{"id":246227,"date":"2023-01-31T19:54:17","date_gmt":"2023-01-31T18:54:17","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=246227"},"modified":"2023-02-06T13:35:50","modified_gmt":"2023-02-06T12:35:50","slug":"stara-sumava-o-skrivankovi-ktery-musi-na-hromnice-vrznout","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=246227","title":{"rendered":"STAR\u00c1 \u0160UMAVA: O sk\u0159iv\u00e1nkovi, kter\u00fd mus\u00ed na Hromnice vrznout"},"content":{"rendered":"

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P\u0159\u00edlety prvn\u00edch st\u011bhovav\u00fdch pt\u00e1k\u016f a prodlu\u017euj\u00edc\u00ed se den jsou jasn\u00fdmi p\u0159\u00edznaky konce zimy a p\u0159\u00edchodu nov\u00e9ho \u017eivota. Prvn\u00edm b\u00fdv\u00e1 obvykle sk\u0159ivan se sv\u00fdm bohat\u00fdm a variabiln\u00edm zp\u011bvem a to p\u0159esn\u011b podle pranostiky: na Hromnice sk\u0159ivan mus\u00ed vrznout, i kdyby m\u011bl zmrznout. Ale u\u017e v lednu byli ve slunn\u00fdch dnech sly\u0161et kosi a s\u00fdkorky, te\u010f se p\u0159idali nap\u0159\u00edklad brhl\u00edci nebo zvonci. Jak se ale budou postupn\u011b vracet p\u011bvci ze zimovi\u0161\u0165, bude se cel\u00fd ten sbor kompletovat: jde zhruba o stovku druh\u016f a co do po\u010dtu o miliony pta\u010d\u00edch zp\u011bv\u00e1k\u016f.<\/h6>\n

U\u017e p\u0159ed mnoha tis\u00edci lety si lid\u00e9 za\u010dali uv\u011bdomovat souvislost mezi m\u011bn\u00edc\u00edm se ro\u010dn\u00edm obdob\u00ed a p\u0159\u00edtomnost\u00ed \u010di nep\u0159\u00edtomnost\u00ed pta\u010d\u00edch druh\u016f. Prvn\u00ed zm\u00ednky nalezneme u\u017e ve star\u00e9m Z\u00e1kon\u011b i v d\u00edle Aristotela. P\u0159esto nikdo netu\u0161il, \u017ee by pt\u00e1ci n\u011bkam pravideln\u011b l\u00e9tali. Nen\u00ed to tak d\u00e1vno, kdy byl v\u0161eobecn\u011b zn\u00e1m n\u00e1zor, \u017ee pt\u00e1ci zimu prosp\u00ed. O vla\u0161tovk\u00e1ch se myslelo, \u017ee se zahrab\u00e1vaj\u00ed do bahna, kuka\u010dky se zase m\u011bli m\u011bnit na zimu v krahujce. A\u017e na p\u0159elomu 19. a 20. stolet\u00ed jsme se za\u010dali u\u010dit z\u00e1konitostem pta\u010d\u00ed migrace.<\/p>\n

Cestovat tis\u00edce kilometr\u016f do m\u00edst s p\u0159\u00edzniv\u011bj\u0161\u00edm klimatem a na ja\u0159e zase absolvovat cestu zp\u011bt na hn\u00edzdi\u0161t\u011b pat\u0159\u00ed bezesporu k jedn\u011bm z nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00edch a st\u00e1le fascinuj\u00edc\u00edm \u00fakaz\u016fm v pta\u010d\u00ed \u0159\u00ed\u0161i. Je neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u00e9, jak se st\u011bhovav\u00ed pt\u00e1ci ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b na podzim spoj\u00ed do velk\u00fdch hejn a odlet\u00ed na jih. Jak mohou v\u011bd\u011bt, kam let\u011bt, kdy se vydat na cestu a kdy nade\u0161el \u010das k n\u00e1vratu. Jak dok\u00e1\u017eou p\u0159e\u017e\u00edt dlouhou a nebezpe\u010dnou cestu?<\/p>\n

Je tady cel\u00e1 \u0159ada ot\u00e1zek a dnes d\u00edky v\u011bdeck\u00e9mu v\u00fdzkumu, u\u017e v\u00edme o pta\u010d\u00ed migraci hodn\u011b. P\u0159esto je tento jev pova\u017eov\u00e1n za jeden z nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch z\u00e1zrak\u016f p\u0159\u00edrody. V na\u0161ich podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch lze za prvn\u00ed pta\u010d\u00ed posly jara pova\u017eovat husy velk\u00e9, kter\u00e9 se vrac\u00ed ji\u017e b\u011bhem \u00fanora a pat\u0159\u00ed mezi b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 ta\u017en\u00e9 pt\u00e1ky. Kos\u00ed populace na venkov\u011b ov\u0161em pravideln\u011b migruj\u00ed a zimu tr\u00e1v\u00ed rad\u011bji na severu It\u00e1lie, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b jihu Francie. Na pol\u00edch, kde vznikaj\u00ed kalu\u017ee z rozt\u00e1t\u00e9ho sn\u011bhu, se brzy objev\u00ed i \u010dejky chocholat\u00e9 – bah\u0148\u00e1ci, kte\u0159\u00ed u n\u00e1s hn\u00edzd\u00ed na vlhk\u00fdch louk\u00e1ch nebo na podm\u00e1\u010den\u00fdch pol\u00edch. Ka\u017ed\u00fdm dnem bude p\u0159il\u00e9tat v\u00edce pt\u00e1k\u016f a nejv\u00edce jich bude vid\u011bt kolem rybn\u00edk\u016f a vodn\u00edch tok\u016f. Zde toti\u017e nach\u00e1zej\u00ed nejv\u00edce potravy v podob\u011b vodn\u00edho hmyzu a rostlin.<\/p>\n

