{"id":247340,"date":"2024-05-21T08:24:57","date_gmt":"2024-05-21T07:24:57","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=247340"},"modified":"2024-05-21T08:24:57","modified_gmt":"2024-05-21T07:24:57","slug":"z-archivu-a-kronik-o-pilnikarich-a-pilnicich","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=247340","title":{"rendered":"Z ARCHIV\u016e A KRONIK: O piln\u00edk\u00e1\u0159\u00edch a piln\u00edc\u00edch"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Pilnik\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 \u0159emeslo bylo kdysi velmi \u017e\u00e1dan\u00e9 a v\u00e1\u017een\u00e9. Piln\u00edk\u00e1\u0159\u0161t\u00ed \u0159emesln\u00edci sv\u00fdmi v\u00fdrobky z\u00e1sobovali p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm m\u00edstn\u00ed, n\u011bkdy i oblastn\u00ed trh, ale v n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech lze p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat (p\u0159i tak \u00fazk\u00e9 specializaci v\u00fdrobc\u016f) i zna\u010dn\u011b vzd\u00e1len\u00e1 odbyti\u0161t\u011b. Piln\u00edky i ra\u0161ple \u0161ly zkr\u00e1tka na odbyt. Po mnoho stalet\u00ed existovala profese piln\u00edk\u00e1\u0159 – v\u00fdrobce piln\u00edk\u016f.<\/h6>\n

Piln\u00edk\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed je m\u00e9n\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00e9 odv\u011btv\u00ed kov\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho \u0159emesla. Specifi\u010dnost a n\u00e1ro\u010dnost jednotliv\u00fdch technologick\u00fdch \u00fakon\u016f postupn\u011b vedla k vyprofilov\u00e1n\u00ed samostatn\u00e9ho piln\u00edk\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho oboru, kter\u00fd se do \u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00ed dostal a\u017e v polovin\u011b 16. stolet\u00ed. Rozd\u00edl mezi piln\u00edkem a ra\u0161pl\u00ed je ve skute\u010dnosti d\u00e1n tvarem vyseknut\u00e9ho zubu. Piln\u00edkov\u00fd zub se od ra\u0161plov\u00e9ho li\u0161\u00ed nejen sv\u00fdm profilem, ale i zp\u016fsobem proveden\u00ed v\u00fdseku a kladen\u00edm jednotliv\u00fdch vytvo\u0159en\u00fdch b\u0159it\u016f na p\u0159ipraven\u00fd povrch.<\/p>\n

\u201eSta\u0159\u00ed\u201c vyu\u010den\u00ed ru\u010dn\u00ed pilnik\u00e1\u0159i dodnes \u0159\u00edkaj\u00ed, \u017ee pro tvo\u0159en\u00ed zub\u016f je \u201e\u2026nezbytn\u00fd tvrd\u00fd \u00fader a absolutn\u011b dobr\u00e9 sv\u011btlo\u201c. U\u010d\u0148\u016fm trvalo velmi dlouho, ne\u017e tuto pr\u00e1ci zvl\u00e1dli a n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed se pro velkou n\u00e1ro\u010dnost cel\u00e9ho \u00fakonu vysek\u00e1vat nenau\u010dili nikdy, anebo jen n\u011bkter\u00e9 druhy piln\u00edk\u016f \u010di ra\u0161pl\u00ed. Obecn\u011b se m\u00e1 za to, \u017ee v\u00fdsek piln\u00edk\u016f je o n\u011bco obt\u00ed\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e v\u00fdsek ra\u0161pl\u00ed, a proto se mnoho piln\u00edk\u00e1\u0159\u016f specializovalo pouze na zhotovov\u00e1n\u00ed ra\u0161pl\u00ed – tzv. “ra\u0161pl\u00e1\u0159i”. Proto\u017ee ka\u017ed\u00fd pilnik\u00e1\u0159 m\u011bl jin\u00fd \u00fader a rozd\u00edln\u011b dr\u017eel kladivo, dal se ur\u010dit i specifick\u00fd rukopis v\u00fdseku a v\u00fdrobci si sv\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje dok\u00e1zali poznat.<\/p>\n

