{"id":255284,"date":"2022-06-04T20:12:53","date_gmt":"2022-06-04T19:12:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=255284"},"modified":"2022-06-04T20:14:16","modified_gmt":"2022-06-04T19:14:16","slug":"veda-a-priroda-na-kridlech-lasky-evoluce-vzdusneho-predvadeni-u-pevcu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=255284","title":{"rendered":"V\u011aDA A P\u0158\u00cdRODA: K\u0159\u00eddla l\u00e1sky \u2013 evoluce vzdu\u0161n\u00e9ho p\u0159edv\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed u p\u011bvc\u016f"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"\"
Bramborn\u00ed\u010dek \u010dernohlav\u00fd (Saxicola rubicola) je druh pt\u00e1ka z \u010deledi lejskovit\u00ed a je typick\u00fdm z\u00e1stupcem drobn\u00fdch p\u011bvc\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed r\u00e1di zp\u00edvaj\u00ed i v letu. Foto: T. Albrecht<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

Druhy pt\u00e1k\u016f, jejich\u017e samci se v letu p\u0159edv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed, ob\u00fdvaj\u00ed sp\u00ed\u0161e otev\u0159en\u00e9 ne\u017e uzav\u0159en\u00e9 (lesn\u00ed) prost\u0159ed\u00ed a maj\u00ed \u010dast\u011bji v\u00edce partnerek. M\u00edvaj\u00ed prot\u00e1hlej\u0161\u00ed k\u0159\u00eddla, co\u017e souvis\u00ed s t\u00edm, \u017ee migruj\u00ed na del\u0161\u00ed vzd\u00e1lenosti, a hn\u00edzd\u00ed ve vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch zem\u011bpisn\u00fdch \u0161\u00ed\u0159k\u00e1ch, tedy d\u00e1le od rovn\u00edku. Vzdu\u0161n\u00e9 p\u0159edv\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed se nav\u00edc zd\u00e1 do ur\u010dit\u00e9 m\u00edry \u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed u celkov\u011b mal\u00fdch druh\u016f p\u011bvc\u016f s pestr\u00fdm zbarven\u00edm pe\u0159\u00ed. V\u0161e nazna\u010duje, \u017ee evoluce vzdu\u0161n\u00e9ho p\u0159edv\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed u p\u011bvc\u016f je v\u00fdsledkem jak pohlavn\u00edho, tak i p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edho v\u00fdb\u011bru, zjistili v\u011bdci z \u00dastavu biologie obratlovc\u016f Akademie v\u011bd \u010cR a P\u0159\u00edrodov\u011bdeck\u00e9 fakulty UK v ucelen\u00e9 anal\u00fdze. V\u00fdsledky v\u00fdzkumu publikoval presti\u017en\u00ed \u010dasopis Proceedings of the Royal Society B.<\/h6>\n

\"\"\u201eNa\u0161e v\u00fdsledky nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee se vzdu\u0161n\u00e9 p\u0159edv\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed objevuje p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm u druh\u016f se zv\u00fd\u0161enou letovou efektivitou a schopnost\u00ed letu, co\u017e by nebylo tak p\u0159ekvapiv\u00e9. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b jsme tak\u00e9 zjistili, \u017ee tyto druhy pt\u00e1k\u016f vykazuj\u00ed siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed intenzitu pohlavn\u00edho v\u00fdb\u011bru,\u201c<\/em> \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Tom\u00e1\u0161 Albrecht, vedouc\u00ed v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 skupiny Evolu\u010dn\u00ed ekologie pt\u00e1k\u016f v \u00dastavu biologie obratlovc\u016f AV \u010cR. \u201eTo znamen\u00e1, \u017ee mezi samci jsou velk\u00e9 rozd\u00edly v \u00fasp\u011bchu u samic. Typick\u00fdm p\u0159edstavitelem p\u011bvce, kter\u00fd se takto p\u0159edv\u00e1d\u00ed, by mohl b\u00fdt t\u0159eba bramborn\u00ed\u010dek \u010dernohlav\u00fd, sk\u0159ivan poln\u00ed nebo n\u011bkter\u00e9 druhy p\u011bnic.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

P\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eky ve v\u00fdzkumu a nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed dataset p\u011bvc\u016f na sv\u011bt\u011b<\/h6>\n