Z vodn\u00edch pt\u00e1k\u016f p\u0159il\u00e9taj\u00ed na hn\u00edzdi\u0161t\u011b jako prvn\u00ed rackov\u00e9 chechtav\u00ed, pol\u00e1ci velc\u00ed a chocholat\u00ed a pot\u00e1pky roh\u00e1\u010di. Nejp\u0159\u00edjemn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed na \u00fanoru by mohl b\u00fdt sk\u0159iv\u00e1n\u010d\u00ed zp\u011bv. Velk\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st \u00fanorov\u00fdch pranostik je pr\u00e1v\u011b o n\u011bm: Kdy\u017e sk\u0159iv\u00e1nek v \u00fanoru zp\u00edv\u00e1, brzy se pod nosem sl\u00edv\u00e1. V \u00fanoru kdy\u017e sk\u0159ivan zp\u00edv\u00e1, velk\u00e1 zima potom b\u00fdv\u00e1. Sk\u0159iv\u00e1nek-li v \u00fanoru zp\u00edvat po\u010dne, v dubnu jist\u011b umlkne. Na Hromnice – sk\u0159iv\u00e1nek p\u0159es hranice. Na Hromnice mus\u00ed sk\u0159iv\u00e1nek vrznout, i kdyby m\u011bl zmrznout. Jak dlouho sk\u0159iv\u00e1nek p\u0159ed Hromnicemi vrz\u00e1, tak dlouho po nich zmrz\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Jak\u00e1 je vlastn\u011b historie t\u00e9to pranostiky? Jen\u017ee sk\u0159iv\u00e1nci se ze severn\u00ed Afriky a ji\u017en\u00ed Evropy podle chytr\u00fdch knih k n\u00e1m vracej\u00ed okolo 15. \u00fanora. Ornitologov\u00e9 v\u0161ak ani s t\u00edmto tvrzen\u00edm nesouhlas\u00ed: \u0159\u00edkaj\u00ed, \u017ee sk\u0159ivani nevrzaj\u00ed a \u017ee na Hromnice, tj. 2. 2. nezp\u00edv\u00e1 \u010di sami\u010dky nev\u00e1b\u00ed sk\u0159ivan, ale u n\u00e1s p\u0159ezimuj\u00edc\u00ed chocholou\u0161, kter\u00fd pat\u0159\u00ed mezi sk\u0159ivanovit\u00e9, a je tedy sk\u0159ivanovi velmi podobn\u00fd. Jak je to tedy s onou pranostikou?<\/p>\n

\u201cNejstar\u0161\u00ed zm\u00ednka o sk\u0159ivanech ve spojen\u00ed s Hromnicemi poch\u00e1z\u00ed ze spisu pana Ctibora Tova\u010dovsk\u00e9ho z Cimburka \u2018H\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed pravdy a l\u017ei o kn\u011b\u017esk\u00e9 zbo\u017e\u00ed a panov\u00e1n\u00ed jich\u2019 z roku 1457. V t\u00e9 dob\u011b byl u\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n juli\u00e1nsk\u00fd kalend\u00e1\u0159, a tak tehdej\u0161\u00ed 2. \u00fanor odpov\u00eddal dne\u0161n\u00edmu 11. \u00fanoru,\u201d vysv\u011btluj\u00ed odborn\u00edci na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch \u010cesk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti ornitologick\u00e9. \u201cA\u017e p\u0159echodem na gregori\u00e1nsk\u00fd kalend\u00e1\u0159 v roce 1584 se Hromnice posunuly na sou\u010dasn\u00fd, pro sk\u0159ivana nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fd term\u00edn. Bohu\u017eel nem\u00e1me p\u0159esn\u00e9 informace o tom, jak se m\u011bnilo klima b\u011bhem posledn\u00edch 500 let. Je mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee jaro v tehdej\u0161\u00edch \u010dasech za\u010d\u00ednalo o 14 dn\u00ed d\u0159\u00edve, v\u017edy\u0165 nakonec Karel IV. u\u017e jedno stolet\u00ed p\u0159ed prvn\u00ed zm\u00ednkou o t\u00e9to pranostice \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b zakl\u00e1dal ve st\u0159edn\u00edch \u010cech\u00e1ch vinice. Nesoulad v term\u00ednu sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho n\u00e1vratu sk\u0159ivana ze zimovi\u0161\u0165 by tak nep\u0159\u00edmo dokl\u00e1dal klimatick\u00e9 zm\u011bny b\u011bhem posledn\u00edch stolet\u00ed.\u201dP\u0159esto\u017ee pranostiku o Hromnic\u00edch se sk\u0159ivanovi neda\u0159\u00ed v posledn\u00edm stolet\u00ed napl\u0148ovat, z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 jedn\u00edm z na\u0161\u00edch prvn\u00edch pta\u010d\u00edch navr\u00e1tilc\u016f.<\/p>\n

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P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n

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