{"id":253087,"date":"2024-04-28T22:00:56","date_gmt":"2024-04-28T21:00:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=253087"},"modified":"2024-04-28T22:00:56","modified_gmt":"2024-04-28T21:00:56","slug":"stara-sumava-filipojakubska-noc-4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=253087","title":{"rendered":"STAR\u00c1 \u0160UMAVA: Filipojakubsk\u00e1 noc"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Filipojakubsk\u00e1 \u010di Valpur\u017eina noc p\u0159edstavuje v lidov\u00fdch zvyc\u00edch d\u016fle\u017eitou dobu ve\u010dera a noci p\u0159ed prvn\u00edm kv\u011btnem, spojenou s magick\u00fdmi \u00fakony a ritu\u00e1ly na ochranu dobytka a \u00farody. V\u00e1\u017ee se k n\u00ed tak\u00e9 zvyk “p\u00e1len\u00ed \u010darod\u011bjnic”, ten se v\u0161ak za\u010dal v \u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00edch \u0161\u00ed\u0159it a\u017e v polovin\u011b 19. stolet\u00ed. A hned byl tak\u00e9 zakazov\u00e1n.<\/h6>\n

Od 15. stolet\u00ed vl\u00e1dl Evropou panick\u00fd strach z \u010darod\u011bjnic a uhranut\u00ed. I vysoce vzd\u011blan\u00ed lid\u00e9 o \u010darod\u011bjn\u00fdch sil\u00e1ch nepochybovali. C\u00edrkev vedla tzv. \u010darod\u011bjnick\u00e9 procesy, p\u0159i kter\u00fdch zahynulo mnoho nevinn\u00fdch lid\u00ed. Z \u010darod\u011bjnictv\u00ed byli obvi\u0148ov\u00e1ni lidi, kte\u0159\u00ed kritizovali c\u00edrkevn\u00ed dogmata, chov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159edstavitel\u016f c\u00edrkve nebo \u0159ekli n\u011bco v nevhodnou dobu. Ozna\u010den\u00ed z \u010darod\u011bjnictv\u00ed bylo snadn\u00e9. Odsouzen\u00e9 \u017eeny a mu\u017ei byli mu\u010deni tak, aby mu\u010den\u00ed nenechalo viditeln\u00e9 stopy na t\u011ble, a pokud se \u201e\u010darod\u011bjnictv\u00ed\u201c prok\u00e1zalo, byli up\u00e1leni.<\/p>\n

\u010carod\u011bjnick\u00e9 procesy ukon\u010dila a\u017e Marie Terezie v druh\u00e9 polovin\u011b 18. stolet\u00ed. Ve st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00fdch (a zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b pak v n\u011bmeck\u00fdch) penitenci\u00e1lech se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed detailn\u00ed popisy no\u010dn\u00edch let\u016f a sabat\u016f \u010darod\u011bjnic. Penitenci\u00e1l n\u011bmeck\u00fdch kostel\u016f se zmi\u0148uje o no\u010dn\u00edch shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00edch, na kter\u00e9 p\u0159il\u00e9taj\u00ed \u017eeny na h\u0159betech zv\u00ed\u0159at a p\u0159ipojuj\u00ed se zde ke spol\u010den\u00ed d\u00e9mon\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed maj\u00ed \u017eenskou podobu.<\/p>\n

Zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b v 17. stolet\u00ed zhor\u0161en\u00fd stav zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed, kter\u00fd byl zap\u0159\u00ed\u010din\u011bn tzv. \u201emalou dobou ledovou\u201c a m\u011bl za d\u016fsledek hlad a \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00edc\u00ed se nemoci, vedl k intenzivn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu pron\u00e1sledov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010darod\u011bjnic. Obecn\u011b lze \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee celkov\u011b doch\u00e1zelo v\u011bt\u0161\u00edmu pron\u00e1sledov\u00e1n\u00ed v letech s vlhk\u00fdmi a chladn\u00fdmi l\u00e9ty a dlouh\u00fdmi, studen\u00fdmi zimami, kter\u00e9 vedly k \u00fabytku \u00farody. V\u011bt\u0161ina velk\u00fdch hon\u016f na \u010darod\u011bjnice za\u010dala pr\u00e1v\u011b jejich obvi\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00edm z toho, \u017ee provozuj\u00ed magick\u00e9 praktiky zam\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 na po\u010das\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Podle \u010desk\u00e9ho kulturn\u00edho historika a etnografa \u010ce\u0148ka Z\u00edbrta se zvyk p\u00e1len\u00ed oh\u0148\u016f o Filipojakubsk\u00e9 noci (v kraj\u00edch s n\u011bmeck\u00fdm obyvatelstvem ozna\u010dovan\u00e9 podle n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho vzoru tak\u00e9 jako Valpur\u017eina noc) za\u010dal \u0161\u00ed\u0159it a\u017e v polovin\u011b 19. stolet\u00ed, a to nejd\u0159\u00edve v \u010desk\u00fdch a n\u011bmeck\u00fdch lokalit\u00e1ch jihoz\u00e1padn\u00edch a severn\u00edch \u010cech. Filipojakubsk\u00e1 se ji \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 proto, \u017ee v minulosti slavil sv\u00e1tek 1. kv\u011btna sv. Filip a Jakub. Vlivem liturgick\u00e9ho kalend\u00e1\u0159e slavila k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e1 c\u00edrkev tento sv\u00e1tek na p\u0159ipomenut\u00ed dne, kdy byla vysv\u011bcena \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e1 bazilika s ostatky apo\u0161tol\u016f Filipa a Jakuba.<\/p>\n

