{"id":245720,"date":"2022-01-28T14:03:51","date_gmt":"2022-01-28T13:03:51","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=245720"},"modified":"2022-05-28T19:33:13","modified_gmt":"2022-05-28T18:33:13","slug":"historie-studie-archaicke-dna-odhaluje-rozsahle-migrace-do-britanie-doby-bronzove","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=245720","title":{"rendered":"HISTORIE: Nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed studie archaick\u00e9 DNA odhaluje rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 migrace do ji\u017en\u00ed Brit\u00e1nie v dob\u011b bronzov\u00e9"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Kostrov\u00fd poh\u0159eb \u017eeny z obdob\u00ed kultury se \u0161\u0148\u016frovou keramikou z Doln\u00edch Be\u0159kovic (M\u011bln\u00edk). Sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed poh\u0159ebn\u00ed v\u00fdbavy je amfora, \u0161perky ze schr\u00e1nek sladkovodn\u00edch ml\u017e\u016f, ps\u00edch zub\u016f a jejich napodobenin. Ca 2700-2500 p\u0159. Kr.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

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U\u017e v dob\u011b bronzov\u00e9 lid\u00e9 intenzivn\u011b cestovali p\u0159es La Manche \u2013 a nejen obchodn\u00edci \u010di v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00edci. Nov\u00e1 studie dokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee p\u0159\u00edchoz\u00ed v ji\u017en\u00ed Brit\u00e1nii mezi l\u00e9ty 1300\u2013800 p\u0159ed Kristem tvo\u0159ili zhruba polovinu genetick\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edch populac\u00ed. Anal\u00fdza DNA t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 800 prav\u011bk\u00fdch lid\u00ed uk\u00e1zala i to, \u017ee keltsk\u00e9 jazyky se do Anglie dostaly mnohem d\u0159\u00edve, a tak\u00e9 to, \u017ee lid\u00e9 na ostrov\u011b l\u00e9pe sn\u00e1\u0161eli ml\u00e9ko. Na v\u00fdzkumu se pod\u00edleli v\u011bdci z pra\u017esk\u00e9ho Archeologick\u00e9ho \u00fastavu Akademie v\u011bd (AV) \u010cR a N\u00e1rodn\u00edho muzea.<\/h6>\n

\"\"D\u00edky anal\u00fdz\u00e1m archaick\u00e9 DNA dok\u00e1\u017eou v\u011bdci vy\u010d\u00edst leccos \u2013 v nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed studii se mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed t\u00fdm zam\u011b\u0159il na ji\u017en\u00ed Brit\u00e1nii.<\/p>\n

\u201eDlouho jsme se domn\u00edvali, \u017ee d\u00e1lkov\u00e1 mobilita byla omezena jen na mal\u00e9 procento populace, jako byli obchodn\u00edci nebo mal\u00e9 skupiny v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00edk\u016f. Tato nov\u00e1 genetick\u00e1 data ale ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee se j\u00ed \u00fa\u010dastnilo zna\u010dn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed lid\u00ed z cel\u00e9ho spektra spole\u010dnosti,\u201d<\/em> \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 vedouc\u00ed archeolog studie Ian Armit z Univerzity v Yorku.<\/p>\n

Nov\u011b p\u0159\u00edchoz\u00ed se intenzivn\u011b m\u00edsili s lidmi v ji\u017en\u00ed Brit\u00e1nii zejm\u00e9na v dob\u011b 1000\u2013875 p\u0159ed Kristem a byli zodpov\u011bdn\u00ed za zhruba polovinu genetick\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edch populac\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Kombinace genetick\u00fdch a archeologick\u00fdch dat z DNA t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 800 jedinc\u016f nazna\u010duje, \u017ee sp\u00ed\u0161e ne\u017e o n\u00e1silnou invazi nebo jedinou velkou migraci se genetick\u00e1 struktura tamn\u00ed populace m\u011bnila d\u00edky trval\u00fdm kontakt\u016fm mezi Brit\u00e1ni\u00ed a pevninskou Evropou v pr\u016fb\u011bhu n\u011bkolika stalet\u00ed, jako byly cesty obchodn\u00edk\u016f, sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00e1 man\u017eelstv\u00ed nebo pohyby rodinn\u00fdch skupin v men\u0161\u00edm m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku.<\/p>\n

