{"id":258079,"date":"2022-07-02T16:34:58","date_gmt":"2022-07-02T15:34:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=258079"},"modified":"2022-07-02T16:34:58","modified_gmt":"2022-07-02T15:34:58","slug":"historie-verozvesta-cyrila-a-jana-husa-nespojuji-jen-svatky-ale-i-zasluha-o-evropska-pisma","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=258079","title":{"rendered":"HISTORIE: V\u011brozv\u011bsta Cyrila a Jana Husa nespojuj\u00ed jen sv\u00e1tky, ale i z\u00e1sluha o evropsk\u00e1 p\u00edsma"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"\"
Ilustra\u010dn\u00ed foto: pixabay<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

V\u011brozv\u011bst Cyril a Jan Hus, kter\u00e9 si p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1me 5. a 6. \u010dervna, mohou m\u00edt v\u00edc spole\u010dn\u00e9ho, ne\u017e se na prvn\u00ed pohled zd\u00e1. Oba se toti\u017e do d\u011bjin zapsali jako tv\u016frci evropsk\u00e9ho p\u00edsma. Cyril vytvo\u0159il pro Velkou Moravu nov\u00e9 p\u00edsmo hlaholici. Jan Hus podle \u0159ady autor\u016f zase systemizoval \u010desk\u00fd diakritick\u00fd pravopis (dne\u0161n\u00ed h\u00e1\u010dky a \u010d\u00e1rky), kter\u00fd pak inspiroval \u00fapravu latinsk\u00e9ho p\u00edsma \u0159ady evropsk\u00fdch jazyk\u016f. P\u0159itom je mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee vznik p\u0159edch\u016fdce dne\u0161n\u00edho \u010desk\u00e9ho pravopisu \u00fazce souvis\u00ed pr\u00e1v\u011b s hlaholic\u00ed.<\/h6>\n

\"\"Badatel\u00e9 se dodnes p\u0159ou, na jak\u00e9m z\u00e1klad\u011b Cyril, kter\u00fd se sv\u00fdm bratrem Metod\u011bjem p\u0159i\u0161el roku 863 na Moravu, nov\u00e9 p\u00edsmo vytvo\u0159il. Vedle inspirace r\u016fzn\u00fdmi dobov\u00fdmi p\u00edsmy se uva\u017euje, \u017ee do tvar\u016f jednotliv\u00fdch p\u00edsmen byla zak\u00f3dov\u00e1na k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e1 symbolika. Je tak\u00e9 ot\u00e1zka, jak tehdej\u0161\u00ed hlaholice vlastn\u011b vypadala a zda sv\u016fj p\u016fvodn\u00ed n\u00e1vrh Cyril je\u0161t\u011b na Morav\u011b p\u0159ehodnocoval.<\/p>\n

Experti proto hledaj\u00ed odpov\u011bdi na n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed ot\u00e1zky: k \u010demu m\u011bla slou\u017eit t\u0159i \u201em\u011bkk\u00e1 i\u201c, co znamen\u00e1 z\u00e1pis \u201etvrd\u00e9ho y\u201c dv\u011bma p\u00edsmeny? A co dva r\u016fzn\u00e9 znaky pro \u201ech\u201c a pro \u201ef\u201c? Dal\u0161\u00ed generace p\u00edsa\u0159\u016f ji\u017e ka\u017edop\u00e1dn\u011b tento syst\u00e9m v kompletn\u00ed p\u016fvodn\u00ed podob\u011b nepou\u017e\u00edvaly a n\u011bkter\u00e1 p\u00edsmena zn\u00e1me jen z nejstar\u0161\u00edch abeced\u00e1\u0159\u016f (tj. soupis\u016f p\u00edsmen).<\/p>\n

