u00e1vn\u00ed symbol.<\/p>\n

Moravsk\u00e9 me\u010de byly jin\u00e9<\/h6>\n

Mezi me\u010di nalezen\u00fdmi na \u00fazem\u00ed \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky p\u0159ekvapily moravsk\u00e9. Zat\u00edmco \u010depele prvn\u00ed poloviny 9. stolet\u00ed nevybo\u010duj\u00ed z obecn\u00fdch v\u00fdvojov\u00fdch trend\u016f z\u00e1padoevropsk\u00fdch me\u010d\u016f, v pr\u016fb\u011bhu druh\u00e9 poloviny 9. stolet\u00ed jejich rozmanitost na Morav\u011b nar\u016fst\u00e1.<\/p>\n

\u201eZdokumentovali jsme extr\u00e9mn\u011b robustn\u00ed a z\u00e1rove\u0148 relativn\u011b kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 \u010depele, ale tak\u00e9 dlouh\u00e9 a pom\u011brn\u011b \u00fazk\u00e9 \u010depele s progresivn\u00edmi prvky, kter\u00e9 byly v evropsk\u00e9m kontextu doposud zaznamen\u00e1ny pouze u exempl\u00e1\u0159\u016f datovan\u00fdch do doby po\u010d\u00ednaje druhou polovinou 10. stolet\u00ed, respektive 11. stolet\u00ed,\u201c<\/em> \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Ji\u0159\u00ed Ko\u0161ta. \u201eTyto \u010depele \u201eprogresivn\u00edch\u201c tvar\u016f, kter\u00e9 se vyskytuj\u00ed spole\u010dn\u011b s j\u00edlci s p\u016flkruhov\u00fdmi hlavicemi a dlouh\u00fdmi z\u00e1\u0161titami, dosahuj\u00ed pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e9 a\u017e vynikaj\u00edc\u00ed kvality, ale jen z\u0159\u00eddka byly opat\u0159eny damaskov\u00e1n\u00edm nebo zna\u010dkami. Ot\u00e1zkou z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1, do jak\u00e9 m\u00edry tato skupina \u010depel\u00ed odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed m\u00edstn\u00ed produkci a do jak\u00e9 m\u00edry naopak reflektuje \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed zm\u011bny vzch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed z Fransk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e, jejich\u017e n\u00e1stup byl vzhledem k omezen\u00fdm mo\u017enostem datov\u00e1n\u00ed tamn\u00edch n\u00e1lez\u016f me\u010d\u016f prozat\u00edm kladen do pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed doby. Mo\u017en\u00e9 interpretace limituje zejm\u00e9na nedostatek znalost\u00ed o v\u00fdvoji me\u010d\u016f v Bavorsku a na v\u00fdchodn\u00ed periferii Fransk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e, s n\u00ed\u017e byly moravsk\u00e9 elity v \u00fazk\u00e9m kontaktu.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

Odborn\u00edci p\u0159i shroma\u017e\u010fov\u00e1n\u00ed dat vyu\u017eili rentgenov\u00e9 sn\u00edmkov\u00e1n\u00ed, rentgenovou v\u00fdpo\u010detn\u00ed tomografii i metalografii. D\u00edky tomu byli schopni odhalit mnoho v\u011bc\u00ed, kter\u00e9 nelze vid\u011bt pouh\u00fdm okem \u2013 t\u0159eba u\u017e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 zna\u010dky nebo kov\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 postupy.<\/p>\n

\u201ePoda\u0159ilo se n\u00e1m tak\u00e9 vytvo\u0159it novou typologii kov\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch konstrukc\u00ed \u010depel\u00ed, jej\u00ed\u017e datovou z\u00e1kladnu tvo\u0159\u00ed archeometalurgicky zkouman\u00e9 me\u010de z \u00fazem\u00ed cel\u00e9 Evropy a jej\u00ed\u017e aplikace z\u00e1sadn\u00edm zp\u016fsobem dopl\u0148uje a roz\u0161i\u0159uje pozn\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdvoje evropsk\u00fdch me\u010d\u016f ve st\u0159edov\u011bku,\u201c<\/em> uzav\u00edr\u00e1 Ji\u0159\u00ed Ho\u0161ek.<\/p>\n

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  Me\u010de <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":258249,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"gallery","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[174,69],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/04\/me\u010de-3.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/258246"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=258246"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/258246\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":258252,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/258246\/revisions\/258252"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/258249"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=258246"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=258246"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=258246"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}