{"id":242729,"date":"2024-12-01T23:08:44","date_gmt":"2024-12-01T22:08:44","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=242729"},"modified":"2024-12-04T23:24:06","modified_gmt":"2024-12-04T22:24:06","slug":"stara-sumava-a-posumavi-adventni-zabijacky","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/?p=242729","title":{"rendered":"STAR\u00c1 \u0160UMAVA A PO\u0160UMAV\u00cd: Adventn\u00ed zabija\u010dky"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Kolem staven\u00ed le\u017eel b\u00edl\u00fd sn\u00edh, kter\u00fd nev\u011bstil nic o tom, \u017ee by se zde pracovalo. Stopy v n\u011bm zanechali jen vrab\u010d\u00e1ci, kte\u0159\u00ed se sh\u00e1n\u011bli po n\u011b\u010dem k sezobnut\u00ed. P\u00e1r dn\u00ed p\u0159ed V\u00e1noci se ale p\u0159ece jen n\u011bco za\u010dalo d\u00edt. Lid\u00e9 se p\u0159ipravovali na dom\u00e1c\u00ed por\u00e1\u017eku – na zabija\u010dku. Pro \u0161t\u011bdrove\u010dern\u00ed i novoro\u010dn\u00ed tabuli byla p\u0159\u00edzna\u010dn\u00e1 hojnost a pestr\u00e1 skladba pokrm\u016f, kter\u00e1 m\u011bla ovlivnit zdar a blahobyt v nadch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edm roce.<\/h6>\n

Dlouhou historii m\u011bly v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed zab\u00edja\u010dky, poj\u00eddalo se proto hodn\u011b vep\u0159ov\u00e9ho. \u017de se t\u00edm lid\u00e9 dost\u00e1vali do rozporu s c\u00edrkv\u00ed, kter\u00e1 po sv\u00fdch ove\u010dk\u00e1ch po\u017eadovala na \u0160t\u011bdr\u00fd den p\u016fst? \u017d\u00e1dn\u00fd probl\u00e9m. Zab\u00edje\u010dka se odsunula o den p\u0159ed nebo za \u0160t\u011bdr\u00fd den. Ve\u010de\u0159e 23. prosince b\u00fdvala tak bohat\u00e1, \u017ee se pro ni v\u017eilo ozna\u010den\u00ed hojn\u00e1, tu\u010dn\u00e1 nebo ob\u017eern\u00e1, a nebo tak\u00e9 tu\u010dn\u00fd ve\u010der, \u017ee druh\u00fd den nebyl hlad.<\/p>\n

V lidov\u00e9 tradici je d\u00e1vn\u00fdm obrazem plodnosti a blahobytu p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm prase, kter\u00e9 bylo jako ob\u011btn\u00ed zv\u00ed\u0159e zn\u00e1mo jak star\u00fdm \u0158ek\u016fm a \u0158\u00edman\u016fm, tak Slovan\u016fm, Kelt\u016fm \u010di Germ\u00e1n\u016fm. V keltsk\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed zosob\u0148oval kanec s\u00edlu, odvahu, bojov\u00fd z\u00e1pal i moc a postupem \u010dasu se z tohoto zv\u00ed\u0159ete stal symbol boha Teutata. Germ\u00e1ni je uct\u00edvali jako posv\u00e1tn\u00e9 zv\u00ed\u0159e bo\u017estev plodnosti Freya a Freyje. Polab\u0161t\u00ed Slovan\u00e9 p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161eli mlad\u00e1 prasata za ob\u011b\u0165 Svaro\u017ei\u010dovi, bohu pozemsk\u00e9ho a snad i nebesk\u00e9ho ohn\u011b, kter\u00fd se v\u0161ak v t\u011bchto kon\u010din\u00e1ch nakonec stal bo\u017estvem v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdm. Nakonec i tolik zn\u00e1m\u00e9 zlat\u00e9 pras\u00e1tko pro \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed vych\u00e1z\u00ed z\u0159ejm\u011b z poz\u016fstatk\u016f obdobn\u00fdch d\u00e1vn\u00fdch m\u00fdt\u016f.<\/p>\n

Vep\u0159ov\u00e9 maso, zejm\u00e9na hlava, v n\u00ed\u017e se podle v\u00edry soust\u0159e\u010fuje ve\u0161ker\u00e1 s\u00edla ob\u0159adn\u00edho zv\u00ed\u0159ete, se proto jedlo v p\u0159elomov\u00fdch dnech za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00edch nov\u00e9 obdob\u00ed, tj. na Bo\u017e\u00ed hod v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed. Vep\u0159ov\u00e9 nav\u00edc pat\u0159ilo k v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm ob\u011btn\u00edm dar\u016fm ur\u010den\u00fdm p\u0159edk\u016fm a hospodyn\u011b zab\u00edja\u010dkovou v\u00fdslu\u017eku v \u010dase V\u00e1noc rozn\u00e1\u0161ely rovn\u011b\u017e chud\u00fdm lidem a soused\u016fm. Za podobn\u00fdmi p\u0159\u00edklady v\u0161ak nemus\u00edme chodit daleko.Na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b \u0160umavy, v Bavorsku se maso a zab\u00edja\u010dkov\u00e9 pochoutky z v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00edho pras\u00e1tka zvan\u00e9ho \u201eMettensau\u201c pod\u00e1vaj\u00ed po p\u0159\u00edchodu z p\u016flno\u010dn\u00ed m\u0161e je\u0161t\u011b dnes.<\/p>\n

