{"id":248308,"date":"2024-02-11T18:56:28","date_gmt":"2024-02-11T17:56:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=248308"},"modified":"2024-02-13T20:14:36","modified_gmt":"2024-02-13T19:14:36","slug":"stara-sumava-masopustni-utery-3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=248308","title":{"rendered":"STAR\u00c1 \u0160UMAVA: Masopustn\u00ed \u00fater\u00fd"},"content":{"rendered":"

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… Kdy\u017e se bl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed p\u016flnoc, mlad\u00ed lid\u00e9 se p\u0159ipravuj\u00ed na pochov\u00e1n\u00ed basy. Bask\u0159\u00eddlovka je oble\u010dena do \u017eensk\u00fdch \u0161at\u016f a p\u0159ev\u00e1z\u00e1na stuhami jako symbol hudby a vesel\u00ed. Pot\u00e9 je polo\u017eena na \u017eidle a skupina v kruhu vyhla\u0161uje smutek z rozlou\u010den\u00ed s vesel\u00fdmi \u010dasy a hudbou. Pronese se smute\u010dn\u00ed \u0159e\u010d a bask\u0159\u00eddlovka se pak nese ve slavnostn\u00edm pr\u016fvodu po s\u00e1le a\u017e do \u00faderu p\u016flnoci. V tuto dobu ve\u0161ker\u00e9 vesel\u00ed ust\u00e1v\u00e1 a v\u0161ichni se rozch\u00e1zej\u00ed do sv\u00fdch domov\u016f, aby zah\u00e1jili p\u016fst…<\/h6>\n

O Masopustn\u00edm \u00fater\u00fd se ve vesnici, ale tak\u00e9 ve m\u011bst\u011b tradi\u010dn\u011b po\u0159\u00e1daly ma\u0161karn\u00ed pr\u016fvody, proto se objevuje i n\u00e1zev Ma\u0161karn\u00ed \u00fater\u00fd. Lid\u00e9 v mask\u00e1ch obch\u00e1zeli staven\u00ed, obvykle s muzikou, a bavili obyvatele. Za to pak dost\u00e1vali masopustn\u00ed v\u00fdslu\u017eku, co\u017e b\u00fdvaly t\u0159eba koblihy nebo produkty ze zab\u00edja\u010dky. Pak se v\u0161ichni znovu potkali v hospod\u011b na z\u00e1bav\u011b. Ta ji\u017e ale nem\u011bla trvat p\u0159es p\u016flnoc, proto\u017ee existovala pov\u011bra, \u017ee se v takov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b na tancova\u010dce zjev\u00ed s\u00e1m \u010f\u00e1bel. Masopustn\u00ed \u00fater\u00fd toti\u017e p\u0159edch\u00e1z\u00ed Popele\u010dn\u00ed st\u0159ed\u011b, kdy za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 postn\u00ed doba. Den kon\u010dil takzvan\u00fdm pochov\u00e1n\u00edm basy; lid\u00e9 ji vynesli ven a poh\u0159bili ji, aby si na ni n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch \u010dty\u0159icet sedm dn\u00ed nemohl nikdo zahr\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

Nejstar\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1znamy o masopustn\u00edch mask\u00e1ch se na\u0161ly dokonce z 6. stolet\u00ed. Z\u00e1sluhu na tom, \u017ee pr\u016fvody masek op\u011bt o\u017eily, maj\u00ed v 19. stolet\u00ed nad\u0161enci, kte\u0159\u00ed v tom vid\u011bli posilov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010desk\u00e9ho vlastnectv\u00ed. Masky m\u011bly mnoh\u00e9 v\u00fdznamy. Ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b se objevovaly tradi\u010dn\u00ed masky. \u010casto to byly zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00ed motivy, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm se vyb\u00edrala zv\u00ed\u0159ata opat\u0159en\u00e1 zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed vlastnost\u00ed, \u010di s\u00edlou. Maska kon\u011b je obrazem s\u00edly ji\u017e od antick\u00fdch dob. V \u010desk\u00e9m masopustu b\u00fdval veden postavou sedl\u00e1ka, ko\u010d\u00edho nebo \u0161a\u0161ka a p\u0159edv\u00e1d\u011bl v\u0161elijak\u00e9 cirkusov\u00e9 kousky. Dominantn\u00ed maskou byl medv\u011bd, veden\u00fd medv\u011bd\u00e1\u0159em, nebo\u0165 medv\u011bd jako takov\u00fd symbolizuje plodnost.<\/p>\n

