{"id":247599,"date":"2025-01-12T14:13:30","date_gmt":"2025-01-12T13:13:30","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=247599"},"modified":"2025-01-12T14:13:30","modified_gmt":"2025-01-12T13:13:30","slug":"stara-sumava-a-posumavi-sekera-je-za-dva-zlaty","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=247599","title":{"rendered":"STAR\u00c1 \u0160UMAVA A PO\u0160UMAV\u00cd: Sekera je za dva zlat\u00fd…"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Na \u0160umav\u011b a v Po\u0161umav\u00ed se lid\u00e9 bez d\u0159eva neobe\u0161li p\u0159i \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 \u010dinnosti. Do d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9 kol\u00e9bky se rodili, d\u0159evo je prov\u00e1zelo cel\u00fd \u017eivot a na d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9m poh\u0159ebn\u00edm prkn\u011b sv\u016fj \u017eivot kon\u010dili. Star\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edslov\u00ed prav\u00ed, \u017ee bez lesa nen\u00ed \u017eivobyt\u00ed. A prac\u00ed se d\u0159evem se zde tak\u00e9 \u017eivilo mnoho rodin. V polovin\u011b 18. stolet\u00ed st\u00e1la pila p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b \u0161estkr\u00e1t tolik co sekera a d\u0159evorubci si ji tak mohli dovolit jen st\u011b\u017e\u00ed.<\/h6>\n

A\u017e do 19. stolet\u00ed proto platilo, \u017ee se na k\u00e1cen\u00ed a odv\u011btvov\u00e1n\u00ed strom\u016f pou\u017e\u00edvala hlavn\u011b sekera, pila slou\u017eila pouze ke zkracov\u00e1n\u00ed padl\u00e9ho kmene na pot\u0159ebnou d\u00e9lku. Nepomohlo ani na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed Marie Terezie, podle kter\u00e9ho se m\u011blo d\u0159evo t\u011b\u017eit \u0159ez\u00e1n\u00edm bl\u00edzko ko\u0159en\u016f. Osv\u00edcen\u00e1 panovnice t\u00edmto na prvn\u00edm pohled zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edm v\u00fdnosem sledovala omezen\u00ed pl\u00fdtv\u00e1n\u00ed d\u0159eva. P\u0159i k\u00e1cen\u00ed stromu sekerou se toti\u017e nevyt\u011b\u017eilo v\u0161echno d\u0159evo, z\u016fst\u00e1val vysok\u00fd a nevzhledn\u00fd pa\u0159ez.<\/p>\n

A\u0165 u\u017e si ji vyrobili kluci v p\u0159\u00edprav\u011b na poh\u00e1dkovou bitvu, nebo ji pozd\u011bji dostali na starost p\u0159i sek\u00e1n\u00ed d\u0159\u00edv\u00ed, v\u011bt\u0161ina mu\u017e\u016f n\u011bkdy dr\u017eela v ruce sekeru. M\u00e1lokdy jim ale dojde, jakou m\u00e1 na prvn\u00ed pohled b\u011b\u017en\u00fd a jednoduch\u00fd n\u00e1stroj bohatou historii. Je toti\u017e jedn\u00edm z nejstar\u0161\u00edch lidsk\u00fdch vyn\u00e1lez\u016f. Sekera slou\u017e\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bku jako jeho prodlou\u017een\u00e1 ruka ji\u017e odnepam\u011bti. S pomoc\u00ed seker jsme budovali silnice nap\u0159\u00ed\u010d nedot\u010denou p\u0159\u00edrodou, stav\u011bli si obydl\u00ed a ohrady pro zv\u00ed\u0159ata. Sekery se zkr\u00e1tka staly p\u0159edpokladem pro p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed a n\u00e1strojem symbolizuj\u00edc\u00edm svobodu a nez\u00e1vislost. \u010clov\u011bk s dob\u0159e nabrou\u0161enou sekerou se mohl tak\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinn\u011b br\u00e1nit.<\/p>\n