Podle v\u011bdc\u016f nelze p\u016fvod migrant\u016f ur\u010dit s jistotou, ale s nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed poch\u00e1zeli z komunit \u017eij\u00edc\u00edch na \u00fazem\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00ed Francie a\/nebo p\u0159ilehl\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed Evropy.<\/p>\n

Keltov\u00e9 v Brit\u00e1nii?<\/h6>\n

Pohyby obyvatelstva \u010dasto zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed jazykov\u00e9 zm\u011bny. Nov\u011b z\u00edskan\u00e1 genetick\u00e1 data proto v\u00fdrazn\u011b posiluj\u00ed argumenty pro v\u00fdskyt keltsk\u00fdch jazyk\u016f v Brit\u00e1nii u\u017e v dob\u011b bronzov\u00e9. Naopak studie p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed jen m\u00e1lo argument\u016f pro masov\u00e9 migrace lid\u00ed do Brit\u00e1nie v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed dob\u011b \u017eelezn\u00e9, kter\u00e1 byla d\u0159\u00edve pova\u017eov\u00e1na za obdob\u00ed, ve kter\u00e9m se mohly keltsk\u00e9 jazyky do Brit\u00e1nie \u0161\u00ed\u0159it.<\/p>\n

\u201eTato zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed ne\u0159e\u0161\u00ed ot\u00e1zku oblasti p\u016fvodu keltsk\u00fdch jazyk\u016f v Brit\u00e1nii. Na jejich z\u00e1klad\u011b v\u0161ak bude nutn\u00e9 poopravit \u0159adu n\u00e1zor\u016f na to, co se tehdy odehr\u00e1valo,\u201c<\/em> \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 David Reich z americk\u00e9 Harvard Medical School. \u201eNa\u0161e poznatky sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed proti \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed keltsk\u00fdch jazyk\u016f do Brit\u00e1nie a\u017e v dob\u011b \u017eelezn\u00e9 \u2013 popul\u00e1rn\u00ed hypot\u00e9ze, tzv. \u201aCeltic from the East\u2018 \u2013 a zvy\u0161uj\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost jejich p\u0159\u00edchodu v pozdn\u00ed dob\u011b bronzov\u00e9 z dne\u0161n\u00ed Francie \u2013 z\u0159\u00eddka diskutovan\u00e9ho sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159e, tzv. \u201aCeltic from the Centre\u2018.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

Lep\u0161\u00ed schopnost tr\u00e1vit ml\u00e9ko<\/h6>\n

Dal\u0161\u00edm ne\u010dekan\u00fdm zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00edm studie je velk\u00fd n\u00e1r\u016fst \u010detnosti v\u00fdskytu alely tzv. lakt\u00e1zov\u00e9 persistence \u2013 genetick\u00e9 adaptace, kter\u00e1 umo\u017e\u0148uje lidem tr\u00e1vit ml\u00e9\u010dn\u00e9 v\u00fdrobky \u2013 v britsk\u00fdch populac\u00edch doby bronzov\u00e9 oproti kontinent\u00e1ln\u00edm.<\/p>\n

\u201eTato studie zvy\u0161uje mno\u017estv\u00ed genetick\u00fdch informac\u00ed o britsk\u00e9 dob\u011b bronzov\u00e9 asi 12\u00d7 a o tomt\u00e9\u017e obdob\u00ed v z\u00e1padn\u00ed a st\u0159edn\u00ed Evrop\u011b asi 3,5\u00d7,<\/em>\u201c popisuje spoluautor studie Ron Pinhasi, antropolog a genetik z univerzity ve V\u00eddni. \u201eS takto velk\u00fdm souborem dat m\u016f\u017eeme studovat zp\u016fsoby adaptace v dostate\u010dn\u011b detailn\u00edm m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku v prostoru i \u010dase, abychom rozpoznali, \u017ee procesy p\u0159irozen\u00e9ho v\u00fdb\u011bru prob\u00edhaly v r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stech Evropy r\u016fzn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem.\u00a0<\/em>Na\u0161e v\u00fdsledky ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee v dob\u011b \u017eelezn\u00e9 musely b\u00fdt ml\u00e9\u010dn\u00e9 produkty v Brit\u00e1nii a na evropsk\u00e9m kontinentu vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny kvalitativn\u011b odli\u0161n\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem, z ekonomick\u00fdch nebo kulturn\u00edch pohnutek, proto\u017ee v t\u00e9 dob\u011b v\u00fdskyt schopnosti jejich tr\u00e1ven\u00ed rapidn\u011b vzr\u016fstal na ostrovech, ale ne u populac\u00ed na kontinentu.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