Takovouto \u201etu\u010dnou\u201c \u010di \u201eob\u017eernou\u201c ve\u010de\u0159i, jej\u00ed\u017e sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed bylo i vep\u0159ov\u00e9 maso, m\u00e1me m\u00edsty dolo\u017eenu tak\u00e9 na \u0160umav\u011b, kde se v\u0161ak v d\u016fsledku p\u0159edepisovan\u00e9ho c\u00edrkevn\u00edho p\u016fstu p\u0159esunula tak\u00e9 je\u0161t\u011b na p\u0159edch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed ve\u010der, tedy na 23. prosinec. Benediktinsk\u00fd mnich Jan z Hole\u0161ova, \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed v dob\u011b vl\u00e1dy V\u00e1clava IV., v\u0161ak psal tak\u00e9 o tom, \u017ee \u010desk\u00e9 V\u00e1noce nebyly jenom k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fdm sv\u00e1tkem, ale tak\u00e9 sv\u00e1tkem ne\u0159esti, ob\u017eerstv\u00ed, opilstv\u00ed \u010di lidov\u00e9 magie:
\n\u201e\u2026se v tak slavnostn\u00ed p\u0159edve\u010der p\u0159e\u017e\u00edraj\u00ed, druz\u00ed op\u00edjej\u00ed a jin\u00ed nejen do ve\u010dern\u00ed hv\u011bzdy, ale i do jit\u0159n\u00ed hv\u011bzdy na chv\u00e1lu \u010f\u00e1blovu bd\u00ed, hraj\u00edce v onen nejsv\u011bt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ve\u010der v kostky a zkou\u0161ej\u00edce, jak\u00e9 budou m\u00edti v kostk\u00e1ch \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed po cel\u00fd budouc\u00ed rok…\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

A t\u00edm jeho znechucen\u00ed v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00edmi oby\u010deji nekon\u010dilo: “M\u011b\u0161ce dr\u017eeli v ruce a m\u00edchali pen\u011bzi ne proto, aby je rozd\u00e1vali, ale aby se jim budouc\u00ed rok pen\u00edze mno\u017eily a aby na n\u011b m\u011bli \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed. D\u00e1rky pos\u00edlali ne na pam\u00e1tku nebesk\u00e9ho sesl\u00e1n\u00ed, n\u00fdbr\u017e aby sami m\u011bli po cel\u00fd n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed rok \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed. Ti, kter\u00fdm se toho ve\u010dera n\u011bco odep\u0159elo, prorokovali: Zle se ti povede tohoto roku, proto\u017ee tohoto ve\u010dera nic nedaruje\u0161.”<\/em><\/p>\n

\u010cesk\u00e9 v\u00e1noce jsou spojeny s hojnost\u00ed j\u00eddla. Ji\u017e v 19. stolet\u00ed \u010cen\u011bk Z\u00edbrt zapsal “V\u00e1noce jsou V\u00e1noce a pe\u010den\u011b je jejich sestra”. V\u00fdtvarn\u011b toto po\u0159ekadlo mistrovsky zpodobnil mal\u00ed\u0159 Josef Lada. Roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159enou v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed tradic\u00ed byla vep\u0159ov\u00e1 zabija\u010dka. M\u00e1lo kdy se v\u0161ak p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00ed zvyky, kter\u00e9 toto zimn\u00ed obdob\u00ed doprov\u00e1zely a byly sou\u010dasn\u011b jak\u00fdmsi ukon\u010den\u00edm hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho roku. Na\u0161ly se ale oblasti, kde si lid\u00e9 ve\u010de\u0159i 24. prosince nedovedli bez dob\u0159e vype\u010den\u00e9ho sel\u00e1tka v\u016fbec p\u0159edstavit. B\u00e1li se pov\u011bry, \u017ee v opa\u010dn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b by jim v p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00edch m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch uhynul dobytek. Ryby byly dlouhou dobu pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za postn\u00ed j\u00eddlo, ale nikoli jako typicky v\u00e1no\u010dn\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Na mnoha m\u00edstech m\u011bli na\u0161i st\u0159edov\u011bc\u00ed p\u0159edci \u0160t\u011bdr\u00fd ve\u010der spojen s ob\u0159adn\u00edm pop\u00edjen\u00edm piva a to v neomezen\u00e9m mno\u017estv\u00ed. Tento zvyk p\u0159i\u0161el ze severu Evropy je\u0161t\u011b z pohansk\u00fdch dob a udr\u017eoval se je\u0161t\u011b na po\u010d\u00e1tku 18. stolet\u00ed. Pilo se na dobrou \u00farodu, zdrav\u00ed dobytka, ale tak\u00e9 na dobr\u00e9 vztahy mezi lidmi v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edm roce. Zab\u00edja\u010dky prob\u00edhaly zejm\u00e9na v zimn\u00edch m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch, kdy bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 maso nejl\u00e9pe konzervovat na hor\u0161\u00ed \u010dasy. Sta\u010d\u00ed jen p\u0159ipomenout d\u00edlo Josefa Jungmanna, kter\u00fd se pokou\u0161el je\u0161t\u011b v po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch 19. stolet\u00ed p\u0159ejmenovat m\u011bs\u00edc V\u00e1noc na \u201eprasinec\u201c.<\/p>\n