V d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00edch epoch\u00e1m hr\u00e1la sekera rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed \u00falohu mezi n\u00e1stroji v mnoha \u0159emeslech pracuj\u00edc\u00edch se d\u0159evem. T\u00e9to d\u016fle\u017eitosti odpov\u00eddala i preciznost a pestrost forem zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1stroje. Prvn\u00ed sekery bychom na\u0161li u\u017e v prav\u011bku. Z opracovan\u00e9ho pazourku a roz\u0161t\u00edpnut\u00e9ho kusu d\u0159eva si ji vyr\u00e1b\u011bli u\u017e prvn\u00ed lid\u00e9. A nen\u00ed divu, byla neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u011b praktick\u00e1. Prvn\u00ed dolo\u017een\u00e1 top\u016frka jsou star\u00e1 kolem osmi tis\u00edc let. D\u00edky dal\u0161\u00edm objev\u016fm se vyv\u00edjela i sekera. M\u00edsto pazourku a dal\u0161\u00edch kamen\u016f se k jej\u00ed v\u00fdrob\u011b za\u010dal pou\u017e\u00edvat bronz, pozd\u011bji \u017eelezo, ocel a dal\u0161\u00ed kovy. Ve vzduchu s n\u00ed za v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9ho pok\u0159iku m\u00e1vali od 6. do 9 stolet\u00ed Langobardi, Germ\u00e1ni i Keltov\u00e9. To ale nebylo v\u0161e. Stejnou zbra\u0148 pou\u017e\u00edvali i Slovan\u00e9 a ko\u010dovn\u00ed n\u00e1jezdn\u00edci z V\u00fdchodu.<\/p>\n

Pou\u017eit\u00ed bojov\u00e9 sekery bylo u v\u0161ech n\u00e1rod\u016f prakticky stejn\u00e9. V boji s n\u00ed sekali protivn\u00edk\u016fm kon\u010detiny a vrhali ji proti nep\u0159\u00e1tel\u016fm. Hlavn\u00ed obranou proti \u00fato\u010dn\u00edkovi se sekerou byl \u0161t\u00edt, proto se stal ned\u00edlnou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed v\u00fdzbroje. Prvn\u00ed primitivn\u00ed top\u016frko se objevuje v mlad\u0161\u00ed dob\u011b kamenn\u00e9 \u2013 k\u00e1men se p\u0159ivazoval na d\u0159ev\u011bnou rukoje\u0165 pomoc\u00ed prou\u017eku k\u016fry, \u0161lachy nebo surov\u00e9 k\u016f\u017ee. Kamennou hlavu sekery nahradila m\u011b\u010f v dob\u011b m\u011bd\u011bn\u00e9 a v dob\u011b bronzov\u00e9 ji vyst\u0159\u00eddal tvrd\u0161\u00ed bronz, kter\u00fd zaru\u010doval odoln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ost\u0159\u00ed. Hlava sekery m\u011bla obvykle tvar kl\u00ednu s otvorem naz\u00fdvan\u00fdm oko. Top\u016frko se zasadilo do oka a ze sekery se r\u00e1zem stal spolehliv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a efektivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1stroj.<\/p>\n

Okolo roku 1300 p\u0159. n. l. se ost\u0159\u00ed za\u010dalo vyr\u00e1b\u011bt z roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u011bj\u0161\u00edho a levn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho \u017eeleza. Ocel se u seker poprv\u00e9 objevuje v obdob\u00ed starov\u011bk\u00e9ho \u0158\u00edma. Ve st\u0159edov\u011bku byla ale tak drah\u00e1, \u017ee se pou\u017e\u00edvala pouze na ost\u0159\u00ed a hlava sekery byla ze \u017eeleza. K roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed oceli do\u0161lo a\u017e v 19. stolet\u00ed, kdy d\u00edky masov\u00e9 v\u00fdrob\u011b zlevnila. Postupem let se funkce kovan\u00e9 sekery roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ila i do jin\u00fdch sf\u00e9r. D\u0159evorubci s n\u00ed k\u00e1celi lesy, kati st\u00ednali hlavy. Indi\u00e1ni zbra\u0148 na znamen\u00ed m\u00edru dokonce zakop\u00e1vali.<\/p>\n