Obchod s bronzem jako sm\u011brovka pro v\u011bdce<\/h6>\n

B\u011bhem st\u0159edn\u00ed a\u017e pozdn\u00ed doby bronzov\u00e9 se usedl\u00e9 zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 komunity roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ily po \u00fazem\u00ed ji\u017en\u00ed Brit\u00e1nie a rozvinuly se rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 obchodn\u00ed stezky, kter\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148ovaly transport kovov\u00fdch rud nutn\u00fdch k v\u00fdrob\u011b bronzu. Tyto nov\u00e9 obchodn\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b propojovaly rozs\u00e1hl\u00e1 \u00fazem\u00ed cel\u00e9 Evropy, jak ukazuje roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed bronzov\u00fdch artefakt\u016f a surovin.<\/p>\n

\u201eNa z\u00e1klad\u011b vzorc\u016f obchodn\u00edch kontakt\u016f a sd\u00edlen\u00e9 ideologie jsme dlouho tu\u0161ili, \u017ee st\u0159edn\u00ed a\u017e pozdn\u00ed doba bronzov\u00e1 byla dobou intenzivn\u00edch kontakt\u016f mezi komunitami v Brit\u00e1nii a Evrop\u011b,\u201d<\/em> vysv\u011btluje Ian Armit.<\/p>\n

Jedni z nejstar\u0161\u00edch cizinc\u016f byli nalezeni v Kentu, co\u017e nazna\u010duje, \u017ee jihov\u00fdchod mohl b\u00fdt jakousi \u201evstupn\u00ed br\u00e1nou\u201c migrac\u00ed do Brit\u00e1nie. To tak\u00e9 odpov\u00edd\u00e1 v\u00fdsledk\u016fm p\u0159edchoz\u00edch anal\u00fdz mobilitn\u00edch izotop\u016f z lokalit jako Cliffs End Farm, kde byli identifikov\u00e1ni lid\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed tr\u00e1vili sv\u00e9 d\u011btstv\u00ed na kontinentu.<\/p>\n

\u010cesk\u00e1 stopa<\/h6>\n

P\u0159esto\u017ee studie p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed nov\u00e9 poznatky p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm o \u00fazem\u00ed Brit\u00e1nie, z\u00edskan\u00e1 data nazna\u010duj\u00ed popula\u010dn\u00ed pohyby mezi r\u016fzn\u00fdmi \u010d\u00e1stmi evropsk\u00e9ho kontinentu a potvrzuj\u00ed, co archeologov\u00e9 u\u017e dlouho p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dali \u2013 \u017ee pozdn\u00ed doba bronzov\u00e1 byla obdob\u00edm intenzivn\u00edch a trval\u00fdch kontakt\u016f mezi mnoha r\u016fzn\u00fdmi komunitami.<\/p>\n

\u201eA to se samoz\u0159ejm\u011b t\u00fdk\u00e1 i st\u0159edn\u00ed Evropy, v\u010detn\u011b \u00fazem\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00ed \u010cR. Proto je pro n\u00e1s \u00fa\u010dast na takto \u0161iroce zalo\u017een\u00e9m projektu, kter\u00e1 n\u00e1m d\u00e1v\u00e1 mo\u017enost nejen integrovat anal\u00fdzy vzork\u016f z na\u0161eho \u00fazem\u00ed do celoevropsk\u00e9ho kontextu, ale pracovat s nimi i d\u00e1le, v na\u0161ich dal\u0161\u00edch vlastn\u00edch projektech, tak nesm\u00edrn\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1,\u201d<\/em> dod\u00e1v\u00e1 archeolog Michal Ern\u00e9e z Archeologick\u00e9ho \u00fastavu AV \u010cR, Praha.<\/p>\n

