{"id":246814,"date":"2022-02-12T19:31:37","date_gmt":"2022-02-12T18:31:37","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=246814"},"modified":"2022-05-28T19:30:31","modified_gmt":"2022-05-28T18:30:31","slug":"veda-a-priroda-napadene-stromy-si-volaji-na-pomoc-ptaky-a-dravy-hmyz","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=246814","title":{"rendered":"V\u011aDA A P\u0158\u00cdRODA: Napaden\u00e9 stromy volaj\u00ed o pomoc pt\u00e1ky a drav\u00fd hmyz"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Martin Volf p\u0159ipev\u0148uje na v\u011btev um\u011blou housenku z plastel\u00edny. Foto: T. Volfov\u00e1, BC AV \u010cR<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

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Stromy v lese za\u010dnou vyd\u00e1vat v\u016fn\u011b, kdy\u017e je napadnou housenky a jin\u00ed b\u00fdlo\u017eravci. Tento chemick\u00fd alarm pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed k p\u0159il\u00e1k\u00e1n\u00ed drav\u00e9ho hmyzu a pt\u00e1k\u016f, aby se zbavily sv\u00fdch \u0161k\u016fdc\u016f. Dosud to prokazovaly pouze laboratorn\u00ed nebo zahradn\u00ed experimenty. Te\u010f poprv\u00e9 jev potvrdil \u010desko-n\u011bmeck\u00fd t\u00fdm v\u011bdc\u016f pod veden\u00edm Martina Volfa z Biologick\u00e9ho centra Akademie v\u011bd \u010cR v p\u0159irozen\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed \u2013 ve 40 metr\u016f vysok\u00fdch korun\u00e1ch strom\u016f lu\u017en\u00edho lesa v n\u011bmeck\u00e9m Lipsku.<\/h6>\n

\"\"Chemick\u00e9 vol\u00e1n\u00ed strom\u016f o pomoc je tak \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9, \u017ee v\u00fdznamn\u011b ur\u010duje slo\u017een\u00ed hmyz\u00edho spole\u010denstva v korunov\u00e9m pat\u0159e lesa. Tyto znalosti by mohly v budoucnu poslou\u017eit p\u0159i p\u0159irozen\u00e9 ochran\u011b proti \u0161k\u016fdc\u016fm v zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed a lesnictv\u00ed. Objev v\u011bdci publikovali v aktu\u00e1ln\u00edm \u010d\u00edsle \u010dasopisu Ecology Letters.<\/p>\n

Ano, stromy um\u00ed mluvit. Ne v\u0161ak jako my pomoc\u00ed zvuk\u016f, ale prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm v\u016fn\u00ed. Ka\u017ed\u00fd druh stromu vyd\u00e1v\u00e1 svou vlastn\u00ed sm\u011bs t\u011bkav\u00fdch organick\u00fdch slou\u010denin. Zv\u00ed\u0159ata se nau\u010dila v pr\u016fb\u011bhu evoluce tyto chemick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky rozeznat, a tak nap\u0159\u00edklad listo\u017erav\u00fd hmyz podle nich hled\u00e1 sv\u00e9 hostitelsk\u00e9 rostliny. Stromy v\u0161ak nejsou bezmocn\u00e9 a um\u00ed se \u00fa\u010dinn\u011b br\u00e1nit. Nap\u0159\u00edklad v listech napaden\u00fdch housenkami produkuj\u00ed ho\u0159k\u00e9 l\u00e1tky, kter\u00e9 hmyzu nechutnaj\u00ed. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 uvol\u0148uj\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed chemick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky, aby varovaly i ostatn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti rostliny. T\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem z\u00e1rove\u0148 l\u00e1kaj\u00ed i dal\u0161\u00ed zv\u00ed\u0159ata – pt\u00e1ky a drav\u00fd hmyz, kte\u0159\u00ed se tak\u00e9 nau\u010dili rozum\u011bt chemick\u00e9mu jazyku strom\u016f a p\u0159il\u00e9taj\u00ed k posti\u017een\u00fdm v\u011btv\u00edm, aby si pochutnali na listo\u017erav\u00fdch \u0161k\u016fdc\u00edch.<\/p>\n

