{"id":252157,"date":"2024-03-31T21:10:42","date_gmt":"2024-03-31T20:10:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=252157"},"modified":"2024-04-01T18:14:21","modified_gmt":"2024-04-01T17:14:21","slug":"o-cervenem-pondeli","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=252157","title":{"rendered":"STAR\u00c1 \u0160UMAVA: \u010cerven\u00e9 pond\u011bl\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"

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St\u0159\u00edpe\u010dek d\u00e1vno ztracen\u00fdch \u010das\u016f, kter\u00e9 n\u00e1m sv\u00fdm jednoduch\u00fdm, le\u010d pevn\u00fdm \u0159\u00e1dem p\u0159ipadaj\u00ed nevinn\u011b prost\u00e9. Velikonoce jsou sv\u00e1tky vzk\u0159\u00ed\u0161en\u00ed a jara. “… o V\u00e1noc\u00edch vl\u00e1dne noc a o Velikonoc\u00edch u\u017e bo\u017e\u00ed \u010dinn\u00fd den,” p\u00ed\u0161e Karel \u010capek ve fejetonu O velikono\u010dn\u00edm \u010darov\u00e1n\u00ed. A m\u00e1 pravdu ona sv\u00e1te\u010dn\u00ed Velk\u00e1 noc, noc “vzk\u0159\u00ed\u0161en\u00ed”, je u\u017e jen slavnostn\u00edm odleskem pohybu p\u0159\u00edrody, v n\u011bm\u017e se rod\u00ed i nov\u00e9 kon\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bka. Tedy: tak tomu alespo\u0148 b\u00fdvalo, kdy\u017e \u017eivot lidsk\u00fd byl spojen pevn\u011b s b\u011bhem p\u0159\u00edrody.<\/h6>\n

Velikono\u010dn\u00ed pond\u011bl\u00ed, tak\u00e9 \u010derven\u00e9 pond\u011bl\u00ed, den po Zmrtv\u00fdchvst\u00e1n\u00ed P\u00e1n\u011b, se nese ve znamen\u00ed ritu\u00e1l\u016f, kter\u00e9 b\u00fdvaj\u00ed ozna\u010dovan\u00e9 jako “p\u0159echodov\u00e9” – symbolizuj\u00ed p\u0159echod zimy k jaru, proto\u017ee d\u0159\u00edve po velk\u00fdch sv\u00e1tc\u00edch n\u00e1sledoval den klidu. Bylo to praktick\u00e9 opat\u0159en\u00ed, proto\u017ee po\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e1 oslava dok\u00e1\u017ee po\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b unavit. Tato nek\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e1 praxe byla v pr\u016fb\u011bhu d\u011bjin v r\u016fzn\u00fdch kultur\u00e1ch teologizov\u00e1na a zasazena do k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9ho r\u00e1mce.<\/p>\n

\u010cerven\u00e9 pond\u011bl\u00ed, tento n\u00e1zev je odvozen od \u010derven\u00e9 barvy kraslic, kter\u00e1 symbolizuje Kristovu krev. Pr\u00e1v\u011b kraslice pat\u0159\u00ed k hlavn\u00edm symbol\u016fm tohoto dne. V\u0161echny d\u00edvky si na Velikono\u010dn\u00ed pond\u011bl\u00ed chystaj\u00ed vesel\u00e1 vaj\u00ed\u010dka, kter\u00e1 daruj\u00ed koledn\u00edk\u016fm. Je to pod\u011bkov\u00e1n\u00ed za jejich n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvu. Vejce jsou symbolem plodnosti, \u00farody a nov\u00e9ho \u017eivota. Barven\u00ed a zdoben\u00ed vaj\u00ed\u010dek pat\u0159\u00ed k nejstar\u0161\u00edm tradic\u00edm, kter\u00e9 jsou s Velikonocemi spojen\u00e9. Vejce bylo tak\u00e9 p\u0159edm\u011btem obdarov\u00e1n\u00ed, je\u017e se dot\u00fdk\u00e1 kmotrovsk\u00fdch, p\u0159\u00edbuzensk\u00fdch, sousedsk\u00fdch a milostn\u00fdch vztah\u016f, nebo p\u0159edstavovalo sv\u011bceninu v pokrmu \u010di v magick\u00e9m ritu\u00e1lu pos\u00edlen\u00ed \u00farody zem\u011b.<\/p>\n