\u201eD\u00edky t\u00e9to studii prob\u011bhla genetick\u00e1 charakteristika v\u00edce ne\u017e 100 jedinc\u016f z na\u0161eho \u00fazem\u00ed datovan\u00fdch od neolitu po dobu lat\u00e9nskou. Studie tak uk\u00e1zala i cennost antropologick\u00e9 sb\u00edrky ulo\u017een\u00e9 v N\u00e1rodn\u00edm muzeu a sou\u010dasn\u011b potvrdila kvalitu dokumentace d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00edch archeologick\u00fdch v\u00fdzkum\u016f na na\u0161em \u00fazem\u00ed,\u201c<\/em> uv\u00e1d\u00ed antropolog Petr Velem\u00ednsk\u00fd z N\u00e1rodn\u00edho muzea.<\/p>\n

Studii vedli v\u011bdci z Univerzity v Yorku ve Velk\u00e9 Brit\u00e1nii, rakousk\u00e9 V\u00edde\u0148sk\u00e9 univerzity a Harvard Medical School v USA. Spoluautory je tak\u00e9 v\u00edce ne\u017e deset specialist\u016f z n\u011bkolika \u010desk\u00fdch pracovi\u0161\u0165, mezi nimi Al\u017eb\u011bta Danielisov\u00e1, Miroslav Dobe\u0161 a Michal Ern\u00e9e z Archeologick\u00e9ho \u00fastavu AV \u010cR, Praha, a Petr Velem\u00ednsk\u00fd, Milu\u0161e Dobis\u00edkov\u00e1, Zden\u011bk Vytla\u010dil a Pavel Sankot z N\u00e1rodn\u00edho muzea.<\/p>\n

Studie Large-scale migration into Britain during the Middle to Late Bronze Age<\/strong><\/a> byla publikovan\u00e1 v \u010dasopise Nature.<\/p>\n

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Text a foto: (tzav\u010dr)<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"
Kostrov\u00fd poh\u0159eb mu\u017ee z obdob\u00ed kultury se \u0161\u0148\u016frovou keramikou z Kol\u00edna (Kol\u00edn). Sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed poh\u0159ebn\u00ed v\u00fdbavy je kamenn\u00e1 sekerka. Ca 2700-2500 p\u0159. Kr.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"
Kostrov\u00fd poh\u0159eb mu\u017ee z obdob\u00ed kultury se \u0161\u0148\u016frovou keramikou z Ob\u0159\u00edstv\u00ed (M\u011bln\u00edk). Krom\u011b keramick\u00e9 n\u00e1doby je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed poh\u0159ebn\u00ed v\u00fdbavy parohov\u00e1 pasov\u00e1 z\u00e1pona (sou\u010d\u00e1st opasku), kamenn\u00fd sekeromlat a pazourkov\u00e1 \u010depel. Ca 2900 p\u0159. Kr.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"\"
Kostrov\u00fd poh\u0159eb \u017eeny \u00fan\u011btick\u00e9 kultury z Mikulovic (Pardubice). Sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed poh\u0159ebn\u00ed v\u00fdbavy jsou krom\u011b keramick\u00fdch n\u00e1dob zejm\u00e9na jantarov\u00e9 kor\u00e1lky, bronzov\u00e9 jehlice a bronzov\u00e9 n\u00e1ramky. Ca 2000-1800 p\u0159. Kr.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

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V\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00e1 poh\u0159ebn\u00ed v\u00fdbava hrobu z obdob\u00ed kultury se zvoncovit\u00fdmi poh\u00e1ry z Ti\u0161ic (M\u011bln\u00edk). Sest\u00e1v\u00e1 krom\u011b \u0161esti keramick\u00fdch n\u00e1dob z m\u011bd\u011bn\u00e9 d\u00fdky a \u0161\u00eddla, dvou zlat\u00fdch sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed diad\u00e9mu a dvou kamenn\u00fdch n\u00e1tepn\u00edch desti\u010dek, ur\u010den\u00fdch k ochran\u011b p\u0159edlokt\u00ed p\u0159i lukost\u0159elb\u011b. Ca 2500-2400 p\u0159. Kr.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

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  U\u017e <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":245723,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"gallery","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24,174],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/01\/28\/dynamick\u00fd-prav\u011bk-2.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/245720"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=245720"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/245720\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":245732,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/245720\/revisions\/245732"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/245723"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=245720"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=245720"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=245720"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}