Zab\u00edja\u010dka je lidov\u00e9 ozna\u010den\u00ed \u010dinnost\u00ed spojen\u00fdch s dom\u00e1c\u00ed por\u00e1\u017ekou prasete a zpracov\u00e1n\u00edm jeho masa. V tradi\u010dn\u00edm lidov\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed se zab\u00edja\u010dka odehr\u00e1vala p\u0159ed V\u00e1nocemi, kv\u016fli zaopat\u0159en\u00ed rodin vep\u0159ov\u00fdm masem a s\u00e1dlem v zimn\u00edm obdob\u00ed i z d\u016fvodu nedostatku krmiva pro dobytek a dom\u00e1c\u00ed zv\u00ed\u0159ata. Prvn\u00ed zabija\u010dky se podle historick\u00fdch dokument\u016f konaly u\u017e v 10. stolet\u00ed na\u0161eho letopo\u010dtu, kdy se tvo\u0159ilo \u0159emeslo \u0159ezn\u00edka. Z listin z 10. stolet\u00ed na\u0161eho letopo\u010dtu se v\u00ed, \u017ee ji\u017e v t\u00e9 dob\u011b mezi tzv. \u0159emesla poddan\u00e1 \u010dili dvorsk\u00e1 pat\u0159ili t\u00e9\u017e \u0159ezn\u00edci. \u0158\u00edkalo se jim carnifices, ale tehdy se zab\u00fdvali pouze por\u00e1\u017een\u00edm dobytka. Aby bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed s\u00e1dla, masa \u010di v\u00fdrobk\u016f z vnit\u0159nost\u00ed dob\u0159e uchovat, pat\u0159ily jim zimn\u00ed m\u011bs\u00edce.<\/p>\n

Prad\u00e1vn\u00fd ritu\u00e1l za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 za rozb\u0159esku s p\u0159\u00edchodem mistra \u0159ezn\u00edka, nedlouho po skolen\u00ed \u010dun\u00edka u\u017e se jako sva\u010dinka pod\u00e1v\u00e1 prvn\u00ed chod – pe\u010den\u00fd b\u016f\u010dek s chlebem. Pokra\u010duje se ovarem a k\u0159enem siln\u00fdm jako zvon, k ob\u011bdu nesm\u00ed chyb\u011bt b\u00edl\u00e1 ovarov\u00e1 pol\u00e9vka s kroupami. A kdo vydr\u017e\u00ed do ve\u010de\u0159e, pochutn\u00e1 si na \u010derstv\u00fdch jitrnic\u00edch, jel\u00edtk\u00e1ch se zel\u00edm a samoz\u0159ejm\u011b na tmav\u00e9 pol\u00e9vce se zvu\u010dn\u00fdm n\u00e1zvem \u201eprdela\u010dka\u201c.<\/p>\n

O vzniku tla\u010denky koluje mezi \u0159ezn\u00edky tato historka. Na dom\u00e1c\u00ed zab\u00edja\u010dku kdysi pozvali str\u00fd\u010dka ze sousedn\u00ed vesnice. Str\u00fd\u010dek byl velmi p\u0159i\u010dinliv\u00fd a co zbylo, d\u00e1val do pytl\u00edku, kter\u00fd m\u011bl schovan\u00fd pod kab\u00e1tem. Kousky masa, ovaru, k\u016f\u017e\u00ed, v\u0161e je\u0161t\u011b zalil b\u00edlou pol\u00e9vkou kter\u00e1 zbyla. Kdy\u017e se vracel unaven\u00fd ve\u010der dom\u016f, mrzlo a v\u0161e v pytl\u00edku ztuhlo. R\u00e1no si vzpomn\u011bl na ,,v\u00fdslu\u017eku\u201c ze zabija\u010dky, vyt\u00e1hl pytl\u00edk, nakr\u00e1jel ztuhlou hmotu a ochutnal. M\u011blo to vynikaj\u00edc\u00ed chu\u0165 a tla\u010denka byla na sv\u011bt\u011b! Ov\u0161em samotn\u00fd n\u00e1zev tla\u010denka se za\u010dal pou\u017e\u00edvat a\u017e za\u010d\u00e1tkem 20. stolet\u00ed.<\/p>\n

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P\u0159ipravuje: Miroslav K\u016eS ANDRES<\/strong><\/p>\n

Foto: archiv autora<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

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  Kolem <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":330354,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"gallery","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[111],"tags":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/01\/ram-zabijacky.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/242729"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=242729"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/242729\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":330355,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/242729\/revisions\/330355"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/330354"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=242729"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=242729"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zakrasnejsivimperk.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=242729"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}