Nejd\u00e9le se hlaholice zachovala na pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed Chorvatska, kam mohla proniknout jak ze st\u0159edn\u00ed, tak ji\u017en\u00ed Evropy. Zde se slovansk\u00e1 liturgie zapisovan\u00e1 hlaholic\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvala v kontextu z\u00e1padn\u00ed c\u00edrkve a ve 13. stolet\u00ed byla ofici\u00e1ln\u011b povolena pape\u017eem. Z Chorvatska se (ji\u017e m\u00edrn\u011b tvarov\u011b odli\u0161n\u00e1) hlaholice \u201evr\u00e1tila\u201c na n\u011bjak\u00fd \u010das do \u010cech, a to do kl\u00e1\u0161tera Na Slovanech (Emauzy), kde se na po\u010d\u00e1tku 15. stolet\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvala i pro z\u00e1pis \u010de\u0161tiny, a roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ila se odtud t\u00e9\u017e do dce\u0159in\u00fdch kl\u00e1\u0161ter\u016f na \u00fazem\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00edho Polska.<\/p>\n

V jin\u00fdch slovansk\u00fdch zem\u00edch se m\u00edsto hlaholice rychle ujalo nov\u00e9 p\u00edsmo \u2013 cyrilice. Cyrilici p\u016fvodn\u011b vytvo\u0159il z\u0159ejm\u011b n\u011bkter\u00fd z \u017e\u00e1k\u016f Cyrila a Metod\u011bje v Bulharsku na z\u00e1klad\u011b dobov\u00e9ho \u0159eck\u00e9ho p\u00edsma obohacen\u00e9ho p\u00edsmeny, kter\u00e1 byla inspirov\u00e1na hlaholic\u00ed. Z Bulharska se cyrilice roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ila nejprve k v\u00fdchodn\u00edm Slovan\u016fm a na \u00fazem\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00edho Srbska.<\/p>\n

Husovo pov\u011bdom\u00ed o hlaholici<\/h6>\n

Na \u201eslovansk\u00e9\u201c p\u00edsmo upozor\u0148uje spis o \u010desk\u00e9m pravopise b\u011b\u017en\u011b naz\u00fdvan\u00fd Orthographia Bohemica, kter\u00fd \u0159ada badatel\u016f pova\u017euje za d\u00edlo Jana Husa. Znalost hlaholice v\u0161ak prozrazuje i nepochybn\u00e9 Husovo d\u00edlo Abeceda, jak\u00e1si mnemotechnick\u00e1 pom\u016fcka pro v\u00fduku \u010desk\u00e9 latinky.<\/p>\n

N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed experti se tedy domn\u00edvaj\u00ed, \u017ee pr\u00e1v\u011b p\u0159\u00edklad hlaholice, kter\u00e1 obsahovala zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed p\u00edsmena pro \u0159adu \u010desk\u00fdch hl\u00e1sek (krom\u011b \u0159, kter\u00e9 se i v \u201eemauzsk\u00e9\u201c hlaholici psalo sp\u0159e\u017ekou rz), podn\u00edtil autora \u010desk\u00e9ho diakritick\u00e9ho pravopisu k \u00faprav\u011b p\u00edsmen tak, aby v\u0161echny hl\u00e1sky (krom\u011b ch) zn\u00e1zor\u0148ovalo jedno p\u00edsmeno. Pro \u00fapravu nov\u00fdch p\u00edsmen byly zvoleny te\u010dky a \u010d\u00e1rky. Inspirace k pou\u017eit\u00ed t\u011bchto znam\u00e9nek se hled\u00e1 v jin\u00fdch p\u00edsmech, nap\u0159. hebrejsk\u00e9m, \u0159eck\u00e9m. Spis Orthographia Bohemica se v\u0161ak zasazuje o d\u016fsledn\u00e9 rozli\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed i a y, \u010deho\u017e se v\u0161ak tehdej\u0161\u00ed hlaholice ji\u017e d\u00e1vno zbavila.<\/p>\n

