{"id":244219,"date":"2025-01-07T08:25:36","date_gmt":"2025-01-07T07:25:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=244219"},"modified":"2025-01-07T08:25:36","modified_gmt":"2025-01-07T07:25:36","slug":"z-archivu-a-kronik-masopust-zacina","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=244219","title":{"rendered":"Z ARCHIV\u016e A KRONIK: Masopust za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u00d3, b\u011bda bl\u00e1zniv\u00fdm masopustn\u00edk\u00f3m, jen\u017e, zapomen\u00face na dobrodienstvie tak velik\u00e9ho, idadie s\u011b k marnostem, jimi\u017e s\u011b posmievaj\u00ed sv\u00e9mu otci! […] A masopustn\u00edci p\u00f3jd\u00fa k smilstv\u00ed,ob\u017eerstv\u00ed, k bl\u00e1znovstv\u00ed a k sv\u00e9 du\u0161e zahuben\u00ed. Pro\u010d? Neb jeho svat\u00e9mu \u010dten\u00ed nerozum\u011bj\u00ed, tov\u011bz, \u017ee, a\u010d sly\u0161ie a t\u011blestn\u011b rozum\u011bj\u00ed, ale v du\u0161i m\u00edle nep\u0159ij\u00edmaj\u00ed.<\/em> (Jan Hus)<\/h6>\n

Masopust p\u0159edstavuje u\u017e od prad\u00e1vna obdob\u00ed hodov\u00e1n\u00ed a vesel\u00ed mezi dv\u011bma postn\u00edmi dobami. Masopust v b\u011b\u017en\u00e9m kalend\u00e1\u0159i nenajdete. Zat\u00edmco r\u016fzn\u00e9 v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 dny a sv\u00e1tky b\u00fdvaj\u00ed zv\u00fdrazn\u011bn\u00e9, masopust mezi n\u011b nepat\u0159\u00ed. Zvyky v pr\u016fb\u011bhu kalend\u00e1\u0159n\u00edho roku se nesou v rozd\u00edln\u00e9m duchu. Masopust je rozvern\u00fd a nev\u00e1zan\u00fd, provon\u011bn\u00fd koblihami, slaninou a p\u00e1lenkou, nutnou pro zah\u0159\u00e1t\u00ed p\u0159i celodenn\u00edm obch\u016fzce v mraziv\u00e9m vzduchu. N\u00e1zev sv\u00e1tku n\u00e1s sice nab\u00e1d\u00e1 upustit od masa, masopust se v\u0161ak tradi\u010dn\u011b poj\u00ed s tu\u010dn\u00fdm j\u00eddlem a sladk\u00fdm j\u00eddlem. Je to kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 obdob\u00ed p\u0159ed za\u010d\u00e1tkem postn\u00ed doby, je to \u010das zab\u00edja\u010dek a lidov\u00e9ho vesel\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Masopust za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 7. ledna po sv\u00e1tku T\u0159\u00ed kr\u00e1l\u016f a vrchol\u00ed o masopustn\u00edm pond\u011bl\u00ed a \u00fater\u00fd \u010dty\u0159icet dn\u00ed p\u0159ed sv\u00e1tky velikono\u010dn\u00edmi a popele\u010dn\u00ed st\u0159eda bude ve st\u0159edu 5. b\u0159ezna 2025. \u010cty\u0159icet dn\u00ed zb\u00fdv\u00e1 na to, aby h\u0159\u00ed\u0161n\u00edci zpytovali sv\u00e1 sv\u011bdom\u00ed, z\u0159ekli se masa i du\u0161evn\u00edch po\u017eitk\u016f, ne\u017e p\u0159ijde zase rozvern\u00fd \u010das Velikonoc. V minulosti se \u0159\u00edkalo, \u017ee rok nem\u00e1 \u010dty\u0159i obdob\u00ed, ale rovnou p\u011bt \u2013 jaro, l\u00e9to, podzim, zima a masopust. Kdy\u017e se za\u010dalo bl\u00ed\u017eit jaro a s n\u00edm i nov\u00e1 \u00faroda, nebylo t\u0159eba tolik \u0161et\u0159it s potravinami jako b\u011bhem zimy. Proto se b\u011bhem masopustu sn\u011bdly posledn\u00ed zbytky z\u00e1sob, aby se nezkazily.<\/p>\n