Vesnici pozn\u00e1\u0161 podle kov\u00e1\u0159e. Toto d\u00e1vn\u00e9 r\u010den\u00ed je v\u00edc ne\u017e pravdiv\u00e9. Aby d\u0159evorubci mohli pracovat v lese, museli k tomu m\u00edt pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje. Pozorovat zrod sekery je velk\u00e1 pod\u00edvan\u00e1, proto\u017ee jednotliv\u00e9 kroky p\u0159i jej\u00ed v\u00fdrob\u011b mus\u00ed b\u00fdt dokonale koordinov\u00e1ny podle rytmu kov\u00e1\u0159e. Kov\u00e1rna p\u0159edstavuje pracovi\u0161t\u011b velmi osobit\u00e9ho r\u00e1zu, kde je t\u0159eba jak zru\u010dnosti, tak smyslu pro rytmus. Proto zde nikdo nepracuje n\u00e1hodou. V minulosti m\u011bli mist\u0159i kov\u00e1\u0159i pr\u00e1vo vlastnit kr\u00e1vu, prase a m\u00edt i slu\u017eebnictvo. Znalosti, kter\u00e9 musel kov\u00e1\u0159 v tehdej\u0161\u00ed dob\u011b m\u00edt, ji\u017e byly velice obs\u00e1hl\u00e9 a zahrnovaly mnoho postup\u016f a \u00fakon\u016f, kter\u00e9 pot\u0159eboval zvl\u00e1dnout. V po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch historie \u0159emesla toti\u017e nebyl kov\u00e1\u0159 pouze kov\u00e1\u0159em, ale i odborn\u00edkem na hutn\u00ed zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed surovin a jejich n\u00e1slednou \u00fapravu v ocel nebo kujn\u00e9 \u017eelezo, co\u017e nebylo technicky a prakticky v\u016fbec jednoduch\u00e9 a vy\u017eadovalo mnoho odborn\u00fdch znalost\u00ed a manu\u00e1ln\u00edch dovednost\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Sekery tvo\u0159ily ned\u00edlnou sou\u010d\u00e1st vybaven\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00e9 rolnick\u00e9 usedlosti a hospod\u00e1\u0159 je bral do ruky prakticky denn\u011b. K typ\u016fm seker pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch p\u0159i k\u00e1cen\u00ed, \u0161t\u00edp\u00e1n\u00ed a dal\u0161\u00edch obvykl\u00fdch zp\u016fsobech opracov\u00e1n\u00ed d\u0159eva m\u016f\u017eeme po\u010d\u00edtat sekeru podt\u00ednac\u00ed, d\u00e1le kladn\u00ed (\u0161t\u00edpac\u00ed), tzv. hlavatou sekeru (k obr\u00e1b\u011bn\u00ed), sekeru \u0161iro\u010dinu (d\u0159\u00edve bradatici) a tak\u00e9 teslici rovnou a oblou. Jin\u00e9 sekery ur\u010den\u00e9 ke speci\u00e1ln\u00edm \u00fakon\u016fm se naz\u00fdvaly k\u0159\u00ed\u017eovka, pob\u00edje\u010dka a dlaba\u010dka. Typick\u00e1 sekernick\u00e1 sekera m\u011bla top\u016frko zahnut\u00e9 do jedn\u00e9 strany, podle toho, zda byl sekern\u00edk lev\u00e1k \u010di prav\u00e1k. V\u00fdroba t\u011bchto seker pat\u0159ila k z\u00e1kladn\u00edm dovednostem venkovsk\u00fdch kov\u00e1\u0159\u016f. P\u0159i tesa\u0159sk\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci je mo\u017en\u00e9 vysta\u010dit s omezen\u00fdm mno\u017estv\u00edm n\u00e1stroj\u016f, ale se vzr\u016fstaj\u00edc\u00ed slo\u017eitost\u00ed pr\u00e1ce, zejm\u00e9na ale se zvy\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed se produkc\u00ed bylo nutn\u00e9 zav\u00e9st d\u011blbu pr\u00e1ce. Ta vedla tak\u00e9 ke vzniku specializovan\u00fdch n\u00e1stroj\u016f.<\/p>\n