\u010cesk\u00fd pravopis se spolu s \u010desk\u00fdmi texty za\u010dal je\u0161t\u011b v 15. stolet\u00ed \u0161\u00ed\u0159it ve st\u0159edn\u00ed Evrop\u011b. \u010cesk\u00e1 znam\u00e9nka pro ozna\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u011bkkosti se nejprve objevuj\u00ed v tzv. Husitsk\u00e9 bibli, nejstar\u0161\u00edm p\u0159ekladu Bible do ma\u010far\u0161tiny vznikl\u00e9m nedlouho po smrti Jana Husa. V 16. stolet\u00ed v\u0161ak byla tato znam\u00e9nka op\u011bt nahrazena sp\u0159e\u017ekami, ujalo se ale ozna\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed d\u00e9lek \u010d\u00e1rkami.<\/p>\n

P\u0159irozenou cestou se dostal \u010desk\u00fd pravopis na \u00fazem\u00ed Slovenska, kde je systematick\u00e9 u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed \u010de\u0161tiny dolo\u017eeno od konce 15. stolet\u00ed. V t\u00e9 dob\u011b se tak\u00e9 v Polsku objevuj\u00ed pokusy o pou\u017eit\u00ed \u010desk\u00e9 diakritiky, systematick\u00fd n\u00e1vrh v\u0161ak p\u0159edkl\u00e1d\u00e1 a\u017e sto let po Husov\u011b smrti Stanis\u0142aw Zaborowski (1514\/1515). Ten se po Husov\u011b vzoru rovn\u011b\u017e pokusil odstranit v\u0161echny sp\u0159e\u017eky (op\u011bt krom\u011b ch). Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee pol\u0161tina m\u00e1 v\u00edce hl\u00e1sek ne\u017e \u010de\u0161tina a pravopis pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00ed pouze diakritick\u00e1 znam\u00e9nka se zd\u00e1l tiska\u0159\u016fm knih p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 slo\u017eit\u00fd, ujala se brzy kompromisn\u00ed varianta jak s diakritick\u00fdmi znam\u00e9nky, tak se sp\u0159e\u017ekami.<\/p>\n

Chorvati, Bos\u0148\u00e1ci, Slovinci i Litevci pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed \u010desk\u00e9 h\u00e1\u010dky<\/h6>\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed vlna \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed pravopisu \u010desk\u00e9ho typu nastala v dob\u011b n\u00e1rodn\u00edho obrozen\u00ed, kdy se \u010de\u0161tina za\u010dala prezentovat prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm text\u016f psan\u00fdch dne\u0161n\u00ed latinkou a m\u00edsto te\u010dek se ji\u017e d\u00e1vno pou\u017e\u00edvaly h\u00e1\u010dky. Roku 1830 vyd\u00e1v\u00e1 chorvatsk\u00fd obrozenec Ljudevit Gaj prvn\u00ed n\u00e1vrh nov\u00e9ho chorvatsk\u00e9ho pravopisu (do t\u00e9 doby se pou\u017e\u00edvaly ma\u010farsk\u00e9, na pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed i italsk\u00e9 sp\u0159e\u017eky) s \u010desk\u00fdmi h\u00e1\u010dky.<\/p>\n

Z chorvat\u0161tiny b\u011bhem hnut\u00ed tzv. ilyrismu pronikl \u010de\u0161tinou inspirovan\u00fd pravopis mezi dal\u0161\u00ed jihoslovansk\u00e9 n\u00e1rody, zejm\u00e9na Slovince. D\u011bdictv\u00edm snah o spole\u010dn\u00fd spisovn\u00fd jazyk (srbochorvat\u0161tinu) je mo\u017enost z\u00e1pisu dne\u0161n\u00ed srb\u0161tiny jak cyrilic\u00ed, tak latinkou s \u010desk\u00fdmi h\u00e1\u010dky. Muslim\u0161t\u00ed Bos\u0148\u00e1ci k latince s \u010desk\u00fdmi h\u00e1\u010dky definitivn\u011b p\u0159e\u0161li b\u011bhem rakousko-uhersk\u00e9 spr\u00e1vy na p\u0159elomu 19. a 20. stolet\u00ed p\u0159\u00edmo z arabsk\u00e9ho p\u00edsma. V t\u00e9\u017ee dob\u011b se h\u00e1\u010dky nad p\u00edsmeny zav\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed i v litev\u0161tin\u011b a pozd\u011bji v loty\u0161tin\u011b. Jednotliv\u00e1 p\u00edsmena s h\u00e1\u010dky pak byla zavedena i ve fin\u0161tin\u011b a eston\u0161tin\u011b (\u0161, \u017e), pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed se v\u0161ak minim\u00e1ln\u011b a pouze v ciz\u00edch slovech.<\/p>\n