Ve v\u00fdchodn\u00edch \u010cech\u00e1ch st\u00e1l na za\u010d\u00e1tku pr\u016fvodu tradi\u010dn\u011b \u201elaufer\u201c s bi\u010dem. Ten p\u0159ed vstupem zapr\u00e1skal a oslovil hospod\u00e1\u0159e: \u201eJ\u00e1 jsem Laufer a jdu v\u00e1s poprosit, abyste n\u00e1m dovolili vstoupit do va\u0161eho domu. Ve va\u0161\u00ed obci se dnes nach\u00e1z\u00ed velk\u00e1 ko\u010dovn\u00e1 spole\u010dnost um\u011blc\u016f, ve kter\u00e9 se tak\u00e9 divok\u00e1 zv\u00ed\u0159ata a v\u0161elijak\u00e9 \u0161elmy vynach\u00e1zej\u00ed, jak\u00e9 se v na\u0161ich kraj\u00edch nikd\u00e1 nevid\u00ed. P\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00edm v\u00e1s poprosit o dovolen\u00ed, aby v\u00e1m mohli ud\u011blat p\u0159edstaven\u00ed.\u201c Laufra dopl\u0148ovala \u201emeta\u0159ka\u201c (Kehr-M\u00e4dchen), j\u00ed\u017e byl vlastn\u011b p\u0159evle\u010den\u00fd chlapec v sukni a s \u0161\u00e1tkem, ko\u0161t\u011bm vymetal sv\u011btnici a prosil o nov\u00e9, \u010di \u010dty\u0159i krejcary na jeho po\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Za nimi byli Turci, kte\u0159\u00ed uzav\u0159eli \u0161avlemi vstup, dokud nep\u0159i\u0161el myslivec a jeho pan\u00ed. Za t\u011bmi se nach\u00e1zeli pr\u00e1v\u011b medv\u011bd\u00e1\u0159 s medv\u011bdem, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e p\u0159i vstupu polo\u017eili na st\u016fl pokladni\u010dku a medv\u011bd u n\u00ed bru\u010del, dokud do n\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159 nevhodil mince. Pak tu byli jezdci, sedl\u00e1ci, \u017eid s pytlem nebo rancem na z\u00e1dech, kter\u00fd st\u00e1le vyjad\u0159oval nespokojenost s d\u00e1rky; na konci pr\u016fvodu byl komin\u00edk, kter\u00fd m\u011bl povinnost prohl\u00e9dnout kamna i kom\u00edny, a pokud n\u011bkde nalezl zbytky j\u00eddla, mohl si je nechat.<\/p>\n

Hospodyn\u011b se v\u017edycky sna\u017eily medv\u011bd\u016fm tajn\u011b odtrhnout kousek hrachoviny, kterou pak d\u00e1valy dr\u016fbe\u017ei, aby dob\u0159e sed\u011bla na vejc\u00edch. Medv\u011bdi se br\u00e1nili t\u00edm, \u017ee mezi hrachovinu ukryli pichlav\u00e9 trn\u00ed, aby jim alespo\u0148 kousek \u201eobleku” zbyl. Medv\u011bdi se t\u011b\u0161ili hlavn\u011b na obl\u00edben\u00fd zvyk popadnout n\u011bkterou z p\u0159ihl\u00ed\u017eej\u00edc\u00edch d\u00edvek a \u017een a vyv\u00e1let ji na zemi ve sn\u011bhu. Nenapadne-li v masopustn\u00edch dnech sn\u00edh, b\u00fdvaj\u00ed medv\u011bdi smutn\u00ed, proto\u017ee o tuto z\u00e1bavu p\u0159ijdou. I tak z\u016fstal smysl poskakov\u00e1n\u00ed masky medv\u011bda kolem hospodyn\u011b, v\u00e1len\u00ed ve sn\u011bhu, u symbolick\u00fdch polibk\u016f a popl\u00e1c\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed celkem jednozna\u010dn\u00fd \u2013 p\u0159\u00e1n\u00ed a vin\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed k plodnosti mu\u017e\u016f a \u017een. Pr\u016fvod byl ukon\u010den \u201ezast\u0159elen\u00edm\u201c Medv\u011bda, jemu\u017e se p\u0159edt\u00edm \u010detl barvit\u00fd rozsudek. V\u011b\u0159ilo se, \u017ee na\u0161i mrtv\u00ed p\u0159edkov\u00e9 mohou v dob\u011b masopustu vstoupit mezi n\u00e1s, tedy bylo na m\u00edst\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edt p\u0159evlek ke komunikaci s jejich sv\u011btem.<\/p>\n