Po\u010d\u00e1tky masopustu a masopustn\u00edch obch\u016fzek je t\u0159eba hledat v p\u0159edk\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9m kultu zimn\u00edho slunovratu. V\u00fdklad p\u016fvodu masopustn\u00edch oslav vych\u00e1z\u00ed z tradic \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed. Ve starov\u011bku se toti\u017e za\u010d\u00e1tek nov\u00e9ho roku \u0159\u00eddil dle vegeta\u010dn\u00edho cyklu p\u0159\u00edrody a shodoval se s b\u0159eznov\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edchodem jara, kter\u00fd si lid\u00e9 asociovali s r\u016fzn\u00fdmi bo\u017estvy plodnosti. Jedn\u00edm z op\u011bvovan\u00fdch \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch boh\u016f byl patron vinn\u00e9 r\u00e9vy a hodov\u00e1n\u00ed jm\u00e9nem Bakchus, podle n\u011bj\u017e jsou zmi\u0148ovan\u00e9 oslavy dnes mezi lidmi zn\u00e1m\u00e9 jako \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 bakchan\u00e1lie. Podobn\u011b jako bakchan\u00e1lie v\u0161ak prob\u00edhaly i saturn\u00e1lie oslavuj\u00edc\u00ed boha zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed a sklizn\u011b Saturna nebo luperk\u00e1lie, co\u017e byly sv\u00e1tky spojen\u00e9 s pastevectv\u00edm, plodnost\u00ed a ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed o\u010distou. Bujar\u00e9 vesel\u00ed spojen\u00e9 s p\u0159\u00edchodem nov\u00e9ho vegeta\u010dn\u00edho roku se mimo jin\u00e9 zapsalo tak\u00e9 do civiln\u00edho \u0159\u00e1du, a to jako oslavy p\u0159edja\u0159\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se pozd\u011bji prom\u011bnily v masopustn\u00ed z\u00e1bavu.<\/p>\n

Rej masek a dal\u0161\u00ed masopustn\u00ed zvyky \u00fadajn\u011b maj\u00ed sv\u016fj p\u016fvod v p\u0159edk\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fdch slovansk\u00fdch ob\u0159adech a oslav\u00e1ch konce zimy. Nen\u00ed tedy n\u00e1hodou, \u017ee se dnes ji\u017e tradi\u010dn\u00ed zvyky tolik podobaj\u00ed rusk\u00e9mu sv\u00e1tku, kter\u00fd se ozna\u010duje jako maslenica. Na tyto lidov\u00e9 oslavy pozd\u011bji nav\u00e1zala tak\u00e9 c\u00edrkev, kter\u00e1 nabyla p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed, \u017ee pokud masopust nedok\u00e1\u017ee potla\u010dit, rad\u011bji by m\u011bla tuto tradici p\u0159evz\u00edt a p\u0159izp\u016fsobit si ji dle sv\u00e9ho. V \u010cech\u00e1ch i na Morav\u011b maj\u00ed masopustn\u00ed reje a oslavy dlouhou tradici, kterou je mo\u017en\u00e9 dolo\u017eit p\u00edsemn\u00fdmi z\u00e1znamy ji\u017e ze 13. stolet\u00ed. V t\u011bch se m\u016f\u017eete do\u010d\u00edst, \u017ee se jednalo o lidovou z\u00e1bavu, kterou se r\u016fzn\u00ed mravok\u00e1rci pokou\u0161eli aktivn\u011b potla\u010dit. Nikdy se jim v\u0161ak nepoda\u0159ilo obl\u00edbenou tradici naru\u0161it, jeliko\u017e se jednalo o sv\u00e1tek, kter\u00e9ho se \u00fa\u010dastnili v\u0161ichni lid\u00e9, od t\u011bch nejchud\u0161\u00edch a\u017e po tehdej\u0161\u00ed panovn\u00edky.<\/p>\n