Zn\u00e1m\u00fd a dosud m\u00edsty praktikovan\u00fd zvyk vede rodi\u010de, aby uschovali d\u011btem vejce na skryt\u00e9 m\u00edsto, ale tak, aby si je nalezly. Vejce m\u011bla poch\u00e1zet od zlat\u00e9 slepi\u010dky, kohouta nebo sk\u0159iv\u00e1nka. Star\u00fd \u010desk\u00fd, moravsk\u00fd a slezsk\u00fd oby\u010dej ale zatla\u010dila do pozad\u00ed nad\u00edlka vajec od zaj\u00edce, zprost\u0159edkovan\u00e1 z n\u011bmeck\u00e9 tradice. Staro\u010desk\u00fd v\u00fdraz kraslice je zaps\u00e1n v latinsko-\u010desk\u00e9m Glos\u00e1\u0159i z doby kolem roku 1466, zat\u00edmco \u201ekr\u00e1\u0161len\u00e9 vejce\u201c je zm\u00edn\u011bno v trakt\u00e1tu Tom\u00e1\u0161e \u0160t\u00edtn\u00e9ho. V\u00fdraz kraslice se uchoval v lidov\u00e9 tradici severov\u00fdchodn\u00edch \u010cech, ale k jeho obecn\u00e9mu roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed do\u0161lo a\u017e koncem 19. stolet\u00ed. Do t\u00e9 doby se pro zdoben\u00e9 poml\u00e1zkov\u00e9 vejce u\u017e\u00edvalo v\u00fdraz\u016f malovan\u00e9 vaj\u00ed\u010dko, poml\u00e1zka nebo malovna.<\/p>\n

Poml\u00e1zka za\u010d\u00ednala pro ml\u00e1dence o p\u016flnoci z ned\u011ble na pond\u011bl\u00ed. \u0160leh\u00e1n\u00edm poml\u00e1zkou se p\u0159ed\u00e1vala mladost a sv\u011b\u017eest obsa\u017een\u00e1 ve sv\u011b\u017e\u00edch, je\u0161t\u011b neolist\u011bn\u00fdch vrbov\u00fdch proutc\u00edch. D\u011bv\u010dat\u016fm to m\u011blo zaru\u010dit ml\u00e1d\u00ed a zdrav\u00ed a taky to, aby byl piln\u00e1 po cel\u00fd rok.<\/p>\n

Nejd\u0159\u00edve se ve vsi chodilo k t\u00e9 nejkr\u00e1sn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. A pro tu, ke kter\u00e9 nikdo nep\u0159i\u0161el, to byla velk\u00e1 ostuda a potupa. Hospod\u00e1\u0159 tak\u00e9 vy\u0161lehal \u010del\u00e1dku, aby nebyla l\u00edn\u00e1, kr\u00e1vu, aby se brzy otelila, i ovocn\u00e9 stromy, aby se probudily ze zimn\u00edho sp\u00e1nku. Vdan\u00e9 \u017eeny dost\u00e1valy poml\u00e1zkou, aby nebyly drz\u00e9 a byly plodn\u00e9. Star\u00fdm zvykem je pohostit koledn\u00edky nebo jim d\u00e1t r\u016fzn\u00e9 dary \u2013 maso, mazanec, n\u011bjak\u00fd dopln\u011bk, ovoce, pen\u00edze, t\u011bm star\u0161\u00edm pak alkohol. Nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdslu\u017ekou v\u0161ak je velikono\u010dn\u00ed vejce, kter\u00e1 hospodyn\u011b p\u0159edem obarvila p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edmi barvami. N\u011bkde d\u00edvky na opl\u00e1tku za vy\u0161leh\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00e1zaly chlapc\u016fm na poml\u00e1zku stuhy, ka\u017ed\u00e1 barva m\u011bla svou symboliku. Rud\u00e1 znamenala n\u00e1klonnost a l\u00e1sku, modr\u00e1 nad\u011bji, \u017elut\u00e1 odm\u00edtnut\u00ed a zelen\u00e1 oblibu.<\/p>\n