V n\u011bkter\u00fdch m\u00edstech se dodr\u017euje tradice, \u017ee ma\u0161kar\u00e1di vstoup\u00ed do polovypu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9ho rybn\u00edka a pov\u00e1lej\u00ed se v jeho bahn\u011b, aby bylo v p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00edm roce hodn\u011b ryb; \u010di ma\u0161kara symbolizuj\u00edc\u00ed plodnost vyzve obyvatele a pov\u00e1l\u00ed se s n\u00edm ve sn\u011bhu. \u010casto doch\u00e1z\u00ed k v\u00fdpad\u016fm v\u016f\u010di \u017eensk\u00e9mu pohlav\u00ed \u2013 mu\u017ei \u017eeny nap\u0159\u00edklad obt\u011b\u017euj\u00ed s je\u017eovkou (ty\u010d s je\u017e\u010d\u00ed k\u016f\u017e\u00ed naho\u0159e); op\u011bt symbol plodnosti. Ve\u010der po obch\u016fzce kon\u010d\u00edval stejn\u011b jako v\u0161echny masopustn\u00ed dny muzikou a tancem v hospod\u011b. Tentokr\u00e1t se v\u0161ak z\u00e1bava neprot\u00e1hla a\u017e do r\u00e1na. Ve st\u0159edov\u011bku se chodilo sp\u00e1t se z\u00e1padem slunce, v novov\u011bku samoz\u0159ejm\u011b pozd\u011bji.<\/p>\n

Masopust kon\u010dil p\u0159esn\u011b o p\u016flnoci, kdy ponocn\u00fd zatroubil na roh. \u010casto se je\u0161t\u011b pochovala basa, a\u0165 u\u017e skute\u010dn\u00e1 nebo jako figur\u00edna, kter\u00e1 se na nos\u00edtk\u00e1ch vynesla ven a poh\u0159bila na znamen\u00ed, \u017ee si na ni v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch t\u00fddnech nikdo nezahraje. B\u00fdv\u00e1 to bu\u010f vycpan\u00fd hastro\u0161 ze sl\u00e1my nebo \u017eiv\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk, pitvorn\u011b oble\u010den\u00fd. P\u0159ipravuje se k smrti. \u017dena jeho (p\u0159evle\u010den\u00fd mu\u017esk\u00fd) ho\u0159ekuje, pl\u00e1\u010de \u017ealostn\u011b; kn\u011bz na rychlo od\u011bn\u00fd rozedranou ko\u0161il\u00ed (m\u00edsto rochetky) vy\u010d\u00edt\u00e1 mu, \u017ee \u00bbjen vodu pil, od t\u00e9 \u017ee zvodnat\u011bl. Kdyby pivo pil, \u017ee by dlouho \u017eil\u00ab – a podobn\u00e9 v\u00fdplody rozja\u0159en\u00e9 mysli masopustn\u00edk\u016f … Kone\u010dn\u011b mu odzp\u00edvaj\u00ed rozpustil\u00e9 reguiem a s velik\u00fdm pl\u00e1\u010dem pochov\u00e1vaj\u00ed, bu\u010f na mrvi\u0161t\u011b nebo do j\u00e1my kamsi jej zahod\u00edce. Lid\u00e9 v\u011b\u0159ili, \u017ee pokud budou o masopustu tancovat p\u0159es p\u016flnoc, objev\u00ed se mezi nimi \u010f\u00e1bel, \u010dasto jako cizinec v zelen\u00e9m kab\u00e1t\u011b. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed m\u011bli nadto je\u0161t\u011b v mysli hluboko zasutou prastarou pov\u011bru, \u017ee zem\u011b je do doby, ne\u017e vyd\u00e1 \u00farodu, t\u011bhotn\u00e1, a proto se po n\u00ed stejn\u011b neslu\u0161\u00ed sk\u00e1kat a dupat.<\/p>\n

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Zdroj:<\/strong> Z\u00cdBRT, \u010cen\u011bk; HOCHOV\u00c1-BRO\u017d\u00cdKOV\u00c1, Zdena. Vesel\u00e9 chv\u00edle v \u017eivot\u011b lidu \u010desk\u00e9ho. Vyd. 2. Praha: Vy\u0161ehrad, 2006. 636 s. \u010cen\u011bk Z\u00edbrt. (\u010dasopis Zlat\u00e1 Praha r.1886)<\/p>\n

P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n

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