Nositeli masopustn\u00edho \u0161\u00edlenstv\u00ed ve sv\u011bt\u011b b\u00fdvaj\u00ed karnevaly pln\u00e9 muziky, p\u0159evlek\u016f a tance. U\u017e samotn\u00fd n\u00e1zev poch\u00e1z\u00ed z latinsk\u00e9ho \u201ecarne vale\u201d, tedy \u201esbohem maso\u201d. A stejn\u011b jako v \u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00edch jde o obdob\u00ed p\u0159ed 40denn\u00edm jarn\u00edm p\u016fstem, kdy by se m\u011bli lid\u00e9 dosyta naj\u00edst a pobavit. Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed d\u016fraz se p\u0159itom klade na z\u00e1v\u011bre\u010dn\u00e9 dny p\u0159ed Popele\u010dn\u00ed st\u0159edou, kdy postn\u00ed doba za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1. Prvn\u00ed zm\u00ednky o masopustn\u00edch hr\u00e1ch m\u00e1me dolo\u017eeny z \u0161estn\u00e1ct\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed, ale vznikaly u\u017e ve stolet\u00ed \u010dtrn\u00e1ct\u00e9m. Byly inspirov\u00e1ny folklorn\u00edmi slavnostmi a karnevaly. P\u0159edstavovaly neform\u00e1ln\u00ed a neofici\u00e1ln\u00ed lidov\u00e9 divadlo. Jednalo se v\u011bt\u0161inou o drobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed sc\u00e9nky, v nich\u017e se uplat\u0148ovala parodie, travestie a satira. Tyto fra\u0161ky v\u011bt\u0161inou reagovaly na m\u00edstn\u00ed probl\u00e9my, zesm\u011b\u0161\u0148ovaly zn\u00e1m\u00e9 osobnosti apod.<\/p>\n

Mezi masopustn\u00ed hry pat\u0159\u00ed i H\u00e1dka Masopusta s P\u016fstem, anonymn\u00ed d\u00edlo ze sedmn\u00e1ct\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed ulo\u017een\u00e9 v kl\u00e1\u0161te\u0159e ve Ln\u00e1\u0159\u00edch. Jedn\u00e1 se o dialog Masopusta s P\u016fstem, ve kter\u00e9m se dohaduj\u00ed o to, kdo je lep\u0161\u00ed. Masopust argumentuje t\u00edm, \u017ee \u201e\u010dlov\u011bku obveselen\u00ed na zdrav\u00ed v\u0161e zah\u00e1n\u00ed, ale duch postn\u00ed, teskliv\u00fd, ten \u010dlov\u011bka su\u017euje, ten kosti pra\u017e\u00ed, jak d\u0159\u00edv\u00ed,v\u0161echen \u0161pik vysu\u0161uje.\u201c Post zde op\u011bt opakovan\u011b varuje, \u017ee pokud lid\u00e9 b\u011bhem masopustu budou nest\u0159\u00eddm\u011b j\u00edst a p\u00edt, dostanou se do pekla. Masopustn\u00ed obdob\u00ed vyvrcholilo oby\u010deji a z\u00e1bavou spojenou s lidovou slavnost\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se \u0159\u00edkalo ostatky nebo ostatkov\u00e1 z\u00e1bava.<\/p>\n

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Zdroj:<\/strong> Masopust. Lidov\u00e1 kultura. N\u00e1rodopisn\u00e1 encyklopedie \u010cech, Moravy a Slezska. Praha: Etnologick\u00fd \u00fastav Akademie v\u011bd \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky a \u00dastav evropsk\u00e9 etnologie FF MU v Brn\u011b v nakladatelstv\u00ed Mlad\u00e1 Fronta, J. Hus, \u010cesk\u00e1 ned\u011bln\u00ed postila, s. 132-133. \u010c. Z\u00edbrt, Staro\u010desk\u00e9 a lidov\u00e9 hry masopustn\u00ed, s. 17<\/p>\n

P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n

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