Jednou z teori\u00ed o p\u016fvodu na\u0161ich \u010carod\u011bjnic je, \u017ee vych\u00e1zej\u00ed z keltsk\u00e9ho sv\u00e1tku Beltain, kter\u00fd z na\u0161eho pohledu p\u0159ipadal v\u011bt\u0161inou pr\u00e1v\u011b na 30. dubna. Ten se na po\u010dest slune\u010dn\u00edho boha Belenuse slavil u\u017e 600 let p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem a z\u00e1rove\u0148 se b\u011bhem n\u011bj oslavoval odchod zimy a prodlu\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed dn\u016f. Jeho ned\u00edlnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed byly i velk\u00e9 ohn\u011b, kter\u00fdm se z\u00e1rove\u0148 p\u0159isuzoval o\u010distn\u00fd v\u00fdznam – m\u011bly lid zbavovat zl\u00fdch sil, upev\u0148ovat zdrav\u00ed a p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b i p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161et \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed. Masti, kter\u00fdmi se \u010darod\u011bjky pomaz\u00e1valy p\u0159ed letem na sabat, se mohly p\u0159ipravovat nap\u0159. z va\u0159en\u00fdch d\u011btsk\u00fdch t\u011bl, z d\u011btsk\u00e9ho \u010di vep\u0159ov\u00e9ho tuku, z prachu z nepok\u0159t\u011bn\u00fdch d\u011bt\u00ed, ropu\u0161\u00edch t\u011bl \u010di mozk\u016f a chlup\u016f ps\u016f a ko\u010dek. Dochovan\u00e9 jsou i zpr\u00e1vy o tom, \u017ee se do mast\u00ed po\u017e\u00edvalo jedu ropuch; ropucha byla \u010dasto ozna\u010dov\u00e1na jako \u201ev\u00edla\u201c, \u201e\u010darod\u011bjnice\u201c nebo \u201ekouzeln\u00edk\u201c a sekret jej\u00ed k\u016f\u017ee obsahuje bufotenin, kter\u00fd m\u00e1 psychotropn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinky.<\/p>\n

P\u0159ed oslavami se v\u017edy uhasily v\u0161echny ohn\u011b ve vesnici, zap\u00e1lila se hlavn\u00ed hranice a od n\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed dva men\u0161\u00ed ohn\u011b p\u0159edstavuj\u00edc\u00ed br\u00e1nu. Kolem nich se pot\u00e9 proch\u00e1zelo, tan\u010dilo a proskakovalo se d\u00fdmem. Keltov\u00e9 ale nechr\u00e1nili pouze sebe. Pomoc\u00ed oh\u0148\u016f chr\u00e1nili p\u0159ed zl\u00fdmi silami i sv\u00e1 hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 zv\u00ed\u0159ata, kter\u00e1 mezi vatrami prov\u00e1d\u011bli. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 jim tak cht\u011bli zajistit dobr\u00e9 zdrav\u00ed a tak\u00e9 plodnost. Proto\u017ee se oh\u0148\u016f \u010darod\u011bjnice \u00fadajn\u011b d\u011bsily, zapalovaly se ohromn\u00e9 vatry. N\u011bkde se dokonce zapalovalo a\u017e sedm velk\u00fdch oh\u0148\u016f okolo vesnice. Chyb\u011bt nesm\u011bla ani ko\u0161\u0165ata, kter\u00e1 se zap\u00e1len\u00e1 vyhazovala do vzduchu. \u00dadajn\u011b m\u011bla odhalit ukryt\u00e9 \u010darod\u011bjnice krou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed na nebi, kde hledaly sv\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed ob\u011bti. Na zahn\u00e1n\u00ed \u010darod\u011bjnic se pou\u017e\u00edvaly i st\u0159eln\u00e9 zbran\u011b nebo bi\u010d, kter\u00fdmi se hlasit\u011b pr\u00e1skalo do vzduchu. D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 bylo tak\u00e9 dob\u0159e uklizen\u00e9 staven\u00ed. I p\u0159es tato opat\u0159en\u00ed se doporu\u010dovalo m\u00edt n\u011bjakou ochranu p\u0159i ka\u017ed\u00e9m kroku fyzicky u sebe.<\/p>\n