\u201eFakt, \u017ee rostliny mohou chemicky p\u0159itahovat parazitick\u00e9 vosy, drav\u00e9 brouky a dokonce i pt\u00e1ky p\u0159i napaden\u00ed \u0161k\u016fdci, je zn\u00e1m\u00fd u\u017e n\u011bjakou dobu. Krom\u011b chemick\u00fdch l\u00e1tek, je\u017e jsme studovali my, se na dan\u00e9m procesu pod\u00edl\u00ed t\u0159eba i zm\u011bny v barv\u011b list\u016f, kter\u00e9 pred\u00e1to\u0159i dok\u00e1\u017eou zaznamenat,\u201c<\/em> \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 hlavn\u00ed autor studie Martin Volf z Entomologick\u00e9ho \u00fastavu Biologick\u00e9ho centra AV \u010cR. \u201eDosud ale tento obrann\u00fd mechanismus nebyl testov\u00e1n v korun\u00e1ch vzrostl\u00fdch strom\u016f v re\u00e1ln\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed druhov\u011b pestr\u00fdch lesn\u00edch ekosyst\u00e9m\u016f. To n\u00e1m umo\u017enila a\u017e kombinace v\u00fdzkumn\u00fdch metod, kdy jsme sledovali chov\u00e1n\u00ed hmyzu a pred\u00e1tor\u016f v korun\u00e1ch strom\u016f ve v\u00fd\u0161ce 40 metr\u016f na lipsk\u00e9m v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9m je\u0159\u00e1bu a sou\u010dasn\u011b prov\u00e1d\u011bli chemick\u00e9 anal\u00fdzy rostlinn\u00fdch v\u016fn\u00ed pomoc\u00ed metabolomiky,”<\/em> \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Martin Volf. Metabolomika je obor, kter\u00fd analyzuje chemick\u00e9 slou\u010deniny vznikaj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159i bun\u011b\u010dn\u00fdch procesech.<\/p>\n

Plastel\u00ednov\u00e9 housenky odhalily \u00fato\u010dn\u00edky ve v\u011btv\u00edch mohutn\u00fdch dub\u016f<\/h6>\n

Ekologick\u00fd pokus prob\u00edhal v n\u00ed\u017einn\u00e9m lese v Lipsku na plo\u0161e 1,65 hektaru b\u011bhem zhruba jednoho m\u011bs\u00edce v obdob\u00ed ra\u0161en\u00ed list\u016f. V\u011bdci vybrali 8 statn\u00fdch dub\u016f, do jejich\u017e korun um\u00edstili um\u011bl\u00e9 housenky z plastel\u00edny. Vybran\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti strom\u016f z\u00e1rove\u0148 o\u0161et\u0159ili post\u0159ikem methyl jasmon\u00e1tu, co\u017e je rostlinn\u00fd hormon, kter\u00fd spou\u0161t\u00ed obranu stromu. N\u00e1sledn\u011b sledovali celou kask\u00e1du ekologick\u00fdch d\u011bj\u016f \u2013 jak se zm\u011bn\u00ed chemick\u00e9 slo\u017een\u00ed list\u016f, jak\u00e9 l\u00e1tky za\u010dnou stromy vypou\u0161t\u011bt do ovzdu\u0161\u00ed, jac\u00ed pred\u00e1to\u0159i na tyto sign\u00e1ly zareaguj\u00ed a na housenky za\u00fato\u010d\u00ed a kone\u010dn\u011b, jak se posl\u00e9ze prom\u011bn\u00ed mno\u017estv\u00ed a druhov\u00e9 slo\u017een\u00ed hmyzu v korun\u00e1ch strom\u016f. \u00datoky pred\u00e1tor\u016f dokumentovali na um\u011bl\u00fdch housenk\u00e1ch podle otisk\u016f zob\u00e1k\u016f nebo kusadel. V laborato\u0159i pak nab\u00eddli o\u0161et\u0159en\u00e9 a neo\u0161et\u0159en\u00e9 listy housenk\u00e1m bekyn\u011b velkohlav\u00e9 (Lymantria dispar), aby ov\u011b\u0159ili, zda housenk\u00e1m skute\u010dn\u011b nechutnaj\u00ed.<\/p>\n