Po\u010det kraslic \u010di stuh na poml\u00e1zce tak\u00e9 pom\u011brn\u011b jednozna\u010dn\u011b ukazoval, jak moc je koledn\u00edk \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fd a kolik staven\u00ed nav\u0161t\u00edvil. Aby si zajistily plodnost, zakop\u00e1valy \u017eeny vaj\u00ed\u010dka v roz\u00edch chl\u00e9v\u016f a pol\u00ed. Na Velikono\u010dn\u00ed pond\u011bl\u00ed se tak\u00e9 chodilo \u017e\u00e1dat o ruku. \u017denich se ale musel domluvit p\u0159edem, a to v den, kter\u00fd se naz\u00fdval Dru\u017eebn\u00e1 ned\u011ble \u2013 \u010dtvrtou postn\u00ed ned\u011bli.<\/p>\n

Pro chlapce i d\u011bv\u010data byla poml\u00e1zka tak\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost\u00ed k tomu, aby si vyjevili sv\u00e9 city. N\u011bkde se dosud dodr\u017euje tradice, \u017ee se poml\u00e1zka na Velikono\u010dn\u00ed pond\u011bl\u00ed po koled\u011b zasad\u00ed do zem\u011b na zahrad\u011b nebo na louce. A proto\u017ee mus\u00ed b\u00fdt upletena z \u010derstv\u00fdch a neloupan\u00fdch vrbov\u00fdch proutk\u016f, je vysok\u00e1 \u0161ance, \u017ee p\u0159e\u017eije a vyroste z n\u00ed stromek. \u0158\u00edkanek se p\u0159i koledov\u00e1n\u00ed \u0159\u00edk\u00e1valo n\u011bkolik, a proto\u017ee Hody, hody, doprovody… je notoricky zn\u00e1m\u00e1, m\u00e1me pro v\u00e1s jinou: Pan\u00ed kmotra, sly\u0161te ch\u00e1sku, p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00edme na poml\u00e1zku, opentlen\u00e9 \u017eilky m\u00e1me, kdo n\u00e1m ned\u00e1, uhl\u00edd\u00e1me! Pan\u00ed kmotra, neme\u0161kejte, barven\u00e1 vaj\u00ed\u010dka dejte, jestli jste jich neobarvila, tak\u00e9 jsou n\u00e1m b\u00edl\u00e1 mil\u00e1, schov\u00e1me je p\u011bkn\u011b v ranci, srovnaj\u00ed se tam s mazanci.<\/p>\n

Nejstar\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1znamy o mrsk\u00e1n\u00ed neboli pomlazov\u00e1n\u00ed zelen\u00fdmi proutky poch\u00e1zej\u00ed z p\u0159elomu 14. a 15. stolet\u00ed. Tehdy se \u0161lehali v\u0161ichni navz\u00e1jem a pova\u017eovali to za z\u00e1bavu s erotick\u00fdm podtextem. Nap\u0159\u00edklad Jan Hus ve sv\u00e9m velikono\u010dn\u00edm k\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ipom\u00ednal, \u017ee \u017eeny mrskaj\u00ed sv\u00e9 man\u017eely a druh\u00fd den naopak mu\u017ei man\u017eelky proto, aby jeden od druh\u00e9ho nevy\u017eadoval pln\u011bn\u00ed man\u017eelsk\u00fdch povinnost\u00ed. Jist\u00fd renesan\u010dn\u00ed kazatel napsal, \u017ee \u201apomlazen\u00ed jest z\u00e1bava tak necudn\u00e1, \u017ee nejedna panna p\u0159es velkonoc sv\u00e9 panenstv\u00ed neohl\u00edd\u00e1\u2018.<\/p>\n