Nebezpe\u010d\u00ed \u010darod\u011bjnick\u00e9ho u\u0159knut\u00ed a obecn\u011b temn\u00fdch sil hrozilo p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm tehdy, pokud se lid\u00e9 o Filipojakubsk\u00e9 noci toulali sami ve tm\u011b p\u0159\u00edrodou. Na ochranu se proto pou\u017e\u00edval kv\u011bt z kaprad\u00ed, kousek sv\u011bcen\u00e9 k\u0159\u00eddy \u010di trocha sv\u011bcen\u00e9 vody, hostie a dal\u0161\u00ed p\u0159edm\u011bty. \u010carod\u011bjnice nav\u00edc neovliv\u0148ovaly jen lidi, n\u00fdbr\u017e i dobytek a \u00farodu. Proto se p\u0159ed staven\u00ed pokl\u00e1daly drny s trny, kter\u00e9 m\u011bly \u010darod\u011bjnice poranit, pokud by se p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017eily. Tak\u00e9 se pou\u017e\u00edvaly hrom\u00e1dky st\u00e9bel a v\u011btvi\u010dek, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b p\u00edsku. V\u011b\u0159ilo se toti\u017e, \u017ee pokud na takovou hrom\u00e1dku \u010darod\u011bjnice naraz\u00ed, nem\u016f\u017ee odej\u00edt, dokud v\u0161echna st\u00e9bla \u010di zrnka p\u00edsku nespo\u010d\u00edt\u00e1. A pr\u00e1v\u011b to ji zdr\u017e\u00ed a\u017e do t\u00e9 doby, ne\u017e vyjde slunce a v\u0161e kolem se zase probud\u00ed do nov\u00e9ho dne. B\u011bhem minul\u00fdch stolet\u00ed jsme se setkali s mnoha n\u00e1tlaky na to, aby tento sv\u00e1tek vymizel z lidov\u00e9ho \u017eivota. Krom\u011b c\u00edrkve jej cht\u011bli ovlivnit i komunist\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed ohn\u011b p\u0159ejmenovali na \u201evatry m\u00edru\u201c.<\/p>\n

P\u0159esto se poda\u0159ilo oslavy Filipojakubsk\u00e9 noci uchovat. T\u0159eba\u017ee tomuto ve\u010deru u\u017e v\u011bt\u0161ina lid\u00ed nep\u0159isuzuje takov\u00fd v\u00fdznam jako kdysi. Douf\u00e1me, \u017ee si i letos \u010carod\u011bjnice u\u017eijete. Pokud byste cht\u011bli ve\u010dern\u00ed oslavy trochu ozvl\u00e1\u0161tnit, vyrazit na hon za pokladem. Podle legend by se m\u011bly o Filipojakubsk\u00e9 noci otev\u00edrat star\u00e9 jeskyn\u011b a hory, ve kter\u00fdch jsou ukryty velk\u00e9 poklady. Tak letos zkuste \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed a pro jistotu si vezm\u011bte do kapsy kv\u011bt kaprad\u00ed nebo sv\u011bcenou k\u0159\u00eddu, aby se v\u00e1m \u010darod\u011bjnice vyhnuly obloukem.<\/p>\n

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Zdroj:<\/strong> MUCHEMBLED, Robert, a kol., Magie a \u010darod\u011bjnictv\u00ed v Evrop\u011b, \u0160INDEL\u00c1\u0158, Bed\u0159ich, Hon na \u010darod\u011bjnice: z\u00e1padn\u00ed a st\u0159edn\u00ed Evropa v 16.-17. stolet\u00ed, Praha: Nakladatelstv\u00ed Svoboda, 1986<\/p>\n

P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n

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  Filipojakubsk\u00e1 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":305667,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"gallery","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[111],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/28\/ram-noc.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/253087"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=253087"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/253087\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":305668,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/253087\/revisions\/305668"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/305667"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=253087"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=253087"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=253087"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}