Spory o po\u010dty hl\u00e1sek a vznik azbuky<\/h6>\n

Zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 je, \u017ee ve stejnou dobu, kdy Jan Hus (je-li skute\u010dn\u011b autorem spisu o \u010desk\u00e9m pravopisu) \u0159e\u0161il nedostate\u010dn\u00fd po\u010det p\u00edsmen v latince pro z\u00e1pis \u010de\u0161tiny, c\u00edrkevn\u011bslovansk\u00fd spisovatel Konstantin Kosteneck\u00fd si naopak l\u00e1mal hlavu s t\u00edm, co d\u011blat s nadm\u011brn\u00fdm po\u010dtem p\u00edsmen v cyrilici. I na za\u010d\u00e1tku 15. stolet\u00ed si cyrilice udr\u017eovala \u0159adu p\u00edsmen, kter\u00e1 m\u011bla p\u016fvodn\u011b zn\u00e1zor\u0148ovat praslovansk\u00e9 hl\u00e1sky cyrilometod\u011bjsk\u00e9 doby, ty se v\u0161ak ji\u017e nevyslovovaly, nav\u00edc obsahovala i \u0159adu \u0159eck\u00fdch p\u00edsmen. Konstantin Kosteneck\u00fd se neodv\u00e1\u017eil radik\u00e1ln\u011b sn\u00ed\u017eit po\u010det cyrilsk\u00fdch p\u00edsmen, ale sna\u017eil se vymyslet d\u016fmysln\u00fd syst\u00e9m, jak je v\u0161echny vyu\u017e\u00edt.<\/p>\n

Nejradik\u00e1ln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1sah do cyrilice u\u010dinil a\u017e rusk\u00fd car Petr Velik\u00fd, kter\u00fd na za\u010d\u00e1tku 18. stolet\u00ed \u0159adu nadbyte\u010dn\u00fdch p\u00edsmen zru\u0161il a nav\u00edc jejich tvar p\u0159izp\u016fsobil latince. Tak vznikla dnes roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e1 azbuka.<\/p>\n

Mnoh\u00fdm v\u00fd\u0161e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fdm ot\u00e1zk\u00e1m se podrobn\u011b v\u011bnuj\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00e9 nov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed publikace Akademie v\u011bd, mezi n\u011b\u017e pat\u0159\u00ed knihy Hlaholsk\u00e9 p\u00edsemnictv\u00ed v \u010cech\u00e1ch doby lucembursk\u00e9 V\u00e1clava \u010cerm\u00e1ka a C\u00edrkevn\u00ed slovan\u0161tina v pozdn\u00edm st\u0159edov\u011bku Vladislava Knolla ze Slovansk\u00e9ho \u00fastavu AV \u010cR a tak\u00e9 vyd\u00e1n\u00ed spisu Orthographia Bohemica Kate\u0159iny Volekov\u00e9 z \u00dastavu pro jazyk \u010desk\u00fd AV \u010cR.<\/p>\n

(tz-av\u010dr)<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

  V\u011brozv\u011bst <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":258089,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"gallery","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[74],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/02\/r\u00e1m-historie.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/258079"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=258079"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/258079\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":258086,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/258079\/revisions\/258086"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/258089"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=258079"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=258079"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=258079"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}