Ru\u010dn\u00ed zhotovov\u00e1n\u00ed pilnik\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch produkt\u016f obsahovalo \u0159adu specializovan\u00fdch operac\u00ed. Zrod piln\u00edku za\u010d\u00ednal v\u017edy v\u00fdb\u011brem a ziskem kvalitn\u00edho \u017eelezn\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu, ze kter\u00e9ho byl vykov\u00e1n z\u00e1kladn\u00ed tvar n\u00e1stroje. D\u00e1le n\u00e1sledovaly dal\u0161\u00ed \u00fapravy – \u017e\u00edh\u00e1n\u00ed, brou\u0161en\u00ed a pilov\u00e1n\u00ed, aby se mohl prov\u00e9st v\u00fdsek zub\u016f. Po zhotoven\u00ed b\u0159it\u016f pilnik\u00e1\u0159e \u010dekalo n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9 kalen\u00ed zaji\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00ed kvalitu v\u00fdrobku.<\/p>\n

V po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch pilnik\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho \u0159emesla bylo d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 takzvan\u00e9 \u201e\u0161rotov\u00e9\u201c hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed, kde nepot\u0159ebn\u00fd \u017eelezn\u00fd p\u0159edm\u011bt se prost\u00fdm p\u0159ekov\u00e1n\u00edm pou\u017e\u00edval jako surovina na nov\u00fd piln\u00edk. Tento syst\u00e9m p\u0159etrval a\u017e do 20. Stolet\u00ed a pr\u00e1v\u011b piln\u00edk\u00e1\u0159i pat\u0159ili mezi pravideln\u00e9 odb\u011bratele ur\u010dit\u00fdch druh\u016f star\u00fdch ocel\u00ed v podob\u011b opot\u0159ebovan\u00fdch p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f.<\/p>\n

S rostouc\u00edmi znalostmi metalurgie se zvy\u0161ovala z\u00e1rove\u0148 s kvalitou oceli i kvalita piln\u00edk\u016f. Pot\u0159ebn\u00fd materi\u00e1l pilnik\u00e1\u0159i odeb\u00edrali v\u011bt\u0161inou z vodn\u00edch hamr\u016f, kde byla surovina vykov\u00e1na pod bucharem v del\u0161\u00ed ty\u010de r\u016fzn\u00fdch profil\u016f – podle druh\u016f p\u0159ipravovan\u00fdch piln\u00edk\u016f. Je\u0161t\u011b v 19. stolet\u00ed si piln\u00edk\u00e1\u0159i b\u011b\u017en\u011b nech\u00e1vali v hamrech p\u0159ekov\u00e1vat star\u00e9 motyky, kladiva a dal\u0161\u00ed odpadov\u00fd materi\u00e1l do ty\u010doviny.<\/p>\n

Od konce 19. stolet\u00ed v kovov\u00fdrob\u011b p\u0159evl\u00e1dla kvalitn\u00ed uhl\u00edkov\u00e1 ocel a byla zhotovov\u00e1na i speci\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1stroj\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 ocel, ze kter\u00e9 se vyvinula ocel \u010dist\u011b pilnik\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1. Vybaven\u00ed pilnik\u00e1\u0159ovy d\u00edlny nen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 bohat\u00e9. Sta\u010d\u00ed kovadlina, sv\u011br\u00e1k a pot\u011bh, olov\u011bn\u00e9 podlo\u017eky, dl\u00e1ta pot\u0159ebn\u00e1 pro v\u00fdsek a pilnik\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 kladiva. D\u00edlna m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt nevelk\u00e1 a jednoduch\u00e1, ale jedno nesm\u00ed chyb\u011bt, a to \u0161ikovn\u00e9 ruce a pot\u0159ebn\u00fd fortel. Pilnik\u00e1\u0159 toti\u017e mus\u00ed perfektn\u011b zvl\u00e1dat mno\u017estv\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch pracovn\u00edch \u00fakon\u016f. N\u011bkter\u00e9 z nich v\u0161ak b\u00fdvaj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsn\u011b st\u0159e\u017een\u00fdm v\u00fdrobn\u00edm tajemstv\u00edm, tak jak tomu ostatn\u011b je u mnoha dal\u0161\u00edch \u0159emesel.<\/p>\n

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Zdroj:<\/strong> KUL\u00cd\u0160EK, M., 1981: \u0158emeslo piln\u00edk\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9, Malovan\u00fd kraj, PECELT, A., 1958: Mizej\u00edc\u00ed \u0159emesla. Praha.<\/p>\n

P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n

(Z cyklu Star\u00e1 \u0160umava)<\/em><\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

  Pilnik\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":307796,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"gallery","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[111],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/18\/ram-o-pilnikarich.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/247340"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=247340"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/247340\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":307795,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/247340\/revisions\/307795"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/307796"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=247340"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=247340"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=247340"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}