Sb\u011br dat pro tento projekt spo\u010d\u00edval ve \u010dten\u00ed a zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed informac\u00ed z velk\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed knih a dal\u0161\u00ed literatury. \u201eZejm\u00e9na kv\u016fli knih\u00e1m jsme museli \u010dasto nav\u0161t\u011bvovat knihovny, kter\u00e9 ale byly zav\u0159en\u00e9 kv\u016fli pandemii COVID-19. Na vybran\u00e9 publikace tak bylo nutn\u00e9 n\u011bkolik t\u00fddn\u016f a\u017e m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f \u010dekat anebo si jednu dv\u011b p\u016fj\u010dit, doma co nejrychleji proj\u00edt, vr\u00e1tit zp\u00e1tky do knihovny a postup n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t opakovat,\u201c<\/em> vysv\u011btluje Peter Mikula z \u00dastavu biologie obratlovc\u016f AV \u010cR, hlavn\u00ed autor studie. \u201eCelkem se n\u00e1m nakonec poda\u0159ilo shrom\u00e1\u017edit informace o 1700 druz\u00edch p\u011bvc\u016f, co\u017e je nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed moment\u00e1ln\u011b dostupn\u00fd datov\u00fd soubor t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se tohoto zaj\u00edmav\u00e9ho fenom\u00e9nu na sv\u011bt\u011b. Je t\u0159eba pod\u011bkovat v\u0161em, kte\u0159\u00ed byli ochotni p\u0159\u00edstup k \u010dasto vz\u00e1cn\u00e9 a t\u011b\u017eko dostupn\u00e9 literatu\u0159e zprost\u0159edkovat.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

D\u00edky unik\u00e1tn\u00edm dat\u016fm a ucelen\u00e9 anal\u00fdze se v\u011bdc\u016fm poda\u0159ilo odhalit znaky, kter\u00e9 se u p\u0159edv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00edc\u00edch se letc\u016f nej\u010dast\u011bji opakovaly: prot\u00e1hlej\u0161\u00ed k\u0159\u00eddla, v\u00edce partnerek, v men\u0161\u00ed m\u00ed\u0159e pest\u0159ej\u0161\u00ed pe\u0159\u00ed a men\u0161\u00ed velikost t\u011bla. Krom\u011b vizu\u00e1ln\u00edch charakteristik jsou tito letci typi\u010dt\u00ed tak\u00e9 sv\u00fdmi biotopov\u00fdmi n\u00e1roky a vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed pohyblivost\u00ed: ob\u00fdvaj\u00ed sp\u00ed\u0161e otev\u0159en\u00e9 prost\u0159ed\u00ed, migruj\u00ed d\u00e1le a hn\u00edzd\u00ed ve vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch zem\u011bpisn\u00fdch \u0161\u00ed\u0159k\u00e1ch (d\u00e1le od rovn\u00edku).<\/p>\n

Pta\u010d\u00ed zp\u011bv a p\u0159edv\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed nikdo po\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b nezkoumal<\/h6>\n

Prvotn\u00edm impulzem, kter\u00fd vedl ke studiu pta\u010d\u00edho vzdu\u0161n\u00e9ho p\u0159edv\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed, ale t\u0159eba tak\u00e9 komplexity pta\u010d\u00edho zp\u011bvu ve vztahu k prost\u0159ed\u00ed, byly opakovan\u00e9 n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvy Tom\u00e1\u0161e Albrechta v ji\u017en\u00ed Africe. P\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed podm\u00ednky se zde rapidn\u011b m\u011bn\u00ed, polopou\u0161t\u011b st\u0159\u00eddaj\u00ed savany, kter\u00e9 st\u0159\u00eddaj\u00ed galeriov\u00e9 lesy, a naopak. \u201eV\u0161iml jsem si, \u017ee v ka\u017ed\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed se m\u011bn\u00ed i zp\u011bv \u010di p\u0159edv\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed p\u011bvc\u016f ve vzduchu b\u011bhem zp\u011bvu. Uk\u00e1zalo se, \u017ee tento fenom\u00e9n nen\u00ed na glob\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00farovni dob\u0159e pops\u00e1n. P\u0159edchoz\u00ed studie toti\u017e pracovaly jenom s mal\u00fdm po\u010dtem druh\u016f, v \u0159\u00e1du n\u011bkolika des\u00edtek, anebo se zam\u011b\u0159ily na jednu zoogeografickou oblast. Nikdo p\u0159ed n\u00e1mi nebyl schopen ucelen\u00e9 synt\u00e9zy s pou\u017eit\u00edm takto rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9ho souboru dat,\u201c<\/em> popisuje za\u010d\u00e1tky v\u00fdzkumu Tom\u00e1\u0161 Albrecht.<\/p>\n