Patrn\u011b sou\u010dasn\u011b se za\u010d\u00e1tkem pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00ed specializovan\u00fdch por\u00e1\u017eec\u00edch seker, seker pro vrubov\u00e1n\u00ed a hrubov\u00e1n\u00ed, seker pro l\u00edcov\u00e1n\u00ed a dlab\u00e1n\u00ed spoj\u016f doch\u00e1zelo k rozd\u011blen\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch \u00fakol\u016f mezi \u010dleny tesa\u0159sk\u00e9 party. To znamenalo urychlen\u00ed a zkvalitn\u011bn\u00ed pr\u00e1ce i \u00fasporu n\u00e1klad\u016f na v\u00fdrobu speci\u00e1ln\u00edch n\u00e1stroj\u016f, kter\u00e9 by jinak pot\u0159eboval ka\u017ed\u00fd \u010dlen. V d\u016fsledku zakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed cech\u016f a utajov\u00e1n\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdch a zaj\u00edmav\u00fdch pracovn\u00edch postup\u016f se tesa\u0159i ve st\u0159edov\u011bku stali nepostradateln\u00fdmi, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm ve m\u011bstech.<\/p>\n

Pro\u010d pijeme na sekyru a pt\u00e1me se, v \u010dem je zakopan\u00fd pes? P\u016fvod tohoto slovn\u00edho spojen\u00ed m\u016f\u017eeme vysledovat hluboko do minulosti, kdy se na\u0161e spole\u010dnost d\u011blila na p\u00e1ny a jejich poddan\u00e9. Ti v\u011bt\u0161inou neum\u011bli \u010d\u00edst, ps\u00e1t ani po\u010d\u00edtat, a pokud \u0161lo o slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed obchodn\u00ed jedn\u00e1n\u00ed, nem\u011bli k dispozici \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 \u00fa\u010detn\u00ed programy jako my. Pokud do\u0161lo z\u00e1p\u016fj\u010dce pen\u011bz, byl na \u0159ad\u011b daleko jednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed syst\u00e9m. V\u011b\u0159itel i dlu\u017en\u00edk vzali ka\u017ed\u00fd stejn\u011b dlouhou h\u016fl a sekyrou na nich vytvo\u0159ili vroubky, kter\u00e9 zna\u010dily, jak vysok\u00fd obnos mus\u00ed b\u00fdt zaplacen. Ka\u017ed\u00fd si pak svoji h\u016fl vzal a pe\u010dliv\u011b ji opatroval, ne\u017e byl dluh uhrazen. A pr\u00e1v\u011b z tohoto slovn\u00edho spojen\u00ed vzniklo r\u010den\u00ed \u201ep\u00edt na sekyru\u201c. Pr\u00e1v\u011b sekyrou se vruby vyr\u00fdvaly, a tak se stala synonymem dluhu.<\/p>\n

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Zdroj:<\/strong> Hoam!, 1993, s. 271 Kov\u00e1rna Ignaz Pils, autor p\u0159eklad\u016f a \u010desk\u00fdch text\u016f Jan Mare\u0161, elektronick\u00e1 verze Ivo Kare\u0161, Jiho\u010desk\u00e1 v\u011bdeck\u00e1 knihovna v \u010cesk\u00fdch Bud\u011bjovic\u00edch<\/p>\n

P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n

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