\u010casem v\u0161ak poml\u00e1zka ztratila erotick\u00fd n\u00e1boj a p\u0159em\u011bnila se na klasickou koledn\u00ed obch\u016fzku s \u0159\u00edkankami, za co\u017e n\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed odm\u011bna. Prvn\u00ed zpr\u00e1vy m\u00e1me tak\u00e9 z doby Karla IV. N\u011bmeck\u00fd kazatel Konr\u00e1d Waldhauser tehdy napsal spis Postila, ve kter\u00e9m \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee se v tyto dny maj\u00ed man\u017eel\u00e9 navz\u00e1jem \u0161lehat metlami nebo rukama. Dal\u0161\u00ed zpr\u00e1vy jsou potom ze 17. stolet\u00ed, z doby p\u0159ed B\u00edlou horou. Zm\u00ednka je z Prahy a mluv\u00ed o tom, \u017ee si lid\u00e9 ve m\u011bst\u011b kupovali pestrobarevn\u00e9 metly a navz\u00e1jem se s nimi \u0161vihali. Op\u011bt \u2013 jeden den mu\u017ei, druh\u00fd \u017eeny.<\/p>\n

Na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b spis italsk\u00e9ho l\u00e9ka\u0159e Guarinonia, kter\u00fd v 17. stolet\u00ed pob\u00fdval v Praze, u\u017e v souvislosti s poml\u00e1zkou zmi\u0148oval pouze vypl\u00e1cen\u00ed \u017een. Podle n\u011bj se v Praze na ulic\u00edch prod\u00e1vaj\u00ed dlouh\u00e9 pleten\u00e9 pruty \u010di metle (Rutten), kter\u00fdmi mu\u017ei mrskaj\u00ed \u017eeny a d\u00edvky po ramenou a po ruk\u00e1ch, aby od nich dostali velikono\u010dn\u00ed vejce.<\/p>\n

A kone\u010dn\u011b stoj\u00ed za zm\u00ednku to, \u017ee magick\u00e1 s\u00edla, p\u0159isuzovan\u00e1 vrbov\u00fdm pletenc\u016fm, byla d\u016fvodem, pro\u010d se v n\u011bkter\u00fdch kraj\u00edch vy\u0161leh\u00e1val o Velikonoc\u00edch poml\u00e1zkou i dobytek. Kdy\u017e p\u0159ijde prvn\u00ed koledn\u00edk s poml\u00e1zkou, hospod\u00e1\u0159 nebo hospodyn\u011b vezme poml\u00e1zku, ale ne do hol\u00e9 ruky, a jde do chl\u00e9va a \u0161leh\u00e1 po dobytku, aby dobytek nekopal a nebyl lechtiv\u00fd a byl \u010derstv\u00fd. Prvky magick\u00e9ho my\u0161len\u00ed se prom\u00edtaly i do osudu pleten\u00e9 poml\u00e1zky, kdy\u017e koleda kon\u010dila. Poml\u00e1zky se sto\u010den\u00e9 do kruhu odhazovaly p\u0159es hlavu na st\u0159echu, nebo se h\u00e1zely do ohn\u011b \u010di pou\u0161t\u011bly po vod\u011b. Ve v\u0161ech p\u0159\u00edpadech \u0161lo o magick\u00fd symbol odvracen\u00ed n\u011b\u010deho \u0161kodliv\u00e9ho a negativn\u00edho.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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