Pro\u010d se tak pt\u00e1ci chovaj\u00ed\u2026?<\/h6>\n

\u201eBehavior\u00e1ln\u00ed ornamenty \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f jsou doposud pom\u011brn\u011b opom\u00edjen\u00fdm t\u00e9matem. V\u011bt\u0161ina studi\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se zab\u00fdvaj\u00ed pohlavn\u00edmi sign\u00e1ly obratlovc\u016f, se zam\u011b\u0159uje na vizu\u00e1ln\u00ed znaky, nap\u0159. zbarven\u00ed ope\u0159en\u00ed u pt\u00e1k\u016f a rohy a parohy kopytn\u00edk\u016f, anebo akustick\u00e9 jako t\u0159eba trouben\u00ed jelen\u016f a zp\u011bv pt\u00e1k\u016f,\u201c<\/em> \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Peter Mikula. Proto by se v\u011bdci r\u00e1di do budoucna zam\u011b\u0159ili je\u0161t\u011b v\u00edce na chov\u00e1n\u00ed pt\u00e1k\u016f, o jejich\u017e sexu\u00e1ln\u00edm \u017eivot\u011b bylo v posledn\u00edch desetilet\u00edch shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bno za p\u0159isp\u011bn\u00ed profesion\u00e1ln\u00edch i amat\u00e9rsk\u00fdch ornitolog\u016f mnoho zaj\u00edmav\u00fdch detail\u016f.<\/p>\n

\u201eNyn\u00ed, kdy\u017e jsou k dispozici i p\u0159esn\u00e1 data o roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch druh\u016f a o fylogenezi t\u00e9to velice \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 skupiny pt\u00e1k\u016f, je mo\u017en\u00e9 p\u0159istoupit ke glob\u00e1ln\u00edm anal\u00fdz\u00e1m v m\u00ed\u0159e, jak\u00e1 byla je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159ed p\u00e1r lety nep\u0159edstaviteln\u00e1. V budouc\u00edch studi\u00edch bychom se cht\u011bli p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm zam\u011b\u0159it na popis vz\u00e1jemn\u00fdch vztah\u016f v signalizaci pomoc\u00ed t\u0159ech hlavn\u00edch typ\u016f ornament\u016f u p\u011bvc\u016f: vizu\u00e1ln\u00edch (barva pe\u0159\u00ed), akustick\u00fdch (zp\u011bv) a behavior\u00e1ln\u00edch, kam pat\u0159\u00ed pr\u00e1v\u011b p\u0159edv\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed v letu, abychom pochopili, jak prost\u0159ed\u00ed ovliv\u0148uje typ signalizace kvality jedince v kontextu pohlavn\u00edho v\u00fdb\u011bru,\u201c<\/em> dod\u00e1vaj\u00ed auto\u0159i studie.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Text a foto: (tzav\u010dr)<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"
P\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00fdm druhem \u201ena\u0161eho\u201c bramborn\u00ed\u010dka \u010dernohlav\u00e9ho je jeho bratranec z tepl\u00fdch oblast\u00ed bramborn\u00ed\u010dek r\u00e9unionsk\u00fd poch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed z ostrova R\u00e9union, kter\u00fd le\u017e\u00ed v Indick\u00e9m oce\u00e1nu. Foto: T. Albrecht<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"
Samec p\u011bnice vousat\u00e9 (Curruca cantillans) je z\u00e1stupcem l\u00e9taj\u00edc\u00edch pta\u010d\u00edch zp\u011bv\u00e1k\u016f z Mediter\u00e1nu. Foto: T. Albrecht<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

  Druhy <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":255286,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"gallery","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[128,174],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/28\/brambornicek2.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/255284"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=255284"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/255284\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":255871,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/255284\/revisions\/255871"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/255286"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=255284"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=255284"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=255284"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}