V\u011bdci potvrdili, \u017ee pred\u00e1to\u0159i, jako jsou pt\u00e1ci, parazitick\u00e9 vosy, drav\u00ed brouci \u010di mravenci, nav\u0161t\u011bvovali experiment\u00e1ln\u011b o\u0161et\u0159en\u00e9 v\u011btve \u010dast\u011bji ne\u017e neo\u0161et\u0159en\u00e9. Na dubech tak v\u00fdrazn\u011b ubyl po\u010det listo\u017erav\u00fdch housenek. Nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi \u00fato\u010dn\u00edky byl drav\u00fd hmyz. V laboratorn\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch se housenky bekyn\u011b vyh\u00fdbaly o\u0161et\u0159en\u00fdm list\u016fm, co\u017e ukazuje, \u017ee stromy nav\u00edc produkovaly i l\u00e1tky, kter\u00e9 odpuzuj\u00ed b\u00fdlo\u017erav\u00fd hmyz.<\/p>\n

Stromy d\u00edky chemick\u00fdm l\u00e1tk\u00e1m ur\u010duj\u00ed slo\u017een\u00ed hmyzu ve sv\u00fdch korun\u00e1ch<\/h6>\n

Studie uk\u00e1zala, \u017ee chemick\u00e1 obrana strom\u016f vyvolan\u00e1 v reakci na po\u0161kozen\u00ed je jedn\u00edm z v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch mechanism\u016f, kter\u00e9 ur\u010duj\u00ed, jak bude vypadat druhov\u00e9 slo\u017een\u00ed hmyzu v korun\u00e1ch strom\u016f. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 v\u00fdsledky odhaluj\u00ed komplexnost a vz\u00e1jemnou prov\u00e1zanost ekologick\u00fdch proces\u016f mezi rostlinami a zv\u00ed\u0159aty. Studie je tak\u00e9 vynikaj\u00edc\u00edm p\u0159\u00edkladem \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9ho mezioborov\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu, proto\u017ee spojuje velmi odli\u0161n\u00e9 v\u011bdn\u00ed oblasti od ekologie, entomologie, rostlinn\u00e9 fyziologie po analytickou chemii.<\/p>\n

Na v\u00fdzkumu se pod\u00edleli krom\u011b \u010desk\u00fdch v\u011bdc\u016f tak\u00e9 v\u00fdzkumn\u00edci z N\u011bmeck\u00e9ho centra pro integrativn\u00ed v\u00fdzkum biodiverzity iDiv (German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research), z Univerzity v Jen\u011b a Univerzity v Lipsku. \u201eNov\u00e1 zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed n\u00e1m mohou pomoci naj\u00edt alternativn\u00ed, p\u0159irozen\u00e9 strategie pro ochranu proti \u0161k\u016fdc\u016fm v zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed a lesnictv\u00ed, a t\u00edm i sn\u00ed\u017eit mno\u017estv\u00ed pesticid\u016f,”<\/em> \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 dal\u0161\u00ed z autorek studie Nicole van Dam, vedouc\u00ed v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 skupiny z institutu iDiv a Univerzity v Jen\u011b.<\/p>\n

(tzav\u010dr)<\/strong><\/p>\n

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V\u011bdci prov\u00e1d\u00ed v\u00fdzkum v korunov\u00e9m pat\u0159e lesa z gondoly v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9ho je\u0159\u00e1bu. Foto: T. Volfov\u00e1, BC AV \u010cR<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

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Housenka bekyn\u011b zlato\u0159itn\u00e9 (Euproctis chrysorrhoea) je jeden z mnoha druh\u016f herbivor\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed se na dubech b\u011b\u017en\u011b vyskytuj\u00ed. Foto: T. Volfov\u00e1, BC AV \u010cR<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

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\"\"
I pt\u00e1ci rozum\u011bj\u00ed chemick\u00fdm sign\u00e1l\u016fm strom\u016f, na sledovan\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed to byla \u010dasto s\u00fdkora ko\u0148adra. Foto: M. Volf, BC AV \u010cR<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

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Housenky se v laboratorn\u00edm experimentu vyh\u00fdbaly list\u016fm o\u0161et\u0159en\u00fdm post\u0159ikem methyl jasmon\u00e1tu, co\u017e je rostlinn\u00fd hormon, kter\u00fd spou\u0161t\u00ed obranu stromu. Foto: M. Volf, BC AV \u010cR.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

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  Stromy <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":246818,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"gallery","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24,174],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/09\/napaden\u00e9-stromy-4.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/246814"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=246814"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/246814\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":247080,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/246814\/revisions\/247080"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/246818"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=246814"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=246814"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=246814"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}